Mixing tree species associated with arbuscular or ectotrophic mycorrhizae reveals dual mycorrhization and interactive effects on the fungal partners

1. Recent studies found that the majority of shrub and tree species are associated with both arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi. However, our knowledge on how different mycorrhizal types interact with each other is still limited. We asked whether the combination of hosts with a preferred association with either AM or EM fungi increases the host tree roots’ mycorrhization rate and affects AM and EM fungal richness and community composition.
2. We established a tree diversity experiment, where five tree species of each of the two mycorrhiza types were planted in monocultures, two‐species and four‐species mixtures. We applied morphological assessment to estimate mycorrhization rates and next‐generation molecular sequencing to quantify mycobiont richness.
3. Both the morphological and molecular assessment revealed dual‐mycorrhizal colonization in 79% and 100% of the samples, respectively. OTU community composition strongly differed between AM and EM trees. While host tree species richness did not affect mycorrhization rates, we observed significant effects of mixing AM‐ and EM‐associated hosts in AM mycorrhization rate. Glomeromycota richness was larger in monotypic AM tree combinations than in AM‐EM mixtures, pointing to a dilution or suppression effect of AM by EM trees. We found a strong match between morphological quantification of AM mycorrhization rate and Glomeromycota richness.
4. Synthesis. We provide evidence that the combination of hosts differing in their preferred mycorrhiza association affects the host''s fungal community composition, thus revealing important biotic interactions among trees and their associated fungi.

     

光皮树花芽分化的形态和解剖特征观察

采用常规石蜡切片法对光皮树[Swida wilsoniana (Wanger. ) Soják. ]花芽分化过程中的解剖学特征进行了研究,并对花芽的外部形态也进行了观察.结果表明,光皮树的顶芽和腋芽都可以进行花芽分化;花芽分化在2月下旬开始,4月底基本完成;整个花芽分化过程可划分为5个时期:花芽未分化期、花序分化期、花萼分化期、花瓣分化期和雌雄蕊分化期,其中花序分化期还可分为分化前期和分化后期.在花芽分化过程中,光皮树的花芽形态逐渐增大、饱满,径向和纵向伸长,并在花瓣分化期形成塔形聚伞状花序.花芽纵切面的解剖结构显示,在花芽分化过程中,花芽内的生长锥逐渐增大并向上隆起;在花萼分化期生长锥的边缘产生4个萼片原基;在花瓣分化期花萼原基内侧分化出花瓣原基,并与花萼原基交互而生;雌雄蕊分化期在花瓣原基的内侧分化出雄蕊原基,同时在生长锥中心形成雌蕊的心皮原基.经过一系列的生长分化过程最终形成光皮树的花萼、花瓣及雌蕊和雄蕊.     

Effect of heavy metals in the cement dust pollution on morphological and anatomical characteristics of Cenchrus ciliaris L.

This present study illustrated the effect of heavy metals in cement dust pollution on Cenchrus ciliaris L. This wild plant species spread surrounding and within the contaminated area. The induced soil by cement dust was changed physically and chemically. There were alterations in morphological characters like chlorotic spot, stem shortening and leaf curling. Similarly, anatomical alterations appeared obviously like rupturing and thickening of cells. The data of control and induced plant species were analyzed statistically separately and combined respectively. The regression equations represented the interaction between control and induced plant species graphically. Cenchrus ciliaris L. can be regarded as a standard heavy metal tolerant plant species.     

The classification and frequency of ectotrophic mycorrhizas onPinus radiata D. Don. in New Zealand

Summary Eight subtypes and thirteen sub-subtypes of ectotrophic mycorrhizas were identified in New Zealand onPinus radiata. Subtype B occurred most frequently. The maximum occurrence of ectotrophic mycorrhizas was in New Zealand conditions at the end of winter and beginning of spring.     

栝楼不同性别花芽分化形态解剖特征观察

采用体视显微镜、石蜡切片和树脂切片技术对栝楼(Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.)不同性别花芽分化发育时期的外部形态和内部解剖结构进行了观察。结果显示,栝楼花为雌雄异株,仅有雌花、雄花两种性别分化,且雄花的发育速度明显快于雌花的发育速度。栝楼雌雄花芽长0.2 mm左右已完成性别分化;栝楼雄花为单性花,分化过程可分为6个时期,整个发育过程仅见雄蕊原基的分化及生长。栝楼雌花为"两性花",分化过程可分为7个时期,存在雌蕊和雄蕊共同发育阶段,后期雄蕊发育败退。本研究明确了不同性别栝楼花芽发育发生的各个阶段、形态变化特点、外部形态变化特征以及雌雄花芽的分化差异,建立了雌雄花芽内部结构分化与外部形态之间相关性,为栝楼早期幼苗鉴定及性别分化研究提供了一定的参考。     

被子植物的一个“多系-多期-多域”新分类系统总览

这篇文章是作者在1998年发表的两篇文章的续篇。在那两篇文章中作者论述了关于被子植物系统发育和演化问题的基本观点：本提出木兰植物门(被子植物)的一个新分类系统纲要,将木兰植物门分为8纲40亚纲202目和572科;其中命名了22新亚纲(Annonidae,Illiciidae,Ceratophyllidae,Lauridae,Calycanthidae, Chloranthidae, Aristolochiidae,Polygonidae,Plumbaginidae,Bromeliidae,Zingiberidae,Juncidae, Poaidae,Paeoniidae,Papaveridae,Trochodendridae,Betulidae,Malvidae,Ericidae,Myrtidae,Rutidae,Geraniidae)和6新目(Degeneriales,Aizoales,Platanales, Dipentodontales,Meliosmales,Balanitales)。并对每个科所包含的属、种数和地理分布作了说明。     

Paraholcoglossum and Tsiorchis, two new orchid genera established by molecular and morphological analyses of the Holcoglossum alliance

Background

Holcoglossum is a small orchid genus of 12 species ranging from SW China to Thailand and NE India. Although molecular and morphological analyses have been performed to establish the phylogenetic relationships within this genus, the interspecific relations and its relations with allied genera, such as Rhynchostylis, Aerides and Vanda, remain unclear.

Methodology/Principal Findings

In addition to morphological analysis, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference analyses were performed based on fragments of the nuclear ITS and chloroplast trnL-F and matK genes of 31 taxa (15 Holcoglossum, 14 Aeridinae, 2 outgroups) representing all major clades of the Holcoglossum alliance. The results suggest that Holcoglossum is triphyletic, comprising three clades: the Holcoglossum clade, its sister clade, and a distant clade more closely related to Rhynchostylis, Aerides, and Vanda than to the Holcoglossum clade. The Holcoglossum clade is further divided into three subclades; the genetic distances between these three subclades also support this delimitation. The molecular conclusion is consistent with their distinct morphological characters.

Conclusions

We propose that the latter two clades comprise two new genera, Paraholcoglossum and Tsiorchis, and Holcoglossum clade divides into three sections. In addition, a new section, Holcoglossum sect. Nujiangensia, and a new species, Holcoglossum linearifolium, are proposed. Some new combinations are made, and a new scheme is provided for the classification of all species of Holcoglossum, Paraholcoglossum, and Tsiorchis.     

Phylogeny of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae): integrating molecular and morphological evidence into a new classification

Impatiens L. is one of the largest angiosperm genera, containing over 1000 species, and is notorious for its taxonomic difficulty. Here, we present, to our knowledge, the most comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the genus to date based on a total evidence approach. Forty‐six morphological characters, mainly obtained from our own investigations, are combined with sequence data from three genetic regions, including nuclear ribosomal ITS and plastid atpB‐rbcL and trnL‐F. We include 150 Impatiens species representing all clades recovered by previous phylogenetic analyses as well as three outgroups. Maximum‐parsimony and Bayesian inference methods were used to infer phylogenetic relationships. Our analyses concur with previous studies, but in most cases provide stronger support. Impatiens splits into two major clades. For the first time, we report that species with three‐colpate pollen and four carpels form a monophyletic group (clade I). Within clade II, seven well‐supported subclades are recognized. Within this phylogenetic framework, character evolution is reconstructed, and diagnostic morphological characters for different clades and subclades are identified and discussed. Based on both morphological and molecular evidence, a new classification outline is presented, in which Impatiens is divided into two subgenera, subgen. Clavicarpa and subgen. Impatiens; the latter is further subdivided into seven sections.     

Relationships among Abies nebrodensis,A. alba and A. cephalonica in the morphological and anatomical needle characteristics

We used 39 morphological and anatomical needle traits in the biometric comparisons Abies nebrodensis with A. alba and A. cephalonica. The multivariate analyses were utilised and a closer relationship of A. nebrodensis to A. cephalonica than to A. alba was detected, in contrast to what has been shown for cone characteristics.     

Correlations among anatomical,morphological, chemical and agronomic characteristics of leaf blades in Panicum maximum genotypes

Tropical forage grasses present high growth rates and biomass yields, partly due to its C₄ photosynthetic pathway. Considering this, the anatomy of the grasses related to morphology and chemical composition of leaf blades may influence consumption and digestibility, thus interfering in the forage quality. Agronomic, morphological, anatomical and chemical characteristics of leaves of nine Panicum maximum genotypes were evaluated in Brazil, to verify if these characteristics and the associations among them may influence the quality of the leaf blades. A randomized complete blocks design was used with nine treatments and three replications. Three evaluation harvests were done in the rainy season and one in the dry season to evaluate forage yields and quality. Quality was determined through NIRS – Near Infrared Spectrometer. One day prior to each harvest, four leaf blades per plot were harvested for morphological and anatomical evaluations. Results were subjected to analysis of variance and mean comparison by Tukey test, and to simple linear and canonical correlations by SAS. Leaf width was positively correlated with mesophyll. The parenchyma bundle sheath was associated with leaf area and specific leaf area. Neutral detergent fibre was positively correlated with the parenchyma bundle sheath area and specific leaf area. The specific leaf area was negatively correlated with in vitro organic matter digestibility. Morphological differences among P. maximum genotypes did not interfere in biomass accumulation. Considering this, leaf width may be a supplementary tool, that may be used in the early phases of the process of genotype selection, for discriminating qualitatively promising high yielding materials.     

Phylogeny of the tribe Abrotrichini (Cricetidae,Sigmodontinae): integrating morphological and molecular evidence into a new classification

The tribe Abrotrichini (five genera and 14 living species) is a small clade within the speciose subfamily Sigmodontinae (Rodentia, Cricetidae), representing one of the extant successful radiations of mammals at southern high latitudes of the Neotropics. Its distribution is mostly Andean, reaching its greatest diversity in southern Argentina and Chile. We evaluate the phylogenetic relationships within this tribe through parsimony and Bayesian approaches based on 99 morphological characters (including 19 integumental characters, 38 skull characters, 31 dental characters, three postcranial skeletal characters, seven from the male accessory glands and phallus and one from the digestive system) and six molecular markers (one mitochondrial and five nuclear). We include representatives of all, except one, of the currently recognized species of living Abrotrichini plus one fossil form. Based on total evidence, we recovered a primary division between the genus Abrothrix and a group including the long‐clawed Abrotrichini, Chelemys, Geoxus, Notiomys and Pearsonomys. Both clades are recognized and named here as subtribes. The large degree of morphological variation observed within Abrothrix suggests that species in the genus fall into four groups, which we recognize as subgenera. In addition, the two known species of Chelemys do not form a monophyletic group, and Geoxus was recovered as paraphyletic with respect to Pearsonomys. To reconcile classification and phylogenetics, we describe a new genus for Chelemys macronyx and include Pearsonomys as a junior synonym of Geoxus. Our results highlight the importance of both morphology and molecules in resolving the phylogenetic relationships within this tribe. Based on biogeographical analyses, we hypothesize that Abrotrichini originated in south‐western South America by vicariance and then diversified mostly by successive dispersal events.     

黄瓜花芽启始分化的形态解剖研究

苗龄 6d的黄瓜幼苗 ,在第一节位叶腋处花芽原基开始启动分化。花芽分化时间早、速度快、节位低、同步性好。诱导黄瓜开花的因素可能不是光和夜低温 ,其开花特性类似于自主开花植物     

山鸡椒雄花花芽发育形态解剖特征观察

采用体视显微镜、扫描电镜和石蜡切片技术对山鸡椒（Litsea cubeba（Lour.） Pers.）雄花花芽分化发育的外部形态和内部解剖结构进行了观察研究。结果显示:（1）山鸡椒雄花花芽分化发生可分为5个时期,即未分化期、花序原基分化期、苞片原基分化期、花原基分化期和花器官分化期,其中花器官分化期又可细分为花被原基分化期、雄蕊原基分化期和雌蕊原基分化期;各相邻分化时期存在一定重叠现象;花期从翌年1月上旬至3月下旬。（2）雄花成熟结构中具有独特的雄蕊蜜腺,蜜腺绿色且形态不规则,着生于内轮雄蕊基部,分布于花丝两侧,夹在内外轮雄蕊的花丝之间,与内轮花丝紧密相连。（3）雄蕊花药四室,花药壁发育属于基本型;腺质绒毡层;小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程中胞质分裂属于连续型;成熟花粉为2-细胞花粉粒;成熟花粉粒外壁刺突较多,刺突基部膨大,外壁露出部分粗糙,无薄壁区,有少数小穿孔。（4）山鸡椒雄花中绝大多数雌蕊发育至腹缝线卷合形成子房室时停止,柱头发育不良或者败育,花柱缩短或缺失,不能受精,直到开花结束,即发生退化。本研究明确了山鸡椒雄花花芽发育发生各个阶段时间、形态变化特点及外部形态变化特征,山鸡椒小孢子发生、雄配子体发育至散粉期变化特点和规律以及雄花中退化雌蕊发育的进程,可为山鸡椒优良品种选育、调控花期和提高结实率提供一定的参考。     

Relationship between selected morphological, anatomical and cytological characteristics of leaves and the level of tolerance to herbicides in strawberry cultivars

Foliar application of a mixture of herbicides containing phenmedipham, desmedipham and ethofumesate to the plants of nine strawberry cultivars revealed that there were differences in the level of plant tolerance to the applied chemicals. Light, polarized light and scanning electron microscopy were used to explain differences in tolerance to herbicides. The surface of strawberry leaves and cells was examined for stomata, hairs, trichomes, surface structures, cucticle, vacuole and oxalate crystals. The thicker the cuticle on the adaxial leaf surface, the thicker the layer of epicuticular waxes, greater number of large vacuoles and greater number of calcium oxalate crystals in epidermis cells were characteristic for cultivars with very good tolerance to herbicides. The cracking of epicuticular waxes layer was typical to cultivars with respectively low tolerance to herbicides.     

New classification of liverworts based on molecular and morphological data

Complete sequences for the 18S-rRNA gene of 22 bryophytes (12 completely new) were determined and used to construct phylogenetic trees. The evaluation of sequence data according to the maximum parsimony principle (PAUP 3.1.1) and the neighbor-joining method (MEGA) results in similar phylogenetic trees in which theBryopsida appear as a sister group to theJungermanniopsida, and both together as a sister group to theMarchantiopsida. Among theMarchantiopsida, theSphaerocarpales diverge early as a separate clade. TheMetzgeriales andJungermanniales are monophyletic. They belong to one clade and cannot be separated by either method of evaluation.     

毛脉蓼系统分类位置的修订

在《中国植物志》以及各地方植物志中关于毛脉蓼Polygonum ciliinerve (Nakai) Ohwi的分类位置还存在争议, 鉴于此, 本研究应用扫描电子显微镜、常规石蜡切片以及表皮离析方法对毛脉蓼的营养和繁殖器官进行了观察, 并对毛脉蓼的系统分类位置进行了全面的分析和探讨。结果表明, 毛脉蓼的主要药用部位是块茎, 而不是块根, 且来源于匍匐茎节上的腋芽或者顶芽; 叶的上表皮细胞近长方形, 下表皮浅波状, 叶上、下面沿叶脉均具乳头状突起, 且其叶上、下表皮均具多数腺毛; 叶主脉中5个维管束呈一轮分布, 叶柄横切面具10个维管束, 其中7个小的排成一圈, 1个较大的维管束位于沟槽近中央的部位, 而另2个小的维管束位于沟槽两侧的突起中; 果皮的微形态为孔穴状纹饰, 种子横切面为三棱形。由于这些结构与何首乌P. multiflorum都有显著的差异, 尤其二者的药用部位在形态发生和结构特征上有着本质的区别, 故建议将毛脉蓼作为一个独立的种, 而非何首乌的变种。