人原发性肝细胞肝癌中丙型肝炎病毒C_（33c）抗原及HBxAg的分布及意义

作者应用抗ＨＣＶＮＳ３区Ｃ３３ｃ抗原２Ｂ６株单克隆抗体和抗ＨＢｘＡｇ多克隆抗体,采用ＡＢＣ法对１０２例人原发性肝细胞肝癌（ＰＨＣ）组织进行了ＨＣＶ及ＨＢＶ抗原定位研究。ＨＣＶＣ３。抗原及ＨＢｘＡｇ在ＰＨＣ中的阳性检出率分别是８１．４％及７４．５％,Ｃ３３ｃ抗原或ＨＢｘＡｇ阳性占所检病例９４．１％,相同病例二者同时阳性为６１．８％。１０２例ＰＨＣ中５０例有癌旁肝组织,其Ｃ３３ｃ抗原和ＨＢｘＡｇ的阳性检出率分别是６２％和９２％。ＨＣＶＣ３３ｃ抗原定位于肝癌细胞的胞浆内,胞核未见阳性信号。Ｃ３３ｃ抗原阳性细胞在ＰＨＣ中呈散在、局灶分布为主,在癌旁肝组织呈弥漫分布为主。本文结果提示ＨＣＶ感染在ＰＨＣ的发生中可能起重要作用。     

新型HCV EIA诊断试剂盒的研制

丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）基因组结构区核壳蛋白（Ｃ）区抗原、膜蛋白Ｅ１和Ｅ２区抗原,以及非结构区ＮＳ３－ＮＳ５区抗原的区段,已经在原核细胞中获得有效的表达。同时,相应区段中的优势抗原表位肽也经化学合成法大规模地制备。ＨＣＶ基因组上各区段抗原性的分析发现,由Ｃ区和ＮＳ３区分别编码的Ｃ抗原和Ｃ３３ｃ抗原是ＨＣＶ基因组上两个优势抗原区段。其相应的抗体出现早（感染后６周可检出抗Ｃ３３ｃ抗体）,阳转率高（约９９％阳性检出率）,特异性和重复性均优于其它区段抗原。以中国人ＨＣＶ的Ｃ３３ｃ重组蛋白和分支状合成肽ＭＡＰ－Ｃ－１９为复合抗原,研制了适合我国抗ＨＣＶ抗体检测的新型丙型肝炎病毒酶免疫测定（ＨＣＶＥＬＡ）诊断试剂盒。它同当代美国Ａｂｂｏｔｔ／ＵＢＩＨＣＶＥＬＡ诊断试剂的符合率约９８％,同加拿大ＹＥＳ公司ＨＣＶＥＩＡ诊断试剂的符合率约９７．８％,阳性检出率提高了约２％,３次重复性达１００％,表明其特异性、敏感性和重复性均达到了当代第二代ＪＣＶＥＬＡ诊断试剂的水平。我国人群中抗ＨＣＶ抗体的分布情况为：正常人群的检出率１％－２％;外科类住院病人检出率约２８．８％;肝炎患者抗ＨＣＶ阳性率为３４．４％,慢活肝、肝硬化和重症肝炎患者     

抗丙肝病毒核心抗原单克隆抗体的研制与初步鉴定

用基因工程重组技术获得的丙肝病毒（ＨＣＶ）核心蛋白抗原与鼠血清白蛋白交联后免疫Ｂａｌｂ／ｃ小鼠,用杂交瘤技术成功地建立了４株稳定分泌抗核心抗原单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞,试验结果表明,该４株ＭｃＡｂｓ与免疫抗原及核心区Ｃ３３肽、ＣＰ９、ＣＰ１０抗原有较强的抗原－抗体反应,与ＨＣＶ ＮＳ３、ＮＳ４、ＮＳ５无反应,在竞争ＥＬＩＳＡ中,对ＨＣＶ－ＩｇＧ阳性血清有较好的抑制作用。４株ＭｃＡｂｓ中３株为ＩｇＧ２     

肝硬变中丙型肝炎病毒C33c抗原及HBxAg的分布及意义

应用抗ＨＣＶＣ３３ｃ抗原２Ｂ６株单克隆抗体和抗ＨＢｘＡｇ多克隆抗体。以ＡＢＣ法对８６例肝硬变组织进行ＨＣＶ及ＨＢＶ相关抗原定位研究,ＨＣＶＣ３３ｃ抗原及ＨＢｘＡｇ在肝硬变中的阳性率分别为７６．７％及６２．８％,Ｃ３３ｃ抗原和ＨＢｘＡｇ阳性占所检病例８８．４％,二者同时阳性为５１．２％,ＨＣＶＣ３３ｃ抗原位于肝硬变组织的肝细胞胞桨内,充满整个胞桨,细胞核及胸膜未见阳性;阳性细胞呈弥温、局灶及散在分布     

丙型肝炎病毒基因组C区和NS3区基因cDNA的融合及其在大肠杆菌中的表达与初步应用

通过逆转录（ＲＴ）－聚合酶链式反应（ＰＣＲ）,从中国人丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）携带者的血清中扩增并克隆到２段ｃＤＮＡ片段,即ＨＣＶ基因组Ｃ区抗原基因Ｃ８３１ｃＤＮＡ片断（约５３０ｂｐ）和ＮＳ３区抗原基因Ｃ３３ｃｃＤＮＡ片段（约８６０ｂｐ）。Ｃ３３ｃｃＤＮＡ片段同Ｃ８３１ｃＤＮＡ片段经连接　　　肽Ｓｅｒ－Ｐｒｏ－Ｇｌｙ－Ｓｅｒ连接成为基因嵌合体Ｃ３３ｃ－Ｃ８３１（约１４００ｂｐ）。Ｃ３３ｃ－Ｃ８３１基因嵌合体同温控型原核表达载体ｐＢＶ２２０重组,构建成表达质粒ｐＢＶ／Ｃ３３ｃ－Ｃ８３１,并在大肠杆菌细胞中获得了重组嵌合抗原Ｃ３３ｃ－ＣＬ的表达。通过酶切分析和Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ免疫印迹法,对约占菌体可溶性蛋白９％的表达产物做了鉴定。采用ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ－１００和盐析处理,获得粗提表达产物。粗提的表达产物经尿素裂解和离子交换层析纯化,得到可用于检测抗ＨＣＶ核壳蛋白和抗ＮＳ３区抗体的重组嵌合抗原Ｃ３３ｃ－ＣＬ。对Ｃ３３ｃ－ＣＬ做抗原性分析发现,它同时具有完整的Ｃ３３ｃ抗原和Ｃ２２抗原的免疫反应活性,完全能替代单纯的Ｃ３３ｃ和Ｃ２２抗原。该嵌合抗原在血清学诊断中有重要的应用价值,可望成为新一代ＨＣＶＥＩＡ诊断试剂的优选抗原。     

乙型肝炎、肝硬变和肝癌中HBxAg的表达及其在肝癌发生中的作用

对３７９例良、恶性肝组织进行的免疫组织化学研究显示,３３％的慢性迁延性肝炎（６／１８）、７６％的慢性活动性肝炎（２６／３４）、９２％的肝硬变（５７／６２）和９７％的肝细胞性肝癌（ＨＣＣ）（５８／６０）中有ＨＢｘＡｇ表达,阳性率高于ＨＢｓＡｇ或ＨＢｃＡｇ。癌周肝中的ＨＢｘＡｇ阳性率显著高于非癌周肝。与其它２种ＨＢＶ抗原不同,ＨＢｘＡｇ表达在细胞类型上有较明显的选择性,在肝小多角细胞（ＳＰＬＣ）、小细胞性不典型增生（ＳＣＤ）及ＨＣＣ中较强。与ＩＧＦⅡ、ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２、ｃ－ｍｙｃ和ＥＧＦ－Ｒ表达进行的对照研究表明ＨＢｘＡｇ与ＩＧＦⅡ和ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２这２种ＨＣＣ发生相关基因的表达关系密切。ＰＣＮＡ染色结果显示ＨＢｘＡｇ阳性组织的细胞增殖活性显著高于ＨＢｘＡｇ阴性组织。我们的结果还表明ＨＢｘＡｇ表达与肝细胞不典型增生的发生和进展有关、提出ＨＢＶＸ基因可能通过其表达产物（ＨＢｘＡｇ）首先激活ＩＧＦⅡ、ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２基因,继而引起显著的ＳＰＬＣ增生和ＳＣＤ而参与ＨＣＣ发生的．     

人肝细胞癌中N－ras、c－myc癌基因的表达──原位分子杂交和免疫组织化学研究

为了明确Ｎ－ｒａｓ、ｃ－ｍｙｃ癌基因在人肝细胞癌（ＨＣＣ）中的表达及其形态学分布,我们对３８例石蜡包埋的ＨＣＣ（其中３３例带有癌周肝组织）标本进行了原位核酸杂交和免疫组化研究。结果表明,ＨＣＣ及癌周肝组织中Ｎ－ｒａｓ表达阳性率分别为４２％和３９％;ｃ－ｍｙｃｍＲＮＡ阳性表达率分别为４７％和３６％;ｃ－ｍｙｃ蛋白阳性率分别为５３％和３９％。ＨＣＣ与癌周肝之间Ｎ－ｒａｓ、ｃ－ｍｙｃｍＲＮＡ及ｃ－ｍｙｃ蛋白表达水平无显著差别;ｃ－ｍｙｃｍＲＮＡ及蛋白阳性强度也无显著差别,其形态学分布基本一致,主要集中于癌细胞和癌周肝中的部分高度增生结节;Ｎ－ｒａｓ表达增强主要见于癌细胞、癌周肝中的高度增生结节、小细胞性不典型增生及少部分肝小多角细胞。它们与ＨＢｘＡｇ表达之间无明确的对应关系。上述结果显示,ＨＣＣ中Ｎ－ｒａｓ、ｃ－ｍｙｃ表达都显著增强,它们可能是人ＨＣＣ发生中较晚期的事件,而Ｎ－ｒａｓ表达增强早于ｃ－ｍｙｃ癌基因活化。     

丙型肝炎病毒RNA打点杂交检测方法同RT－PCR方法的比较

采用ＨＣＶ基因组结构区Ｃ区ｃＤＮＡ探针和非结构区ＮＳ３－４区ｃＤＮＡ探针,建立了用打点杂交（ｄｏｔｂｌｏｔｈｙｂｒｉｄｉｚａｔｉｏｎ）检测血清中ＨＣＶＲＮＡ的方法,同采用ＨＣＶ基因组５’端非编码区的一对寡核苷酸引物通过逆转录－聚合酶链式反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）检测血清中ＨＣＶＲＮＡ的方法相比较,发现两种方法都能快速早期和特异地检出血清中ＨＣＶＲＮＡ,但ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ法敏感性优于ＲＮＡ打点杂交法。对于无血清学指标的慢性ＮＡＮＢ肝炎病人的诊断,可采用这两种方法。这两种方法的敏感性在很大程度上依赖于引物和探针的敏感性,以及ＲＮＡ提取方法。ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ法适用于诊断病毒血症和复制,打点杂交法适用于研究ＨＣＶＲＮＡ量的变化,对治疗的评价,以及为实验筛选较高滴度的ＨＣＶＲＮＡ阳性样本。     

原位杂交检测石蜡包埋组织中丙型肝炎病毒RNA

为了提高ＨＣＶＲＮＡ的原位杂交检出率,我们应用地高辛标记ＨＣＶ５＇非编码区ｃＤＮＡ作探针,采用原位分子杂交法对９６Ｎ肝硬变,１０２例肝细胞肝癌进行了ＨＣＶＲＮＡ检测,并结合不同年份标本中ＨＣＶＲＮＡ的检出率,探讨ＨＣＶＲＮＡ在肝脏的分布及其丢失问题．结果显示ＨＣＶＲＮＡ定位于肝细胞和肝癌细胞胞浆内,肝脏其它细胞未见明确阳性杂交信号。ＨＣＶＲＮＡ杂交阳性细胞呈灶状和弥漫分布,正常对照、替代、空白对照为阴性,在不同年份肝硬变及肝细胞肝癌中两两比较表明新近包埋蜡块组织较陈旧蜡块组织ＨＣＶ　ＲＮＡ检出率明显高。本文结果证实ＨＣＶＲＮＡ存在于肝细胞和癌细胞的胞浆内,未见肝内其它细胞阳性,还发现ＨＣＶＲＮＡ在肝硬变、肝细胞癌中的检出率随保存时间的延长,其阳性检出率明显降低,表明ＨＣＶＲＮＡ在蜡块中存在明显的降解,应尽可能选用近期标本、为临床分析ＨＣＶ感染,ＨＣＶ与肝硬变、肝细胞肝癌的关系提供更客观的数据。     

丙型肝炎病毒PNA打点杂交检测方法同RT—PCR方法的比较

采用ＨＣＶ基因组结构区Ｃ区ｃＤＮＡ探针和非结构区ＮＳ３－４区ｃＤＮＡ探针,建立了用打点杂交检测血清中ＨＣＶ ＲＮＡ的方法,同采用ＨＣＶ基因组５＇端非编码区的一对寡核苷酸引物通过逆转录－聚合酶链式反应检测血清中ＨＣＶ ＲＮＡ折方法相比较,发现两种方法都能快速早期和特异的检出血清中ＨＣＶ ＲＮＡ,但ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ法敏感性优于ＲＮＡ打点杂交法。对于无血清学指标的慢性ＮＡＮＢ肝炎病人的诊断,可采用这两种方法     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.