Effect of Mg on the Activity of Vancomycin Against Escherichia coli

Mg⁺⁺ ions alleviate the inhibitory effect of vancomycin on Escherichia coli. This is not due to the formation of an antibacterial-inactive complex. It is suggested that vancomycin and Mg⁺⁺ compete for a receptor site, or sites, on (or in) the bacterial cell.     

Effect of Mg++ on the Activity of Vancomycin Against Escherichia coli

Mg⁺⁺ ions alleviate the inhibitory effect of vancomycin on Escherichia coli. This is not due to the formation of an antibacterial-inactive complex. It is suggested that vancomycin and Mg⁺⁺ compete for a receptor site, or sites, on (or in) the bacterial cell.     

温度对大肠杆菌L-色氨酸发酵过程的影响

目的：研究变温控制对大肠杆菌TRTH L-色氨酸补料分批发酵过程中生物量、色氨酸产量、比生长速率及质粒稳定性的影响。方法：利用5L自控发酵罐对L-色氨酸补料分批发酵过程进行温度控制,对不同温度下相关参数进行分析比较,确定优化的温度控制方案。结果：以30-36％顺序升温的工艺进行发酵得到理想结果,与单一温度控制策略相比,L-色氨酸产量提高了15．4％;色氨酸的比合成速率提高了21．6％;质粒稳定性增加,未出现质粒丢失现象,质粒拷贝数保持在恒定水平。结论：温度对大肠杆菌L-色氨酸发酵有重要影响。     

Effect of Decreasing Growth Temperature on Cell Yield of Escherichia coli

Studies of the relationship between yield coefficient and growth rate, as affected by temperature of growth, in Escherichia coli have shown that, over a wide range of temperature, yield is relatively constant until the specific growth rate falls below about 0.2 hr(-1), at which point the yield begins to fall off precipitously. No intermediates of glucose metabolism in a form utilizable at higher temperatures could be found in the medium, and no toxic product was produced which limited growth. At 10 C, 37% of the carbon from glucose-UL-(14)C was assimilated into cellular material, whereas, at 30 C, 53% was assimilated. Cells grown at 10 C contained more carbohydrate than did cells grown at 37 C, and the glycogen-to-protein ratio of cells grown at 10 C was approximately three times higher than that of cells grown at 37 C. Adenosine triphosphatase activities of cells grown at 10 and 35 C were similar. Growth rates on glucose, glycerol, and succinate were quite similar at 10 C, but at 35 C growth was most rapid on glucose and slowest on succinate. The data suggest that the decrease in yield with decrease in temperature is a result of uncoupling of energy production from energy utilization.     

Effect of Temperature on In Vivo Protein Synthetic Capacity in Escherichia coli

In this report, we examine the effect of temperature on protein synthesis. The rate of protein accumulation is determined by three factors: the number of working ribosomes, the rate at which ribosomes are working, and the rate of protein degradation. Measurements of RNA/protein ratios and the levels of individual ribosomal proteins and rRNA show that the cellular amount of ribosomal machinery in Escherichia coli is constant between 25 and 37°C. Within this range, in a given medium, temperature affects ribosomal function the same as it affects overall growth. Two independent methodologies show that the peptide chain elongation rate increases as a function of temperature identically to growth rate up to 37°C. Unlike the growth rate, however, the elongation rate continues to increase up to 44°C at the same rate as between 25 and 37°C. Our results show that the peptide elongation rate is not rate limiting for growth at high temperature. Taking into consideration the number of ribosomes per unit of cell mass, there is an apparent excess of protein synthetic capacity in these cells, indicating a dramatic increase in protein degradation at high temperature. Temperature shift experiments show that peptide chain elongation rate increases immediately, which supports a mechanism of heat shock response induction in which an increase in unfolded, newly translated protein induces this response. In addition, we find that at low temperature (15°C), cells contain a pool of nontranslating ribosomes which do not contribute to cell growth, supporting the idea that there is a defect in initiation at low temperature.     

Phenol sensing by Escherichia coli chemoreceptors: a nonclassical mechanism

The four transmembrane chemoreceptors of Escherichia coli sense phenol as either an attractant (Tar) or a repellent (Tap, Trg, and Tsr). In this study, we investigated the Tar determinants that mediate its attractant response to phenol and the Tsr determinants that mediate its repellent response to phenol. Tar molecules with lesions in the aspartate-binding pocket of the periplasmic domain, with a foreign periplasmic domain (from Tsr or from several Pseudomonas chemoreceptors), or lacking nearly the entire periplasmic domain still mediated attractant responses to phenol. Similarly, Tar molecules with the cytoplasmic methylation and kinase control domains of Tsr still sensed phenol as an attractant. Additional hybrid receptors with signaling elements from both Tar and Tsr indicated that the transmembrane (TM) helices and HAMP domain determined the sign of the phenol-sensing response. Several amino acid replacements in the HAMP domain of Tsr, particularly attractant-mimic signaling lesions at residue E248, converted Tsr to an attractant sensor of phenol. These findings suggest that phenol may elicit chemotactic responses by diffusing into the cytoplasmic membrane and perturbing the structural stability or position of the TM bundle helices, in conjunction with structural input from the HAMP domain. We conclude that behavioral responses to phenol, and perhaps to temperature, cytoplasmic pH, and glycerol, as well, occur through a general sensing mechanism in chemoreceptors that detects changes in the structural stability or dynamic behavior of a receptor signaling element. The structurally sensitive target for phenol is probably the TM bundle, but other behaviors could target other receptor elements.     

The Inhibitory Effect of Sodium Deoxycholate on Escherichia coli

SUMMARY: Sodium deoxycholate (0.2%) inhibited growth of Escherichia coli in semi-digested meat and milk, but had very little effect in media in which the source of nitrogen was amino acids or ammonia. The addition of more digested forms of protein (peptone and casein hydrolysate) to a less digested form (beef infusion) overcame the inhibitory effect. The significance which this phenomenon may have in controlling the population of E. coli in the small intestine is discussed.     

聚乙二醇小檗碱液对大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌生长的抑制作用

目的 明确聚乙二醇小檗碱液在琼脂培养基表面的抑菌特点,及其对大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的标准菌株、抗生素敏感菌株与多重耐药菌株生长的抑制作用,研究评价药物在皮肤黏膜表面的抑菌作用的合理实验方法.方法 以大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌(标准菌株、抗生素敏感菌株和多重耐药菌株)为研究对象,用常量肉汤稀释法测定聚乙二醇小檗碱液的最低抑菌浓度(Minimum Inhibitory Concentration,MIC);用平皿琼脂培养法和试管肉汤培养法测定不同浓度聚乙二醇小檗碱液的抑菌作用.结果 在不同浓度的聚乙二醇小檗碱液的作用下,在琼脂培养基表面上或肉汤培养基中细菌的生长受到明显抑制,抑制作用与小檗碱浓度正相关,且对抗生素敏感菌株和多重耐药菌株的抑制作用差异无统计学意义;聚乙二醇小檗碱液在平皿琼脂表面和试管肉汤中对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌抑制100％菌株的浓度分别为1 500和375 mg/L、1 500和375 mg/L.聚乙二醇小檗碱液在琼脂培养基表面的抑菌作用明显低于在肉汤培养基中的抑制作用,在琼脂培养基表面的抑菌浓度是肉汤培养基中的抑菌浓度的4倍.并且金黄色葡萄球菌与大肠埃希菌之间差异无统计学意义.聚乙二醇小檗碱液必须达到肉汤培养基中4倍以上浓度时,才能获得抑制100％细菌在琼脂培养基表面生长的效果.结论 高浓度的聚乙二醇小檗碱液可以抑制皮肤黏膜表面的细菌,包括抗生素耐药菌株的生长;皮肤黏膜表面应用聚乙二醇小檗碱液的适宜浓度为1 500 mg/L.琼脂培养基法适用于评价药物在皮肤黏膜表面的抑菌作用.     

Effect of R-plasmid RP1 and Nutrient Depletion on the Resistance of Escherichia coli to Cetrimide, Chlorhexidine and Phenol

The minimum inhibitory concentation of cetrimide and chlorhexidine for Escherichia coli is altered when R-plasmid RPI is inserted into it. Using disinfectant-agar plates as a test system, the sensitivity of Esch. coli to these disinfectants and to phenol was found to vary, not only with the presence of RPI, but also with the nutritional status of the inoculum. The different inocula also varied in their ability to bind H⁺ and there was some correlation between this property and chlorhexidine sensitivity.     

Influence of broth dilution on the disruption of Escherichia coli

Summary The effect of cell concentration (5 to 150 g/L wet wt after broth dilution) on homogenizer disruption efficiency and homogenate viscosity is reported for E. coli. Broth dilution increases homogenizer efficiency and decreases feed and homogenate viscosity. However, this increase in disruption efficiency is not sufficient to warrant dilution of the broth prior to homogenization. The optimal feed concentration is the maximum possible that does not lead to practical handling difficulties due to high viscosity.     

The Effects of Environmental Conditions on the In Vitro Activity of Selected Antimicrobial Agents Against Escherichia coli

Various environmental conditions likely to be encountered at a nidus of infection were evaluated for their effect on selected classes of antimicrobial agents. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of several aminoglycosides (apramycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin), tetracycline, and chloramphenicol for five strains of E. coli were unchanged by temperature (35°–39.5°C), atmosphere (aerobic to anaerobic), pH > 7, NaCl concentration (up to 150 mM), zinc concentration (up to 50 mM), and manganese (up to 10 mM). However, the aminoglycoside MICs were increased up to fivefold at pH < 6.5. Magnesium and calcium ion concentrations >10 mM and ferric iron concentrations ≥10 mM increased aminoglycoside MICs from 3.66- to 8-fold. Tetracycline MICs were increased 1.2- to 6.5-fold when the concentration of magnesium or calcium was ≥10 mM. The results of this in vitro study might provide insight into the effects of local in vivo environmental conditions on several classes of antimicrobial agents. Received: 22 September 1997 / Accepted: 6 October 1997     

The Effect of thecrp Genotypes on the Transformation Efficiency in Escherichia coli

We have found that a significant difference exists in transformationefficiency between the crp⁺/crp^– isogenic pair of strainsof Escherichia coli, with the efficiency being much higher incrp^– than in crp⁺. The ratio of transformation efficiencybetween crp⁺ and crp^– strains depends very little on theplasmid size. This observation suggests that the differenceof the transformation efficiency is due to mechanisms otherthan a crp-regulated endonuclease. The crp gene is one of thefirst specific genes that have been shown to affect transformationefficiency.     

Temperature dependence of action of polymyxin B on Escherichia coli

The temperature dependence of the action of polymyxin B on Escherichia coli was studied by using K+, Ca2+, and tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP+) ion-selective electrodes. At room temperature (27 degrees C), Ca2+ was released immediately after addition of polymyxin, while the efflux of K+ occurred after 30 s. The rapid release of Ca2+ was not affected by incubation temperature, while the efflux of K+ was significantly lowered at temperatures below about 25-30 degrees C. The uptake of TPP+ also increased after polymyxin addition. The release of Ca2+ and the uptake of TPP+ supported the disruption of the outer membrane structure reported previously. In experiments with isolated membrane vesicles (the cytoplasmic membrane being exposed), the efflux of K+ was not delayed, but was lowered at temperatures below about 15-20 degrees C. This temperature range differed significantly from that of whole cells, and was interpreted as representing a difference in membrane fluidity between the outer and cytoplasmic membranes. The phase transition temperature of the outer membrane is known to be higher than that of the cytoplasmic membrane; and the temperature dependence of efflux of K+ from membrane vesicles was compatible with the phase transition temperature of liposomes prepared with phospholipids (not containing lipopolysaccharides) extracted from E. coli. Thus, it was speculated that, with whole cells, polymyxin molecules passed through the outer membrane at temperatures above the phase transition and reached the cytoplasmic membrane, increasing its K+ permeability. The mechanism of the permeability change is discussed in terms of deformation of the cytoplasmic membrane structure induced by polymyxin molecules.