不同来源H22细胞株的生物学特性比较研究

目的　对不同研究单位保存的小鼠肝癌H2 2 细胞株的基本生物学特性进行比较研究。方法　从国内3个不同研究单位 (武汉大学典型培养物保藏中心 ,山东省医学科学院药物研究所以及中国医学科学院药物研究所 )引进小鼠肝癌H2 2 瘤株 (分别简称武汉H2 2 、山东H2 2 、北京H2 2 ) ,KM小鼠腹腔传代 ,然后对其体外培养特性、体内生长特征、病理形态、治疗学特征进行了比较分析。结果　 3株H2 2 细胞在体内、体外生长速度明显不同 ,武汉H2 2 生长速度较其他瘤株快 (P <0 .0 1) ,接种一致性好 ;而山东H2 2 则在 10 4 个细胞 只小鼠时即可接种成功。荷瘤小鼠体内未发现明显转移灶 ,但肿瘤形态各不相同。环磷酰胺治疗时 ,山东H2 2 抑瘤率最高为 74 6%。结论　不同研究单位H2 2 瘤株的生物学特性有很大不同 ,虽为同一起源 ,但经不同单位保存使用一定时间后 ,它们之间的生物学特性已存在较大的差异     

不同单位保种的艾氏腹水癌细胞核型及DNA含量的比较研究

目的 比较研究三个单位保种的艾氏腹水癌细胞（EAC）染色体数目及DNA含量。方法 取腹腔接种EAC 6 d的KM小鼠,腹腔注射秋水仙碱,取腹水,经低渗处理,固定后涂片,染色,显微镜下染色体计数;腹水传代的EAC,用70%乙醇固定,流式细胞仪测DNA含量。结果 山东省医学科学院药物研究所（山东）、武汉大学典型培养物保藏中心（武汉）和北京市肿瘤研究所（北京）保种的艾氏腹水癌细胞株,其染色体均数分别为28.31±7.78、29.16±12.25、23.22±10.21条,方差分析表明,除北京与山东外,武汉与北京、武汉与山东两两比较有极显著差异（P<0.01）。直方图分析显示主流染色体范围分别为25-27、22-24、22-24条。北京艾氏腹水癌细胞 DNA含量最多,山东艾氏腹水癌细胞DNA含量最少。结论 三个单位的艾氏腹水癌细胞株在某些方面已出现差异。     

艾氏腹水癌克隆细胞株E2G8建立小鼠动物模型生物学特性研究

目的　比较不同品种 (系 )小鼠接种E2G8细胞株的某些生物学特性。方法　将E2G8细胞稀释成不同浓度 ,接种KM、DBA 2、6 15、C57BL 6及BALB c小鼠皮下或腹腔 ,观察小鼠出现可见肿块 腹水时间及小鼠生存时间 ;测量肿块直径 (cm)及瘤重 ;荷瘤小鼠腹腔注射环磷酰胺 (CTX) ,观察E2G8细胞肿瘤模型对CTX治疗的敏感性。结果　E2G8接种BALB c、6 15小鼠皮下毒性最大 ,DBA 2、C57BL 6小鼠次之 ,接种KM小鼠皮下毒性最小 ;接种DBA 2、C57BL 6、6 15小鼠腹腔毒性较大 ,致死性高 ,对BALB c和KM小鼠的致死性弱 ;E2G8瘤细胞在KM和 4种纯系小鼠皮下均能很好生长肿瘤 ,其中在KM小鼠皮下肿瘤生长最大 ,在BALB c小鼠皮下肿瘤最小 ;KM、C57BL 6、6 15、DBA 2、BALB c小鼠皮下接种瘤细胞第 12天瘤重分别为 (2 4 0± 1 30 ) ,(0 90± 0 4 8) ,(1 2 0± 0 38) ,(1 10± 0 2 9) ,(0 80± 0 30 )g ;E2G8细胞接种 5个不同品种 (系 )小鼠制备的肿瘤模型 ,用CTX治疗 ,抑瘤率由高到低依次为6 6 7% (6 15 ) ,5 5 0 % (BALB c) ,5 3 3% (C57BL 6 ) ,5 0 % (KM) ,36 4 (DBA 2 ) ,其中 6 15小鼠建立的模型对CTX的治疗最敏感。结论　E2G8细胞株接种 5个不同品种 (系 )小鼠 ,所测生物学特性不完全相同 ,但是从腹腔 皮下接种、CTX     

三单位保存的艾氏腹水癌细胞株及克隆细胞蛋白质表达

目的　比较三个单位保存的艾氏腹水癌 (EAC)细胞株及克隆细胞的蛋白质表达。方法　对北京市肿瘤研究所 (北京 )保存的EAC进行克隆培养 ,从中选出 5株克隆 ;对武汉大学保种中心 (武汉 )、山东省医学科学院药物研究所 (山东 )及北京保存的EAC细胞株及 5株克隆细胞的SDS PAGE电泳图谱及免疫组化蛋白质分布进行了对比。结果　武汉、山东及北京保存的EAC的电泳条带数分别为 2 2、2 5及 2 8条 ,而克隆细胞E2G8为 2 6条带。三单位EAC瘤细胞对 5种抗体做免疫组化染色 ,与 1株抗体反应的阳性细胞比例均较高 ,差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ,与另 4种抗体反应的阳性细胞率差异有显著性 ;5株克隆细胞对 10种抗体作免疫组化染色 ,其中克隆细胞E2G8、E2F4与 7种抗体反应阳性 ,E2C6与 8种抗体反应阳性 ,E1G5、E2B5与 6种抗体反应阳性。克隆细胞一旦与某种抗体反应阳性 ,阳性细胞的比例即在 85 %以上。结论　不同单位保存的EAC细胞株及克隆细胞株蛋白质表达有差异     

CTX免疫抑制小鼠替代裸鼠用于成瘤实验的研究

目的:探讨小鼠注射环磷酰胺CTX形成暂时性免疫缺陷后,在其肾筋膜接种Hela细胞,建立免疫抑制小鼠肿瘤细胞模型的可行性。方法:复苏培养Hela细胞,做软琼脂克隆形成实验,挑取生长状态良好的克隆团,分离具有较强增殖活力的细胞,取对数生长期细胞,接种(1~3)×107/ml的单细胞悬液0.1 ml于CTX免疫抑制小鼠左侧肾上腺区肾筋膜内,接种BMEMs细胞作为阴性对照。经核磁共振成像,组织病理HE染色和免疫组化检测确认癌细胞在肾筋膜内成瘤情况。结果:39只CTX免疫抑制小鼠,荷瘤成功39只,总荷瘤率100%。结论:成功建立了CTX免疫抑制小鼠肾筋膜接种Hela细胞模型,为研究肿瘤细胞悬液在非免疫缺陷的免疫抑制机体内生长的生物学特性打下良好的基础。     

L1210克隆细胞肿瘤动物模型生物学特性研究

目的　对L12 10细胞及其 4株克隆细胞建立的肿瘤动物模型的某些生物学特性进行比较研究 ,从中筛选出基本符合L12 10细胞生物学特性且一致性更好的克隆细胞。方法　北京肿瘤所L12 10细胞和 4株克隆细胞腹腔接种DBA 2小鼠 ,观察产生腹水的性质、腹水瘤细胞浓度和致小鼠死亡时间 ;皮下接种DBA 2小鼠 ,观察瘤块的生长情况 ;腹腔注射化疗药物环磷酰胺 (CY) ,比较对CY治疗的敏感性。结果　腹腔接种DBA 2小鼠均能生长腹水 ,其中克隆细胞L2H8、L3B12产生血性腹水 ,L3F9的腹水微血性 ,L3E11与肿瘤所L12 10细胞为无血性腹水 ;腹水瘤细胞的浓度及小鼠生存时间亦有差别。肿瘤所L12 10细胞及克隆细胞L3F9、L2H8、L3E11、L3B12第 10天瘤重依次为 1 9± 0 4 6、1 5± 0 3 8、0 75± 0 5 2、2 6± 0 3 0、2 0± 0 3 3g ;用CY治疗的抑瘤率分别是 4 8 7% ,81 3 % ,86 0 % ,78 7%及 67 1%。结论　 4株克隆细胞的生物学特性基本符合L12 10细胞 ,对化疗药物CY的敏感性均高于L12 10细胞     

人OC-3-VGH卵巢癌细胞裸小鼠肿瘤模型的建立

目的建立人OC-3-VGH细胞株卵巢癌裸小鼠模型并观察该肿瘤生物学生长特性。方法OC-3-VGH细胞株复苏后加入10 mL RPMI-1640培养液,放入培养箱,传2～3代后,取细胞悬液,均以4×106个细胞,每只0.2 mL分别接种至BALB/c雌性裸小鼠皮下,2月后处死取材,观察肿瘤生长特性和转移情况。结果皮下接种一周后,裸鼠长出肿瘤,并随时间而增大,体积呈指数增长,第42天始,明显增大（P〈0.05）。组织学检查发现裸鼠皮下肿瘤细胞均细胞体积较大,细胞核大而染色深,核分裂相较多、异型性明显,接种2个月时,未发生其他组织转移。结论建立了新的卵巢癌动物模型,并初步研究了其生物学特性,为卵巢癌治疗方法的研究拓宽了道路。     

人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞裸鼠移植瘤模型的建立及生物学特性研究

目的-建立人乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞株裸小鼠模型,研究其生物学特性,观察MDA-MB-231乳腺癌细胞在移植前后的形态学变化。方法-将人乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231接种于裸鼠腋窝处皮下,每3天测量肿瘤大小,第30天处死小鼠。肿瘤组织及相关脏器送病理切片。皮下肿瘤组织细胞及细胞株培养HE染色。结果-肿瘤生长较快,成功率为72%,病理检查符合人乳腺癌细胞特征。肿瘤组织细胞及培养细胞形态学未见显著差异。结论-人乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231裸小鼠模型建立方法较简便,细胞形态无明显差异,且保持了人乳腺癌的生物学特性。     

用于活体成像的小鼠肺癌移植瘤模型的建立

本研究旨在建立可用于活体成像的小鼠肺癌移植瘤模型。利用脂质体将荧光素酶表达载体pGL4.17(luc2/neo)转染至人非小细胞肺癌细胞株A549,经G418筛选获得稳定表达荧光素酶的细胞克隆。根据体外生物发光情况及细胞的生长特性,从中挑选合适克隆,进行裸鼠皮下接种,SCID鼠尾静脉接种,建立肺癌移植瘤模型。利用活体成像系统监测肿瘤的生长转移情况,并用切片HE染色进一步验证小鼠模型移植瘤的原位成瘤和转移能力。实验结果表明:本研究成功地构建了可用于活体成像的小鼠肺癌移植瘤模型,模型稳定可靠、直观、灵敏,为肿瘤生长转移机制的研究及抗肿瘤药物的研发提供了重要工具。     

不同方法建立的人大细胞肺癌裸鼠移植瘤模型的生物学特点

目的比较三种常用的皮下移植瘤造模方法建立的人大细胞肺癌NCI-H460裸鼠移植瘤模型的不同生物学特点,为不同的研究寻找合适的造模方法提供实验依据。方法分别用NCI-H460细胞,NCI-H460移植瘤组织块和移植瘤匀浆液对于BALB/c-nu/nu裸鼠建立皮下移植瘤模型,运用一般生物学指标观察三种移植瘤的成瘤率、瘤重、倍增时间和组织形态;采用全自动生化分析仪检测其外周血中丙氨酸氨基转氨酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、血糖（G1u）、尿素氮（BUN）和肌酐（CREA）等生化指标;利用血球分析仪检测白细胞总数（WBC）并进行分类,最后体外对其腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬活性和NK细胞活性进行了考察。结果本实验中细胞法和匀浆法的成瘤率及肿瘤生长速率显著高于埋块法且其生长更为均一,差异较小。接种5周后,与正常裸鼠比较,三组荷瘤小鼠血液中ALT、AST显著升高,BUN、CREA显著降低,埋块组的AST和BUN两项指标显著高于其他两荷瘤组。此外,接种2周后,荷瘤裸鼠的GLU显著低于正常裸鼠,匀浆液组的GLU降得最低。白细胞中,三种方法组荷瘤小鼠血液中LYM%、MN%、HGB均有降低,匀浆液组和细胞培养组的荷瘤小鼠血液中WBC、NEUT%、PLT显著高于埋块组。免疫细胞活性方面,两种细胞均呈现出正常细胞组〉匀浆组〉细胞组〉埋块组的趋势。结论细胞培养法接种数量可控,肿瘤生长均匀,适合建立不同实验需求的移植瘤模型,组织块移植法适于建立中药抗肿瘤筛选的动物模型,而匀浆液移植法则不推荐使用。裸鼠的生理生化状态和免疫功能与肿瘤的生长有密切的关系。     

Cloned murine non-malignant, spontaneously transformed and chemical tumour-derived cell lines related to the type 2 pneumocyte

NAL1A is a murine type 2 pneumocyte-related cell line cultured from normal BALB/c adult mouse lung. In vitro spontaneous transformation of 3 out of 7 clones of NAL1A has led to the isolation and establishment in continuous cell culture of sibling-related non-neoplastic (NAL1A) and spontaneously arising neoplastic (NAL1As) cell strains. NAL1As cells exhibited a similar phenotype to cloned NUL1 cells cultured from urethane-induced mouse lung adenomas. All NAL1As and NUL1 clones grew vigorously in 0.3% agar and formed invasive, poorly differentiated carcinomas following subcutaneous inoculation into immunesuppressed mice. Several subcutaneous nodules metastasised preferentially to the lung. All spontaneous and chemically-derived malignant clones were less differentiated than the non-malignant clones as assessed by staining with a type 2 pneumocyte-specific polyclonal antiserum. The clones described in this report form a useful model in the study of spontaneous and chemically-induced neoplastic transformation in mouse epithelial lung cells.     

BALB/c小鼠作为单纯疱疹病毒1型感染模型的免疫学分析

在单纯疱疹病毒1型(herpes simplex virus type 1,HSV-1)小鼠感染及其相关研究中,临床病理和免疫学指标对其分析具有重要技术意义。本研究观察了HSV-1在不同条件下感染BALB/c小鼠后的多个免疫学指标,包括外周血单核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cell,PBMC)群体中树突细胞比例及功能、血清中和抗体水平、PBMC中HSV-1抗原特异性T细胞水平,以及潜伏感染期小鼠神经组织中CD8^＋ T细胞浸润情况。结果显示,HSV-1毒株Mckrae、17＋以角膜及滴鼻途径感染3周龄及6周龄BALB/c小鼠后,小鼠PBMC中树突细胞数量增加,并显示出刺激病毒抗原特异性T细胞增殖的能力。病毒感染后35 d,小鼠PBMC中未检测到白细胞介素4(interleukin 4,IL-4)^＋抗原特异性T细胞,但能检测到低水平的γ干扰素(interferon γ,IFN-γ)^＋抗原特异性T细胞;小鼠血清中未检测到或仅能检测到低水平的中和抗体。HSV-1以皮下及足垫注射途径感染BALB/c小鼠90 d后,足垫感染途径较皮下感染诱导出更高水平的血清中和抗体,PBMC中可检测到IL-4^＋及IFN-γ^＋抗原特异性T细胞,但不同毒株及小鼠周龄之间出现T细胞反应程度差异。组织病理学结果表明,各组小鼠三叉神经组织中均有CD8^＋ T细胞浸润。这些结果提示,不同HSV-1毒株以不同途径感染不同周龄BALB/c小鼠后,均可刺激树突细胞成熟及呈递病毒抗原,但血清中和抗体及PBMC中病毒抗原特异性T细胞水平在不同毒株、感染途径及小鼠周龄之间有差异。     

Tumorigenicity of morphologically distinct transformed foci induced by 3-methylcholanthrene in BALB/c-3T3 cells

4 mm in diameter), invasiveness (smooth vs. invading margins) and other properties (piling vs. spread). In our previous report, we showed that cells from all five types grew in soft agar, transformed normal NIH 3T3 cells and formed foci on normal layer of BALB/c-3T3 cells. In this study, the neoplastic/tumorigenic potential of cells from the five different types of transformed foci was investigated in nude mice. About two million cells from each transformed focus were injected into 4-week-old nude mice. Non-transformed BALB/c-3T3 cells were used as control. The results of this study indicate that all the 45 athymic mice injected with different transformants developed tumors between 2 and 4 weeks after injection. Tumors were not observed in eight mice injected with non-transformed BALB/c-3T3 cells. All tumors were histopathologically confirmed fibrosarcomas. These findings indicate that all five morphologically different foci show tumorigenicity and that any foci of size > or =2 mm regardless of invasiveness and piling could be scored as positive during the cell transformation assay.     

Tumour induction in BALB/c mice for imaging studies: An improved protocol

Dealing with nude mice, which lack thymus and therefore are sensitive to unsterile conditions, needs special care and laboratory conditions. For preclinical studies, especially tumour imaging purposes, in which therapeutic properties of drugs or therapeutic compounds are not studied, mice with normal immune system can be a favourable alternative if they carry tumours of interest. In the current study, we introduce an optimized protocol for induction of human tumours in BALB/c mice for preclinical studies. Immune system of BALB/c mice was suppressed by administration of cyclosporine A (CsA), ketoconazole and cyclophosphamide. The tumours of MDA-MB-231, A-431 and U-87-MG human cancer cells were induced by subcutaneous injection of the cells to the immunosuppressed mice. Tumour size was calculated weekly. Histopathological and metastatic analyses were performed using haematoxylin and eosin staining. The combination of the three drugs was found to suppress immune system and decrease the numbers of white blood cells, including lymphocytes. At the eighth week, tumours with a dimension of approximately 1400 mm³ developed. Large atypical nuclei with scant cytoplasm were found to exist using histopathological analysis. No metastasis was observed in the tumour-bearing mice. A combination of CsA, ketoconazole and cyclophosphamide can be used to suppress the immune system in BALB/c mice and induce tumours with significant size.     

Immunogenetic studies of spontaneous abortion in mice. Preimmunization of females with allogeneic cells

CBA females (H-2k) mated with DBA2 males (H-2d) exhibit a high rate of fetal resorption (30%) when compared with the CBA female BALB/c male, CBA female/CBA male, DBA2 female/CBA male, DBA2 female/DBA2 male combinations (6 to 8%). Preimmunization of CBA females with spleen cells from DBA2, BALB/c, or CBA males were performed in order to test their effects on CBA maternal tolerance of (CBA X DBA2)F1 fetuses. Only preimmunization with BALB/c male cells was effective in decreasing resorption; cells from BALB/c females had no effect. In order to further test 1) the role of non-MHC-encoded antigens present in the BALB/c male background, 2) the necessity of an additional H-2 difference, and 3) whether or not the phenomenon is H-2d restricted, preimmunizations were performed by using cells from congenic BALB/k (H-2k), BALB/b (H-2b), or BALB/c (H-2d). Only the latter treatment was efficient, which suggests that the paternal H-2d haplotype must be presented in synergy with some non-MHC-encoded antigens in the BALB/c male background. Immunogenetic studies with cells from nine recombinant inbred strains that reassorted DBA2 and BALB/c genomes showed that three of them behave like BALB/c and six like DBA2. This would suggest that the genetic determinism of this phenomenon is simple.     

Study on the ophthalmic diseases in ICR mice and BALB/c mice.

In pharmaceutical companies and research institutes, many toxicity tests are performed with laboratory animals. This study was performed to produce reference data for eye toxicity tests and to investigate the ophthalmic diseases of 408 ICR mice and 119 BALB/c mice, which are commonly used as subjects in toxicity tests. The experimental animals without clinical disorders were selected regardless of sex. The ophthalmic diseases were examined by using special ophthalmic instruments: direct ophthalmoscope, indirect ophthalmoscope, slit-lamp biomicroscope and focal illuminator. The most prevalent ocular variation within normal limits was hyaloid vessel remnant (ICR mice, 28.2%; BALB/c mice, 31.9%) and the incidence gradually decreased with age. The ocular diseases found in ICR mice were retinal degeneration (9.8%), corneal scar (4.2%), focal cataract (2.2%), anisocoria (1.2%), corneal ulcer (0.2%) and uveitis (0.2%). In BALB/c mice, corneal scar (9.2%), focal cataract (1.7%) and corneal ulcer (0.8%) were the ocular diseases found.     

小鼠脾细胞凋亡释放RNA与自身免疫病的相关性

在经放射线照射诱导的凋亡小鼠脾细胞培养上清中 ,可以提取到大量RNA ,用流式细胞仪检测发现凋亡细胞内的RNA量与正常细胞比较有所下降 .甲基绿 派若宁Y染色小鼠脾脏 ,脾细胞间质呈派若宁Y染色阳性 ,提示小鼠脾细胞也可能释放RNA .将小鼠脾脏研磨后 ,发现脾脏上清中也存在大量的RNA .采用小鼠脾脏上清RNA与脾脏细胞悬液总RNA的比值作为指标来衡量细胞凋亡释放的RNA量 ,并比较了BALB c及BXSB小鼠的差异 ,发现该比值在 3周 (72 % )、3月(5 8 4 % )、6月 (4 5 % )龄BALB c小鼠中呈下降趋势 ,而BXSB小鼠一直保持较高水平 (75 %～83% ) ,该比值在 3月龄、6月龄显著高于BALB c小鼠 (P <0 0 5 ) .同时 ,采用单相酶扩散的方法检测小鼠脾脏上清中RNA酶的活性 .6月龄BXSB小鼠的RNA酶活性显著低于同龄BALB c小鼠 (P<0 0 5 ) ,而 3周及 3月龄小鼠在这两种品系中无显著性差异     

Dual-modality monitoring of tumor response to cyclophosphamide therapy in mice with bioluminescence imaging and small-animal positron emission tomography

The purpose of this study was to noninvasively monitor the therapeutic efficacy of cyclophosphamide (CTX) in a mouse model by dual-modality molecular imaging: positron emission tomography (PET) and bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Firefly luciferase (fLuc) transfected HCC-LM3-fLuc human hepatocellular carcinoma cells were injected subcutaneously into BALB/c nude mice to establish the experimental tumor model. Two groups of HCC-LM3-fLuc tumor-bearing mice (n = 7 per group) were treated with saline or CTX (100 mg/kg on days 0, 2, 5, and 7). BLI and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) PET scans were done to evaluate the treatment efficacy. CTX induced a 25.25 ± 13.13% and 35.91 ± 25.85% tumor growth inhibition rate on days 9 and 12 posttreatment, respectively, as determined by BLI. A good linear correlation was found between the tumor sizes measured by caliper and the BLI signals determined by optical imaging (R(2) = .9216). (18)F-FDG imaging revealed a significant uptake reduction in the tumors of the CTX-treated group compared to that in the saline control group (5.30 ± 1.97 vs 3.00 ± 2.11% ID/g) on day 16 after CTX treatment. Dual-modality molecular imaging using BLI and small-animal PET can play important roles in the process of chemotherapy and will provide noninvasive and reliable monitoring of the therapeutic response.