艾叶多糖提取率影响因素分析及提取条件优化

艾叶是菊科(Compositae)植物艾(Artemisia argyi Lévl.et Vant.)的干燥叶,为常用中药材之一,药用历史悠久,具有苦燥辛散、理气血、温经脉、逐寒湿、止冷痛等功效,为重要的妇科用药,可用于治疗脘腹冷痛、经寒不调、宫冷不孕等证.此外,利用艾叶预防瘟疫已有悠久的历史.现代药理研究表明:艾叶是一种广谱抗菌抗病毒中药,对多种病毒和细菌有抑制和杀伤作用,对呼吸系统疾病以及心血管等慢性疾病有一定的防治作用[1-3].因此,将艾叶中的有效成分分别提取和纯化并加以分析以及功能检测,具有深远意义.     

艾叶用于动物实验室空气消毒的效果观察及吸人刺激实验

目的研究艾叶熏蒸动物实验室空气消毒的适宜剂量及其对实验动物的吸人刺激性。方法（1）用艾叶1g／m^3、2g／m^3、4g／m^3的低、中、高三个剂量分别对三间空动物实验室空气熏蒸消毒,检测消毒前及消毒后12h空气菌落数（CFU）,每周1次,连续10周。以CFU≤30个／皿为合格标准,计算各组消毒10次后的合格率。（2）将40只SD大鼠分为对照组和艾叶低、中、高剂量组,每组10只,放在4个隔离器内。分别用艾叶1g／m^3、2g／m^3、4g／m^3的剂量对低、中、高剂量组隔离器进行熏蒸消毒,12h后取各组大鼠肺组织,光镜下观察其损伤情况。结果（1）消毒前,低、中、高剂量组CFU均不合格,且组间差异无显著性;消毒后12h,各组CFU均合格,低剂量组与中、高剂量组差异显著（P＜0．05）,中、高剂量组组间差异不显著;消毒10次,低剂量组合格率为80％,中、高剂量组合格率均为100％。（2）与对照组比较,艾叶三个剂量组大鼠肺组织均出现不同程度的病理变化。结论（1）艾叶用于动物实验室空气消毒的较佳剂量为2g／m^3。（2）艾叶熏蒸空气消毒对实验动物呼吸系统有刺激性损伤。     

几种兽类的螨病及其防治

螨病,又叫疥癣、疥癣虫病,或疥虫病,俗名叫癫或疥疮。是一种具有高度传染的慢性侵袭皮肤病。尤其是在动物园内,更是一种令人讨厌的疾病。因动物园内饲养的多系野生动物,若感染了此病,难于捕捉,且捕捉一次会使动物受惊,影响食欲。所以,治疗较家畜更为困难。对此病必须采取以“预防为主,治疗为辅”的综合措施,才能彻底地消灭。     

不同方法提取的艾叶挥发油指纹图谱分析

采取超临界CO2、微波和水蒸气蒸馏三种方法提取艾叶挥发油,利用GC-MS分析了不同方法提取的 艾叶挥发油指纹图谱。超临界CO2和微波萃取的艾叶挥发油的化学成分相似,水蒸气蒸馏与前两种方法提 取的挥发油的化学成分有些差异。超临界CO2萃取的艾叶挥发油更具天然性,超临界CO2萃取法为提取艾 叶挥发油的较理想方法;微波辅助萃取也不失为一种可行的方法。     

艾叶挥发油化学成分和药理作用研究进展

艾叶挥发油为临床常用中药艾叶的主要活性部位群,化学成分复杂,受提取方法、产地、采收时间、陈化、存储条件等多种因素的影响。艾叶挥发油具有抗病毒和抑菌、平喘、抗炎、镇痛镇静等药理活性。本文对艾叶挥发油的提取工艺、化学成分、药理作用、临床应用及安全性等方面综述,为艾叶挥发油深度开发和高效综合利用提供参考。     

蝮蛇抗栓酶治疗皮肤病的临床疗效观察

蝮蛇抗栓酶治疗皮肤病的临床疗效观察石玉芳（贵州省都匀市医院综合科５５８０００）蝮蛇抗栓酶（清栓酶）是由东北陆生白眉蝮蛇中提取的一种酶制剂,主要用于脑血栓病的防治。用于治疗皮肤病的报道甚少。笔者从１９９１年６月～１９９５年３月。用清栓酶治疗皮肤病１０３...     

艾叶挥发油化学成分研究进展

艾叶挥发油是艾叶发挥药理作用的主要活性成分,由100余种化学成分组成,主要含单萜及其衍生物、倍半萜及其衍生物,也有少量的醛、酮、酚类化合物。本文对近十年艾叶挥发油化学成分研究的相关文献进行了分析与总结,发现产地、提取方法和采收期对艾叶挥发油化学成分数量和含量的测定结果均有较大影响,进而影响对艾叶药材的质量评价和应用。因此建议根据不同的药用目的选择采用不同产地的艾叶药材和相应的挥发油提取方法,为艾叶挥发油化学成分的进一步研究和临床应用提供参考。     

基于谱效关联分析挖掘艾叶挥发油抑菌的质量标志物CSCD

基于谱效关联分析筛选艾叶挥发油抑菌活性的质量标志物(Q-markers)。采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取得到艾叶挥发油,选择气相-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)构建15批艾叶挥发油样品的指纹图谱,进行热图、聚类分析;检测不同批次艾叶挥发油对白色念珠菌、大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性;并采用灰色关联分析及单体成分验证实验筛选艾叶挥发油质量标志物。GC-MS检测鉴定出49种化学成分,主要为单萜类、倍半萜类及其氧化物。指纹图谱筛选出17个共有峰,包括桉树脑、樟脑和龙脑等,相似度在0.96~0.99。聚类分析结果可将不同产区艾叶分为两类。相对含量较高且热图显示差异较大的成分有桉树脑、樟脑、龙脑、松油醇。15批次艾叶挥发油对白色念珠菌抑菌圈在9.00~11.56 mm;对大肠杆菌的抑菌圈在9.33~12.44 mm;对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈在9.33~12.89 mm。灰色关联分析结果表明艾叶挥发油抑菌活性的潜在质量标志物是桉树脑、樟脑和龙脑。单体抑菌实验结果表明除桉树脑外与灰色关联分析结果基本一致。因此筛选出艾叶挥发油抑菌活性的质量标志物为樟脑和龙脑。     

超氧化物歧化酶在临床上的应用

对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、重组人SOD(rh-SOD)在临床上的应用进行了概括和介绍。动物来源的SOD目前主要应用于治疗肿瘤放疗的后遗症、各种炎症以及多种皮肤病,rh-SOD则较多应用于心脏、肾脏等器官的保护和移植过程以及心血管疾病的治疗。     

马拉色菌感染的光学治疗研究进展

马拉色菌是寄生在人体和动物皮肤上的一种真菌,当机体抵抗力低下或某种诱因存在时,马拉色菌可大量繁殖导致机体皮肤和或其附属器官感染致病。马拉色菌感染机体皮肤可出现红斑、丘疹等皮损,皮损症状可影响患者的正常生活,并造成一定的心理负担。治疗以口服抗真菌药为主,但其具有肝损伤、消化系统症状等药物不良反应,长期用药可致继发感染及耐药产生。近年安全、有效的光学疗法治疗真菌性皮肤病被广泛推荐,该文对马拉色菌感染的光学治疗研究进展进行综述,以期为该病的预防治疗提供一定参考。     

A study of direct moxibustion using mathematical methods

Direct moxibustion is an important and widely used treatment method in traditional medical science. The use of a mathematical method to analyse direct moxibustion treatment is necessary and helpful in exploring the new direct moxibustion instruments and their standardisation. Thus, this paper aims to use a mathematical method to study direct moxibustion in skin to demonstrate a direct relationship between direct moxibustion and skin stimuli. In this paper, the transient thermal response of skin layers is analysed to study direct moxibustion using the data got from standardised method to measure the temperature of a burning moxa cone. Numerical simulations based on an appropriate finite element model are developed to predict the heat transfer, thermal damage and thermal stress distribution of barley moxa cones and jujube moxa cones in the skin tissue. The results are verified by the ancient literatures of traditional Chinese medicine and clinical application, and showed that mathematical method can be a good interface between moxa cone and skin tissue providing the numerical value basis for moxibustion.     

A study of direct moxibustion using mathematical methods

Direct moxibustion is an important and widely used treatment method in traditional medical science. The use of a mathematical method to analyse direct moxibustion treatment is necessary and helpful in exploring the new direct moxibustion instruments and their standardisation. Thus, this paper aims to use a mathematical method to study direct moxibustion in skin to demonstrate a direct relationship between direct moxibustion and skin stimuli. In this paper, the transient thermal response of skin layers is analysed to study direct moxibustion using the data got from standardised method to measure the temperature of a burning moxa cone. Numerical simulations based on an appropriate finite element model are developed to predict the heat transfer, thermal damage and thermal stress distribution of barley moxa cones and jujube moxa cones in the skin tissue. The results are verified by the ancient literatures of traditional Chinese medicine and clinical application, and showed that mathematical method can be a good interface between moxa cone and skin tissue providing the numerical value basis for moxibustion.     

Surface sculpturing and water retention of elephant skin

The integument of elephants is highly sculptured with wrinkles and crevices arranged in prominent geometric patterns. These features are shown to adsorb water and to facilitate its movement over the body surface. The retention of water attributable to epidermal morphology was quantified by studying latex casts of integumentary surfaces. Retention of water by casts of integument is4–5 to 10 times greater than that of flat surfaces and is greater in African elephants than in Asian elephants. Both species lack sebum and sweat glands and require regular wetting of their skin. However, the skin of African elephants is sculptured more deeply and retains significantly more water than does that of Asian elephants adapted to more mesic habitats. We propose that the highly sculptured morphology functions to enhance retention of surface moisture during periodic wallowing, thereby impeding dehydration of the exposed epidermis and mediating evaporative heat losses. These functions could have great physiological significance during periods of drought when intense heat and solar radiation coincide with limited availability of water.     

A Comparison of Walking Rates Between Wild and Zoo African Elephants

With increased scrutiny surrounding the welfare of elephants in zoological institutions, it is important to have empirical evidence on their current welfare status. If elephants are not receiving adequate exercise, it could lead to obesity, which can lead to many issues including acyclicity and potentially heart disease. The goal of the current study was to compare the walking rates of elephants in the wild versus elephants in zoos to determine if elephants are walking similar distances relative to their wild counterparts. Eleven wild elephants throughout different habitats and locations in Botswana were compared to 8 elephants at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park. Direct comparisons revealed no significant difference in average walking rates of zoo elephants when compared with wild elephants. These results suggest that elephants at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park walk similar rates to those of wild elephants and may be meeting their exercise needs.     

Elephant Genomes Reveal Accelerated Evolution in Mechanisms Underlying Disease Defenses

Disease susceptibility and resistance are important factors for the conservation of endangered species, including elephants. We analyzed pathology data from 26 zoos and report that Asian elephants have increased neoplasia and malignancy prevalence compared with African bush elephants. This is consistent with observed higher susceptibility to tuberculosis and elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) in Asian elephants. To investigate genetic mechanisms underlying disease resistance, including differential responses between species, among other elephant traits, we sequenced multiple elephant genomes. We report a draft assembly for an Asian elephant, and defined 862 and 1,017 conserved potential regulatory elements in Asian and African bush elephants, respectively. In the genomes of both elephant species, conserved elements were significantly enriched with genes differentially expressed between the species. In Asian elephants, these putative regulatory regions were involved in immunity pathways including tumor-necrosis factor, which plays an important role in EEHV response. Genomic sequences of African bush, forest, and Asian elephant genomes revealed extensive sequence conservation at TP53 retrogene loci across three species, which may be related to TP53 functionality in elephant cancer resistance. Positive selection scans revealed outlier genes related to additional elephant traits. Our study suggests that gene regulation plays an important role in the differential inflammatory response of Asian and African elephants, leading to increased infectious disease and cancer susceptibility in Asian elephants. These genomic discoveries can inform future functional and translational studies aimed at identifying effective treatment approaches for ill elephants, which may improve conservation.     

艾燃烧生成物对SAM小鼠学习记忆行为的影响

目的：艾灸不仅可以延年益寿而且可以未病先防。然而仅有少量研究证实,艾灸的燃烧生成物具有抗氧化作用从而延缓衰老。本试验从行为学方面研究艾燃烧生成物对快速老化模型小鼠SAM—W8学习记忆行为的影响。方法：选用6月龄雄性快速老化模型（SAM）小鼠50只,其中SAM—R／1系10只作为空白组,SAM—W8系40只随机分为模型组、单纯艾烟熏吸组、无烟艾灸组和常规艾灸组,每组10只。选取关元穴为治疗穴位,令常规艾灸关元组小鼠在艾灸关元穴的同时处在一定浓度艾烟的环境中;单纯艾烟熏吸组小鼠处在与常规艾灸关元组相同浓度的艾烟环境但不艾灸其穴位;而无烟艾灸关元组则是在艾灸小鼠关元穴的同时立即将艾烟抽除;其余空白组和模型组小鼠进行相同的空白抓取。治疗前后分别进行学习记忆行为的被动逃避试验,并对实验结果进行分析。结果：与空白组比较,治疗前模型组及治疗各组小鼠进行被动逃避试验的潜伏期均明显变短,有显著性差异（P〈0．05,P〈0．05,P〈0．01,P〈0．01）,治疗后模型组及常规艾灸关元组小鼠治疗后潜伏期均明显缩短,有显著性差异（P〈0．01,P〈0．05）;与模型组比较,各治疗组小鼠治疗后潜伏期均明显延长,有显著差异（P〈0．01,P〈0．01,P〈0．05）。与治疗前比较,各治疗组治疗后潜伏期均较前明显延长,有显著性差异（P〈0．01,P〈0．05,P〈0．05）。结论：艾燃烧生成物可延长快速老化模型小鼠被动逃避试验的潜伏期。提示其在一定程度上改善老化模型小鼠的学习记忆功能,为今后艾灸抗衰老在临床上的应用开辟了新思路。     

Clinical and pathological findings of a newly recognized disease of elephants caused by endotheliotropic herpesviruses

The unique clinical and pathological findings in nine Asian (Elephas maximus) and two African (Loxodonta africana) elephants from North American Zoos with a highly fatal disease caused by novel endotheliotropic herpesviruses are described. Identification of the viruses by molecular techniques and some epidemiological aspects of the disease were previously reported. Consensus primer polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with sequencing yielded molecular evidence that confirmed the presence of two novel but related herpesviruses associated with the disease, one in Asian elephants and the second in African elephants. Disease onset was acute, with lethargy, edema of the head and thoracic limbs, oral ulceration and cyanosis of the tongue followed by death of most animals in 1 to 7 days. Pertinent laboratory findings in two of three clinically evaluated animals included lymphocytopenia and thrombocytopenia. Two affected young Asian elephants recovered after a 3 to 4 wk course of therapy with the anti-herpesvirus drug famciclovir. Necropsy findings in the fatal cases included pericardial effusion and extensive petechial hemorrhages in the heart and throughout the peritoneal cavity, hepatomegaly, cyanosis of the tongue, intestinal hemorrhage, and ulceration. Histologically, there were extensive microhemorrhages and edema throughout the myocardium and mild, subacute myocarditis. Similar hemorrhagic lesions with inflammation were evident in the tongue, liver, and large intestine. Lesions in these target organs were accompanied by amphophilic to basophilic intranuclear viral inclusion bodies in capillary endothelial cells. Transmission electron microscopy of the endothelial inclusion bodies revealed 80 to 92 nm diameter viral capsids consistent with herpesvirus morphology. The short course of the herpesvirus infections, with sudden deaths in all but the two surviving elephants, was ascribed to acute cardiac failure attributed to herpesvirus-induced capillary injury with extensive myocardial hemorrhage and edema.     

Human–elephant coexistence challenges in Myanmar: An analysis of fatal elephant attacks on humans and elephant mortality

Understanding the underlying causes behind human–elephant conflict (HEC)-driven mortality of humans and elephants will help improve both parties’ wellbeing. The objective of this study was to examine the temporal and spatial mortality patterns of humans and elephants and the influence of local attitudes, conflict factors and habitat factors on elephant poaching. We used the Myanmar Forest Department data from 2001 to 2020 for humans and 2011 to 2020 for elephants together with explanatory data on human attitudes, habitat, and conflict factors. Approximately seven persons were killed annually in elephant attacks, with a bias towards men. The annual mortality of elephants during the study period was on average 16 individuals, and most elephants were killed by humans. There was a significant relationship between the number of killed humans and human-killed elephants around HEC villages. Villages with more property damage exhibited a higher rate of human mortality, which also correlated with negative feelings of local people towards elephants. Elephant poaching was higher in villages with less suitable habitat available for elephant use. Human encroachment is an important cause of HEC, leading to human loss and forming the main threat to the survival of wild elephants. We suggest local involvement to ensure good governance in conflict resolution and mitigation strategies and to strengthen law enforcement.     

Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Injured Elephants in Masai Mara and the Putative Negative and Positive Roles of the Local Community

Background

Very few studies have ever focused on the elephants that are wounded or killed as local communities attempt to scare these animals away from their settlements and farms, or on the cases in which local people take revenge after elephants have killed or injured humans. On the other hand, local communities live in close proximity to elephants and hence can play a positive role in elephant conservation by informing the authorities of the presence of injured elephants.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Between 2007 and 2011, 129 elephants were monitored in Masai Mara (Kenya), of which 54 had various types of active (intentionally caused) or passive (non-intentionally caused) injuries. Also studied were 75 random control samples of apparently unaffected animals. The observed active injuries were as expected biased by age, with adults suffering more harm; on the other hand, no such bias was observed in the case of passive injuries. Bias was also observed in elephant sex since more males than females were passively and actively injured. Cases of passive and active injuries in elephants were negatively related to the proximity to roads and farms; the distribution of injured elephants was not affected by the presence of either human settlements or water sources. Overall more elephants were actively injured during the dry season than the wet season as expected. Local communities play a positive role by informing KWS authorities of the presence of injured elephants and reported 43% of all cases of injured elephants.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that the negative effect of local communities on elephants could be predicted by elephant proximity to farms and roads. In addition, local communities may be able to play a more positive role in elephant conservation given that they are key informants in the early detection of injured elephants.     

Using presence‐only modelling to predict Asian elephant habitat use in a tropical forest landscape: implications for conservation

Aim Asian elephants, Elephas maximus, are threatened throughout their range by a combination of logging, large scale forest conversion and conflict with humans. We investigate which environmental factors, both biotic and abiotic, constrain the current distribution of elephants. A spatially explicit habitat model is constructed to find core areas for conservation and to assess current threats. Location Ulu Masen Ecosystem in the province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia. Methods A stratified survey was conducted at 12 sites (300 transects) to establish the presence of elephants. Presence records formed the basis to model potential habitat use. Ecological niche factor analysis (ENFA) is used to describe their niche and to identify key factors shaping elephant distribution. An initial niche model was constructed to describe elephant niche structure, and a second model focused on identifying core areas only. To assess the threat of habitat encroachment, overlap between the elephants’ optimal niche and the occurrence of forest encroachment is computed. Results Elephants were recorded throughout the study area from sea level to 1600 m a.s.l. The results show that the elephant niche and consequently habitat use markedly deviates from the available environment. Elephant presence was positively related to forest cover and vegetation productivity, and elephants were largely confined to valleys. A spatially explicit model showed that elephants mainly utilize forest edges. Forest encroachment occurs throughout the elephants range and was found within 80% of the elephants’ ecological niche. Main conclusions In contrast to general opinion, elephant distribution proved to be weakly constrained by altitude, possibly because of movement routes running through mountainous areas. Elephants were often found to occupy habitat patches in and near human‐dominated areas. This pattern is believed to reflect the displacement of elephants from their former habitat.