真菌中G蛋白信号调控因子蛋白类型与其理化性质的关系

[目的]G蛋白信号调控因子(RGS)作为G蛋白信号转导途径的负调控因子,在植物病原菌的致病性和有性生殖调控方面发挥着重要作用.研究真菌中RGS蛋白类型与其理化性质及特征的关系,为今后深入开展不同真菌中具有不同类别RGS的功能解析打下坚实的理论基础.[方法]前期对模式生物、病原菌、非致病菌等49个真菌中229个RGS蛋白...     

G蛋白信号调节因子的结构分类和功能

G蛋白信号调节因子是能够直接与激活的Gα亚基结合,显著刺激Gα亚基上的GTP酶活性,加速GTP水解,从而灭活或终止G蛋白信号的一组分子大小各异的多功能蛋白质家族。它们都共同拥有一个130个氨基酸的保守的RGS结构域,其功能是结合激活的Gα亚基,负调节G蛋白信号。许多RGS蛋白还拥有非RGS结构域,能够结合其它信号蛋白,从而整合和调节G蛋白信号之间以及G蛋白和其它信号系统之间的关系。     

G蛋白偶联受体与G蛋白相互作用的最新研究进展

传统观念认为,在激动剂作用下,G蛋白偶联受体(GPCRs)能够激活G蛋白的α亚基,从而使Gα亚基与Gβγ亚基分离,被激活的Gα亚基通过信号转导进一步参与细胞的生理过程。但是,最新研究发现GPCRs和G蛋白存在多种偶联关系,GPCRs不仅能够激活Gα亚基,还可以与Gβγ亚基相互靠近,甚至会使G蛋白亚基构象发生重排而不分离,这对于疾病发病机制的研究及新的药物靶点的发现具有重要意义。就GPCRs与G蛋白之间的相互作用以及最新研究技术作一简要综述。     

AtRGS1胞吞动态调控G蛋白参与拟南芥生长发育和抗性反应

异源三聚体G蛋白由Gα、Gβ和Gγ 3个亚基组成,是普遍存在于真核细胞中的跨膜信号转导因子。植物细胞通过定位于细胞质膜的G蛋白信号调节子RGS蛋白(regulator of G protein signaling),调控异源三聚体G蛋白的活性,进而参与生长发育、激素和糖信号转导以及抗病反应等多个重要生物学过程。膜蛋白可通过胞吞循环调控其在细胞质膜上的数量,以响应外界环境因子和自身发育信号。近年来,研究表明多种外界信号诱导拟南芥AtRGS1蛋白的胞吞,进而促进其与Gα亚基的解离,游离的Gα-GTP、Gβγ亚基和定位于内含体的AtRGS1蛋白均可能调控下游信号转导,进而影响相应生物学过程。本文综述了AtRGS1通过胞吞作用调控G蛋白参与的生长发育和抗性反应的分子细胞学机制研究进展,以期为深入理解G蛋白信号调节子影响植物发育进程和抗性反应的作用机制提供理论参考,为植物膜蛋白胞吞调控信号转导提供新的视角。     

Gαq介导的信号通路增强RGS4蛋白表达

RGS(regulators of G protein signaling)是G蛋白偶联信号通路中一类重要的调节蛋白,通过加速Gα结合的GTP水解,即GAP(GTPase activating protein)活性,来中止G蛋白信号通路。RGS4是RGS蛋白家族中的重要成员之一,它能有效中止Gαq介导的信号通路。作者研究了Gαq蛋白对RGS4蛋白的表达调控。当在HEK293细胞中共转染这两个蛋白时,持续性激活的Gαq能特异性地显著增加RGS4蛋白的表达。蛋白降解实验结果证明这种增强作用与RGS4的降解被抑制无关,而与RGS4 mRNA表达增强有关。进一步克隆RGS4蛋白的启动子区域并研究其与RGS4表达相互关系的实验结果又表明,持续性激活的Gαq能够显著增强RGS4启动子区的转录活性,且具有时间和浓度效应。同时,转录因子结合区突变体实验证明,ICE(inverted CCAAT box element)转录因子结合区的突变显著影响RGS4基因的转录活性。以上结果表明Gαq可能通过RGS4的启动子区调控其基因的表达,促进RGS4蛋白表达。     

RGS蛋白在G蛋白信号转导中的作用与调节

RGS蛋白是近年来不断发现的新的蛋白家族,它们的结构中都包含一个高度保守的RGS结构域。目前从RGS结构域的结构及其同源性出发,对RGS蛋白与Gα亚单位及Gβγ二聚体的相互作用、RGS蛋白的调节活性及其动力学过程、RGS蛋白调节作用的分子机制及其生物学效应等进行了广泛探讨。研究发现,由于高度保守的RGS结构域的存在,几乎所有的RGS有GAP活性,并对G蛋白信号转导发挥负性调节作用。G蛋白信号转导是很多胞外信号引发细胞生理功能改变的共同途径,RGS蛋白的深入研究对于充分阐明该信号转导体系的构成及其调节机制具有深刻意义。     

G蛋白及其偶联信号传导途径的研究进展

G蛋白偶联信号传导系统是一类重要的细胞跨膜信号传导途径之一。在有关生化及药理的医学研究中发现许多药剂都是通过G蛋白偶联信号传导途径对动物起作用的。对G蛋白结构与功能的系统研究是新型药剂研制与开发的基础。G蛋白在物种进化过程中具有高度保守性,植物和昆虫中的G蛋白及其偶联组份研究将有助于明确作物抗病虫机理以及昆虫毒理。     

G蛋白偶联受体的细胞增殖信息传递途径

本文主要综述Ｇ蛋白各α亚基、βγ二聚体,Ｇ蛋白偶联受体和丝裂原激活的蛋白激酶在细胞增殖和肿瘤发生过程中的作用;以及从ＧＰＣＲｓ到ＭＡＰＫ的信号传导途径和途径中的一些癌基因产物;最后说明从ＧＰＣＲｓ至ＪＮＫ的一种新的细胞增殖信号传导途径。     

与阿尔兹海默症相关的G 蛋白偶联受体研究进展

G蛋白偶联受体(GPCRs)在大脑信号传递中至关重要,而在阿尔兹海默症(AD)中,G蛋白偶联受体通过调控α-、β-及γ-分泌酶分泌、淀粉样前体蛋白(APP)生成及β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)降解,直接影响β-淀粉样蛋白在神经系统信号级联反应;另外,阿尔兹海默症中β-淀粉样蛋白的生成可以扰乱G蛋白偶联受体功能.因此,阐明G蛋白偶联受体与阿尔兹海默症发病之间的关联有助于开发以G蛋白偶联受体为靶点的阿尔兹海默症治疗药物.     

G蛋白偶联受体激酶的调控

G蛋白偶联受体激酶(G protein-coupled receptor kinase,GRK)特异地使活化的G蛋白偶联受体(G protein-coupled receptor,GPCR)发生磷酸化及脱敏化,从而终止后者介导的信号转导通路。研究表明,GRK的功能被高度调控,并具有下行调节GPCR的能力。调控GRK功能的机制包括两个层次：(1)多种途径调控激酶的亚细胞定位及活性,包括GPCR介导、G蛋白偶联、磷脂作用、Ca^2 结合蛋白调控、蛋白激酶C活化、MAPK反馈抑制、小窝蛋白抑制等;(2)调控GRK表达水平,主要体现在其与某些疾病的联系。     

G蛋白及其在细胞信号转导中的作用

概述G蛋白的结构、种类、转导信息的机制,细菌毒素对G蛋白调节的影响及研究G蛋的意义和今后发展的重点。     

The guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) in myocardium with ischemia

Guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) play a major role in the regulation of a number of physiological processes, such as stimulation or Inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity or gaiting of ionic channels. Myocardial ischemia could induce the changes in receptor-G protein signal transduction system in the heart. Therefore, this article will focus on the role and alterations of G proteins (especially, Gs and Gi) in myocardial ischemia. The Gi protein rapidly loses functional activity during very early myocardial ischemia. In contrast to Gi protein, the function of Gs protein during this phase has not been evaluated. Moreover, the changes in Gs protein after 30 min of ischemia are contradictory. However, the sensitization of the adenylate cyclase activity in the very early phase of acute ischemia is gradually replaced by a decrease in adenylate cyclase activity with prolonged ischemia. The decrease in the function and amount of Gs protein may be one of the factors that induce these changes. The function of Gs protein was also decreased in the canine hearts with ischemia and reperfusion. In contrast to ischemia and reperfusion, there are no significant alterations in G proteins and modulation of adenylate cyclase in the stunned myocardium. It has become increasingly evident that Gi protein may play an important role in the cardioprotective effects of preconditioning. When -adrenoceptor densities are reduced in chronic myocardial ischemia, decreased in the amount and function of Gi protein and increased amount of Gs protein may play the role in preservation of the adenylate cyclase activity. These alterations in G proteins may play the important role in the myocardial function during myocardial ischemia.     

综述与专论：膜上G蛋白偶联受体在运动影响骨代谢中的作用

膜上G蛋白偶联受体（GPCRs）是骨细胞感知外部信号刺激的关键跨膜蛋白,因其在成骨细胞（OB）、软骨细胞和破骨细胞（OC）分化和功能发挥上扮演的关键角色而在骨代谢研究领域备受关注。GPCRs功能缺失或异常升高后,骨细胞内环境稳态失衡,导致OB、软骨细胞和OC分化及代谢紊乱,骨组织微细结构退化。运动通过促进骨形成并抑制骨吸收来改善骨代谢,其机制与GPCRs （如GPR48、GPR54、GPR30等）介导的关键信号途径（cAMP/PKA/Atf4、JNK/AP-1、ERK1/2等）和细胞因子（T-PINP、Nkx3.2、Sox9和Cleaved-caspase-3等）调控下游级联反应来影响OB、软骨细胞和OC分化或功能密切相关。本文通过梳理GPCRs在运动改善骨代谢中的可能机制,有助于筛选出膜上敏感GPCRs来作为骨代谢疾病药物研发“效应器”以及运动干预中的力学刺激“明星蛋白”,为骨质疏松的研究和防治提供更多靶点或视角。     

A solubility-enhancement tag (SET) for NMR studies of poorly behaving proteins

Protein-fusion constructs have been used with great success for enhancing expression of soluble recombinant protein and as tags for affinity purification. Unfortunately the most popular tags, such as GST and MBP, are large, which hinders direct NMR studies of the fusion proteins. Cleavage of the fusion proteins often re-introduces problems with solubility and stability. Here we describe the use of N-terminally fused protein G (B1 domain) as a non-cleavable solubility-enhancement tag (SET) for structure determination of a dimeric protein complex. The SET enhances the solubility and stability of the fusion product dramatically while not interacting directly with the protein of interest. This approach can be used for structural characterization of poorly behaving protein systems, and would be especially useful for structural genomics studies.     

Rap1-suppressed tumorigenesis is concomitant with the interference in ras effector signaling

Phosducin and related proteins have been identified as ubiquitous regulators of signalling mediated by βγ subunits of trimeric G proteins. To explore a role for phosducin in regulated exocytosis, we have examined the distribution and putative function of phosducin-like protein (PhLP) in adrenal medullary chromaffin cells. The full-length cDNA encoding the short splice variant of PhLP (PhLPs) was cloned from cultured chromaffin cells. Native PhLPs was found associated with plasma membranes and detected in the subplasmalemmal area of resting chromaffin cells by confocal immunofluorescence analysis. Stimulation with secretagogues triggered a massive redistribution of PhLPs into the cytoplasm. When microinjected into individual chromaffin cells, recombinant PhLPs inhibited catecholamine secretion evoked by a depolarizing concentration of K⁺ without affecting calcium mobilization. Thus, PhLPs may participate directly in the regulation of calcium-evoked exocytosis.     

Rapid Communication: A cis-Acting Element, Tα-1, in the Upstream Region of Rod α-Transducin Gene that Binds a Developmentally Regulated Retina-Specific Nuclear Factor

Abstract: The G protein transducin (T) is an integral component of the signal transduction pathway in photoreceptors. We have identified a cis -acting element, Ta-1, in the upstream region of the mouse rod a-T (T_rα) gene that may be important for tissue-specific expression. Tα-1 binds a retina-specific nuclear factor of apparent molecular mass of 90 kDa. Binding to the Tα-1 site is developmentally regulated and peaks between postnatal days 6 and 9. This corresponds to the time of rod photoreceptor maturation and the rise in T_rα gene expression. The sequence of Tα-1 shows homology with RET-1, a cis -acting element in the proximal promoter of opsin gene that binds a distinct retina-specific factor. Tα-1 and RET-1 sequences may have been derived from a prototype Tα-1/RET-1 sequence, evolved to confer photoreceptor specificity on retina-specific genes.     

Structure of bovine rhodopsin in a trigonal crystal form

We have determined the structure of bovine rhodopsin at 2.65 A resolution using untwinned native crystals in the space group P3(1), by molecular replacement from the 2.8 A model (1F88) solved in space group P4(1). The new structure reveals mechanistically important details unresolved previously, which are considered in the membrane context by docking the structure into a cryo-electron microscopy map of 2D crystals. Kinks in the transmembrane helices facilitate inter-helical polar interactions. Ordered water molecules extend the hydrogen bonding networks, linking Trp265 in the retinal binding pocket to the NPxxY motif near the cytoplasmic boundary, and the Glu113 counterion for the protonated Schiff base to the extracellular surface. Glu113 forms a complex with a water molecule hydrogen bonded between its main chain and side-chain oxygen atoms. This can be expected to stabilise the salt-bridge with the protonated Schiff base linking the 11-cis-retinal to Lys296. The cytoplasmic ends of helices H5 and H6 have been extended by one turn. The G-protein interaction sites mapped to the cytoplasmic ends of H5 and H6 and a spiral extension of H5 are elevated above the bilayer. There is a surface cavity next to the conserved Glu134-Arg135 ion pair. The cytoplasmic loops have the highest temperature factors in the structure, indicative of their flexibility when not interacting with G protein or regulatory proteins. An ordered detergent molecule is seen wrapped around the kink in H6, stabilising the structure around the potential hinge in H6. These findings provide further explanation for the stability of the dark state structure. They support a mechanism for the activation, initiated by photo-isomerisation of the chromophore to its all-trans form, that involves pivoting movements of kinked helices, which, while maintaining hydrophobic contacts in the membrane interior, can be coupled to amplified translation of the helix ends near the membrane surfaces.     

心脏疾病中G蛋白的变化

G蛋白是一类重要的信号转导分子,其生理功能是将细胞膜受体所识别的各种细胞外信号同细胞内一系列效应分子偶联起来,引起核基因转录及蛋白质结构和功能的变化。G蛋白在心脏表达的亚型有Gs、Gi/o、Gq／11、G12／13,参与心肌收缩力、心率、心律和心肌细胞生长的调节。本文着重讨论了心脏G蛋白的分类、结构和功能,以及在心肌肥大、心力衰竭、急性心肌缺血和心律失常等心脏疾病中的改变,以加深对这些疾病的发病机制和病理生理过程的认识。