鼻咽癌相关基因NAG7编码产物的表达和定位分析

为了研究NAG7基因编码产物的特性和在活细胞内定位与表达,首先利用生物信息学分析NAG7编码蛋白的一般性质并预测其定位,再通过构建增强型绿色荧光蛋白（Enhance green fluorescent protein,EGFP)与NAG7融合基因的真核表达载体pEGFP-C2-NAG7,通过脂质体介导分别转染非洲绿猴肾细胞系COS7和人鼻咽癌细胞系HNE1,瞬时表达后荧光显微镜观察NAG7基因编码蛋白的活细胞内定位及表达,研究结果表明NAG7的编码产物可以COS7细胞中高表达并定位于细胞浆,而在HNE1细胞中虽也定位于胸浆,但仅有极少数细胞存在表达,因此NAG7编码产物在HNE1中的表达差异是否是NPC发生的原因之一有待深入研究。     

人溶酶体酸性b-葡萄糖脑苷脂酶基因的克隆及其在COS7细胞中的表达

从人胎盘组织提取总RNA, 采用RT-PCR扩增人溶酶体酸性b-葡萄糖脑苷脂酶(Lysosomal acid b-glucosidase, GlcCerase)基因编码区的全部序列, 并克隆到pMD-19T载体上, 构建克隆载体pMD-GlcCerase。经测序验证后, 将GlcCerase亚克隆至表达载体pEGFP-C1上, 构建了人GlcCerase绿色荧光蛋白真核表达载体pEGFP-GlcCerase。采用脂质体法将其瞬时转染至COS7细胞系后, 在细胞中检测到了GlcCerase基因, 并在细胞裂解产物中检测到了GlcCerase生物活性的表达。GlcCerase基因的克隆及其表达, 为进一步了解GlcCerase基因的功能以及利用转基因动物乳腺生物反应器高效生产GlcCerase奠定了基础。     

人溶酶体酸性β-葡萄糖脑苷脂酶基因的克隆及其在COS7细胞中的表达

从人胎盘组织提取总RNA,采用RT-PCR扩增人溶酶体酸性β-葡萄糖脑苷脂酶(Lysosomal acid β-glucosidase,GlcCerase)基因编码区的全部序列,并克隆到pMD-19T载体上,构建克隆载体pMD-GlcCerase.经测序验证后.将GlcCerase亚克隆至表达载体pEGFP-C1上,构建了人GlcCerase绿色荧光蛋白真核表达载体pEGFP-GlcCerase.采用脂质体法将其瞬时转染至COS7细胞系后,在细胞中检测到了GlcCerase基因,并在细胞裂解产物中检测到了GlcCerase生物活性的表达.GlcCerase基因的克隆及其表达,为进一步了解GlcCerase基因的功能以及利用转基因动物乳腺生物反应器高效生产GlcCerase奠定了基础.     

鼠OAZ1基因的真核表达质粒的构建及其在COS7细胞中的表达

构建鼠OAZ1基因真核表达质粒,观察OAZ1-GFP融合蛋白在绿猴肾细胞COS7中的表达。利用RT-PCR的方法获得鼠OAZ1基因,再利用重叠延伸PCR缺失掉OAZ1序列中的205位碱基T,由此获得无需阅读框移码即可编码全长OAZ1的突变基因。将此突变基因克隆入真核表达载体pEGFP-N1获得重组质粒pEGFP-N1-OAZ1-T。将此质粒瞬时转染COS7后,采用RT-PCR,Western blotting,免疫荧光技术观察检测目的基因的表达情况。结果显示,酶切和测序证明质粒pEG-FP-N1-OAZ1-T构建正确,转染COS7细胞后,OAZ1-GFP融合蛋白能在细胞中高效表达。成功构建了pEGFP-N1-OAZ1-T真核表达质粒,在COS7细胞内,该质粒能成功指导OAZ1-GFP融合蛋白合成。     

小鼠紧密连接蛋白ZO-2 真核表达载体的构建和表达

目的:克隆小鼠紧密连接蛋白ZO-2(zonula occludens protein2)基因构建其真核表达载体,并验证其在293T细胞系中的表达,为进一步研究其功能奠定基础。方法:从小鼠淋巴结来源的cDNA中分三段分别扩增,通过基因克隆方法获得紧密连接蛋白ZO-2基因全长,连接至pMD-18T载体中,酶切测序正确后,插入pEGFP-C2载体中,构建真核表达载体pEGFP-C2-ZO2。酶切正确后,瞬时转染入293T细胞中,48h后荧光显微镜观察其绿色荧光GFP融合蛋白的表达,并用Western blot检测其在转染细胞中的蛋白水平表达。结果:通过酶切鉴定和测序结果证明成功克隆了ZO-2基因,western blot结果表明成功构建了真核表达载体pEGFP-C2-ZO2。结论:小鼠紧密连接蛋白ZO-2基因的获得和真核表达载体pEGFP-C2-ZO2的成功构建为下一步研究其生物学功能奠定了基础。     

信号肽序列对禽流感病毒H5N1 HA 蛋白GFP融合分子在真核细胞中表达的影响

[目的]构建绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)与禽流感病毒(AIV)HA基因的融合表达载体,观察信号肽序列的有无及位置对HA-GFP在293T细胞中的表达影响.[方法]应用PCR方法从H5N1亚型AIV质粒DNA中扩增出完整的或除去信号肽序列的HA基因片段,PCR产物经Xho Ⅰ和SmaⅠ双酶切后定向插入绿色荧光蛋白真核表达载体pEGFP-C1的不同位点,将得到的重组体M1,M2和M3分别转化宿主菌DH5a,经双酶切及.DNA测序鉴定分析后,采用脂质体转染法将pEGFF-C1,M1,M2和M3转染人胚肾细胞系293T细胞,荧光显微镜下观察HA-GFP的表达,流式细胞仪检测表达HA蛋白的细胞百分数.[结果]经酶切及测序鉴定成功构建了HA-GFP重组表达载体M1,M2和M3,荧光显微镜及流式细胞仪检测到重组质粒转染的293T细胞表达强的荧光蛋白,信号肽的有无对HA-GFP融合蛋白在293T细胞中的表达有显著影响,信号肽序列使HA-GFP融合蛋白在293T细胞中的表达减少,而信号肽的位置对融合蛋白表达量的影响不显著.[结论]信号肽的有无对HA-GFP融合蛋白在细胞中的表达有显著影响.     

MIC3-EGFP融合蛋白真核表达质粒的构建及其在COS-7细胞中的表达

目的:构建以绿色荧光蛋白(greenfluoreseeneeprotein,GFP)为报告基因的重组表达质粒pEGFP-C2-MIC3并检测MIC3-EGFP融合蛋白其在COS-7细胞中的表达及定位.方法:通过基因重组的方法构建pEGFP-C2-MIC3重组真核表达质粒,并通过酶切和基因测序鉴定.脂质体法转染体外培养的COS-7细胞,转染后24h在活细胞状态下用倒置荧光显微镜直接观察MIC3-EGFP融合蛋白在COS-7细胞中的分布.结果:PCR检测,酶切鉴定及测序证实目的基因MIC3正确连接到pEGFP-C2的多克隆位点.pEGFP-C2-MIC3重组体转染COS-7后,在细胞质表达.结论:成功地构建了pEGFP-C2-MIC3融合蛋白真核表达质粒,在COS-7细胞中获得表达.     

HaSNPV几丁质酶基因在大肠杆菌和昆虫细胞中的表达及其产物对Bt杀虫剂的增效作用

为了探索杆状病毒几丁质酶对微生物杀虫剂的增效作用及其利用途径 ,分别在大肠杆菌和昆虫细胞中表达棉铃虫单粒包埋型核型多角体病毒 (HaSNPV)几丁质酶 .用PCR方法扩增出不含N端信号肽编码序列的几丁质酶基因片段 ,并分别克隆至原核表达载体pET2 8a和重组到杆状病毒BactoBac表达系统 ,在大肠杆菌 (E .coli)BL2 1和粉纹夜蛾 (Trichoplusiani)细胞系Tn 5B1 4中分别进行了表达 .在大肠杆菌中表达量约占细菌总蛋白 15 % ,在昆虫细胞中表达量约占细胞总蛋白10 % .将含有几丁质酶的大肠杆菌和昆虫细胞表达产物添加到苏云金杆菌 (Bt)菌液中一起喂食 2龄家蚕 .结果显示 ,HaSNPV几丁质酶基因的 2种表达产物和Bt杀虫剂的混合物使处理的家蚕的致死时间较对照处理均明显缩短 .昆虫细胞和大肠杆菌表达产物与Bt混合物处理的LT50 分别从 93 5h和 95 1h缩短到 5 6 2h及 6 7 2h ,并且供试家蚕的生长速度明显缓慢 .研究结果表明 ,重组的HaSNPV几丁质酶有望作为Bt杀虫剂的增效剂     

OKP-B-13型β-内酰胺酶的克隆与表达

目的构建OKP-B-13型β-内酰胺酶的表达载体。方法抽提菌株的质粒,应用PCR扩增OKP-B-13基因全长编码序列,扩增产物经Nde I、Xho I酶切后连接至pET-26b(+)表达载体,重组质粒经酶切及DNA测序确证后,转入大肠埃希菌BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导表达。超声破碎法提取表达蛋白产物,检测其活性,等电聚焦电泳检测蛋白的等电点(pI)。结果PCR扩增获得879 bp的产物,重组表达载体经Nde I、Xho I酶切及DNA测序后表明,目的基因已成功接入表达载体,重组菌的粗提物经头孢硝噻吩检测显示具有β-内酰胺酶活性,显示载体[pET-26b(+)/OKP-B-13]构建成功。目的等电点为7.1。结论β-内酰胺酶OKP-B-13在原核表达细胞中实验了基因重组表达,为进一步分析酶的特性提供条件。     

SARS—CoVSars7a和EGFP融合蛋白真核表达载体构建及其表达

根据SARS-CoV sars7a基因设计并化学合成部分重叠引物,经二轮PCR获得sars7a基因片段,以此片段为模板并利用一对带有Kozak序列及删除终止密码的引物进行PCR,获得产物与pEGFP-N1载体连接,使sars7a基因位于．EGFP的基因上游,得到含编码Sars7a-EGFP融合蛋白基因的哺乳动物细胞表达载体。采用细胞核转染技术将重组表达载体转染K562细胞,以流式细胞仪和共聚焦显微镜分析,可检测到EGFP的绿色荧光,表明Sars7a—EGFP得到表达,该蛋白分布于整个细胞,提示Sars7a并非膜蛋白,更可能是胞浆蛋白。此外,该蛋白的表达对K562细胞凋亡无明显影响。     

Atomic contact vectors in protein-protein recognition

The ability to analyze and compare protein-protein interactions on the structural level is critical to our understanding of various aspects of molecular recognition and the functional interplay of components of biochemical networks. In this study, we introduce atomic contact vectors (ACVs) as an intuitive way to represent the physico-chemical characteristics of a protein-protein interface as well as a way to compare interfaces to each other. We test the utility of ACVs in classification by using them to distinguish between homodimers and crystal contacts. Our results compare favorably with those reported by other authors. We then apply ACVs to mine the PDB for all known protein-protein complexes and separate transient recognition complexes from permanent oligomeric ones. Getting at the basis of this difference is important for our understanding of recognition and we achieved a success rate of 91% for distinguishing these two classes of complexes. Although accessible surface area of the interface is a major discriminating feature, we also show that there are distinct differences in the contact preferences between the two kinds of complexes. Illustrating the superiority of ACVs as a basic comparison measure over a sequence-based approach, we derive a general rule of thumb to determine whether two protein-protein interfaces are redundant. With this method, we arrive at a nonredundant set of 209 recognition complexes--the largest set reported so far.     

Improvement of protein stability in protein microarrays

Protein stability in microarrays was improved using protein stabilizers. PEG 200 at 30% (w/v) was the most efficient stabilizer giving over 4-fold improvement in protein stability compared to without the stabilizer. PEG 200 above 10% (w/v) in the array solution prevented the evaporation of water in the sample and thereby improved protein stability in the microarray. When the streptavidin-biotin binding reaction was performed under optimized conditions, biotin-BSA-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) was detected from 1 ng ml^–1 to 5 g ml^–1 by fluorescence analysis.     

Human dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthase form a complex in vitro and co-localize in normal and cancer cells

Enzymes involved in thymidylate biosynthesis, thymidylate synthase (TS), and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) are well-known targets in cancer chemotherapy. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time, that human TS and DHFR form a strong complex in vitro and co-localize in human normal and colon cancer cell cytoplasm and nucleus. Treatment of cancer cells with methotrexate or 5-fluorouracil did not affect the distribution of either enzyme within the cells. However, 5-FU, but not MTX, lowered the presence of DHFR-TS complex in the nucleus by 2.5-fold. The results may suggest the sequestering of TS by FdUMP in the cytoplasm and thereby affecting the translocation of DHFR-TS complex to the nucleus. Providing a strong likelihood of DHFR-TS complex formation in vivo, the latter complex is a potential new drug target in cancer therapy. In this paper, known 3D structures of human TS and human DHFR, and some protozoan bifunctional DHFR-TS structures as templates, are used to build an in silico model of human DHFR–TS complex structure, consisting of one TS dimer and two DHFR monomers. This complex structure may serve as an initial 3D drug target model for prospective inhibitors targeting interfaces between the DHFR and TS enzymes.     

蛋白磷酸化修饰在植物-病原微生物互作中的作用研究进展

蛋白磷酸化修饰是植物细胞信号调控的普遍机制。植物-病原微生物互作过程中, 关键调控蛋白的磷酸化状态影响免疫信号的激活。多种病原微生物通过干扰宿主蛋白的磷酸化状态攻击免疫系统, 以提高致病性。该文对植物免疫调控过程中关键元件的磷酸化修饰及其在免疫信号中的调控作用进行了综述。研究植物-病原菌互作过程中关键蛋白的磷酸化修饰, 有助于深入探讨植物-病原微生物互作的分子机理。该文将为寻找广谱抗病的新途径提供理论依据。     

蛋白质相互作用研究的新技术与新方法

目前,蛋白质相互作用已成为蛋白质组学研究的热点. 新方法的建立及对已有技术的改进标志着蛋白质相互作用研究的不断发展和完善．在技术改进方面,本文介绍了弥补酵母双杂交的蛋白定位受限等缺陷的细菌双杂交系统;根据目标蛋白特性设计和修饰TAP标签来满足复合体研究要求的串联亲和纯化技术,以及在双分子荧光互补基础上发展的动态检测多个蛋白质间瞬时、弱相互作用的多分子荧光互补技术．还综述了近两年建立的新方法：与免疫共沉淀相比,寡沉淀技术直接研究具有活性的蛋白质复合体;减量式定量免疫沉淀方法排除了蛋白质复合体中非特异性相互作用的干扰;原位操作的多表位－配基绘图法避免了样品间差异的影响,以及利用多点吸附和交联加固研究弱蛋白质相互作用的固相蛋白质组学方法.     

Energetics of aliphatic deletions in protein cores

Although core residues can sometimes be replaced by shorter ones without introducing significant changes in protein structure, the energetic consequences are typically large and destabilizing. Many efforts have been devoted to understand and predict changes in stability from analysis of the environment of mutated residues, but the relationships proposed for individual proteins have often failed to describe additional data. We report here 17 apoflavodoxin large-to-small mutations that cause overall protein destabilizations of 0.6-3.9 kcal.mol(-1). By comparing two-state urea and three-state thermal unfolding data, the overall destabilizations observed are partitioned into effects on the N-to-I and on the I-to-U equilibria. In all cases, the equilibrium intermediate exerts a "buffering" effect that reduces the impact of the overall destabilization on the N-to-I equilibrium. The performance of several structure-energetics relationships, proposed to explain the energetics of hydrophobic shortening mutations, has been evaluated by using an apoflavodoxin data set consisting of 14 mutations involving branching-conservative aliphatic side-chain shortenings and a larger data set, including similar mutations implemented in seven model proteins. Our analysis shows that the stability changes observed for any of the different types of mutations (LA, IA, IV, and VA) in either data set are best explained by a combination of differential hydrophobicity and of the calculated volume of the modeled cavity (as previously observed for LA and IA mutations in lysozyme T4). In contrast, sequence conservation within the flavodoxin family, which is a good predictor for charge-reversal stabilizing mutations, does not perform so well for aliphatic shortening ones.     

植物磷胁迫蛋白和铁胁迫蛋白研究进展

综述了近十年来国内外有关研究植物磷胁迫蛋白和铁胁迫蛋白的文献,着重阐述了磷胁迫和铁胁迫条件下的植物蛋白质变化,如新的蛋白和新的多肽的特异产生,以及相关的分子生物学进展。     

富含半胱氨酸的GASA小分子蛋白研究进展

GASA蛋白是植物特有的一类富含半胱氨酸的小分子蛋白, 大多定位于细胞壁, 在植物生长发育和激素信号转导过程中发挥重要作用。该蛋白具有富含12个半胱氨酸残基的GASA结构域, 该结构域被认为是GASA蛋白维持空间结构和发挥功能的关键区域。该文重点综述了植物GASA蛋白的分子结构、亚细胞定位和生物学功能, 并对相关领域的研究进行了 展望。     

Determining and visualizing flexibility in protein structures

How to compare the structures of an ensemble of protein conformations is a fundamental problem in structural biology. As has been previously observed, the widely used RMSD measure due to Kabsch, in which a rigid‐body superposition minimizing the least‐squares positional deviations is performed, has its drawbacks when comparing and visualizing a set of flexible protein structures. Here, we develop a method, fleximatch, of protein structure comparison that takes flexibility into account. Based on a distance matrix measure of flexibility, a weighted superposition of distance matrices rather than of atomic coordinates is performed. Subsequently, this allows a consistent determination of (a) a superposition of structures for visualization, (b) a partitioning of the protein structure into rigid molecular components (core atoms), and (c) an atomic mobility measure. The method is suitable for highlighting both particularly flexible and rigid parts of a protein from structures derived from NMR, X‐ray diffraction or molecular simulation. Proteins 2015; 83:820–826. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.