核重编程机制的影响因素

哺乳动物体细胞核移植技术在农业、生物技术、医药生产和濒危动物保护等方面具有很大的潜力和应用价值,已成为目前发育生物学研究的重要方法。但是核重编程仍是核移植技术的关键因素,制约了重构胚胎干细胞的研究。只有供核发生完全重编程,重构胚胎才能正常发育。核重编程与供核者的年龄,供核细胞的组织来源、分化状态、细胞周期、传代次数,供核细胞的表观遗传标记以及供卵者的年龄、卵子的成熟度等因素有关。创造各种适于核重编程的条件有利于从更高的起点开展核移植胚胎干细胞的研究,提高重枸胚胎干细胞建系效率。     

正常胚胎与核移植重构胚发育中的生物学变化比较

本文介绍了正常胚胎和核移植重构胚发育过程中的生物学变化,从细胞形态学和分子机理两方面阐述了二者之间的差异,总结了影响核移植重构胚胎发育的主要因素。在细胞形态学上着重探讨了卵子染色体结构变化对于卵重编程作用的影响,在分子水平上对卵子组蛋白与供核细胞组蛋白的置换进行了讨论,理论上为核移植效率的提高提供了借鉴。     

卵子介导细胞重编程的基础与应用研究

细胞重编程一般是指将分化细胞转变成全能性胚胎或多能性细胞的过程,是研究发育和分化的重要手段,为再生医学、疾病个体化治疗及药物筛选等提供了巨大的应用前景。诱导细胞重编程的方法有多种,如细胞培养、卵子介导的核移植(nuclear transfer)、细胞融合、山中伸弥因子介导的诱导多能干细胞(i PSC)技术等。以国家自然科学基金重大研究计划为依托,李劲松课题组围绕着卵子介导的细胞重编程领域开展了系统的研究,取得了一系列突破性的进展:完善了卵子介导的核移植体系;建立精子和卵子来源的"类精子"的单倍体胚胎干细胞系和半克隆技术;建立人和猴子的孤雌单倍体胚胎干细胞系;卵子介导的重编程与i PSC技术比较揭示影响重编程的重要因子;建立卵子介导遗传疾病治疗的策略。现主要对卵子介导细胞重编程的基础与应用研究的原创性实验成果进行综述,并展望未来关注的重点研究方向。     

核移植介导的哺乳动物体细胞核重编程研究进展

哺乳动物的体细胞核移植技术已经发展了20年有余,重构胚发育过程中的核重编程异常是制约这项技术应用的主要障碍。目前,提高克隆效率的方法主要是通过调节重编程过程中的表观遗传修饰来修复重编程的错误,从而提高核移植胚胎的发育效率。综述了核移植后早期胚胎发育过程中供体核重编程的异常,讨论了修复这些异常表观遗传修饰的研究进展,并对可能影响核移植胚胎发育的重编程事件及新兴技术进行展望。     

核移植与供体细胞

“多莉”羊的诞生是生物界的一个里程碑,它之所以引起如此大的轰动主要是因为它来源于培养的成年绵羊乳腺上皮细胞,这是人类第一次证明分化的体细胞可以被重编程后恢复全能性并最终分化发育成一个动物个体。这说明哺乳动物分化的体细胞核仍具有全套的遗传物质并能够被卵母细胞逆转恢复全能性。然而,关于多莉的供体细胞来源却一直是克隆领域的一个谜。由于体细胞克隆的效率非常低,而用于核移植的供体细胞悬液中往往含有多种类型的细胞,这使得我们很难确切地知道最终获得的克隆动物是来源于哪一种细胞。这种不确定性给我们研究核移植诱导体细胞重编程的机制带来了很大的困难,因此,对供体细胞的研究也是核移植研究领域的一个重要课题,这包括各种组织来源的体细胞是否均可以用于核移植,终末分化的体细胞是否能够用于核移植,组织干细胞是否更有利于体细胞重编程,供体细胞的分化状态是否与核移植的效率有关,死亡的体细胞是否也可以用于核移植等等。本文综述了核移植中与供体细胞相关的最新研究进展。     

干细胞核移植效率及核移植胚胎干细胞

干细胞为一类具有无限的或者永生的自我更新能力的细胞,包括胚胎性干细胞和成体干细胞.胚胎性干细胞有胚胎干细胞、畸胎瘤细胞和原始生殖细胞.成体干细胞主要有骨髓间充质干细胞,造血干细胞、神经干细胞、表皮干细胞、脂肪干细胞等.随着体细胞核移植技术与干细胞培养技术的成熟,两者相结合便产生了核移植来源胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cells via nuclear transfer,ntES细胞),其不仅用于基础的研究,而且也用于临床医学的组织修复和移植的研究.现就干细胞作为核供体时的核移植效率,ntES细胞系的建立、其性质及诱导分化等的研究进展进行综述.     

细胞重编程过程中核小体定位改变研究进展

细胞重编程是指在精卵结合或核移植过程中,核遗传物质的表观遗传标记发生删除和重塑,从而使已分化的细胞成为具有全能性的过程.发生细胞重编程的方法主要有细胞融合、体细胞核移植以及诱导多能干细胞等.核小体是染色质的基本结构及功能单位,是染色质的一级结构,核小体定位对基因的表达及细胞的状态有着重要的调控作用.细胞重编程过程中核小...     

供体细胞的不同选择和处理对重编程过程的影响

摘要: 供体细胞核移入去核的卵母细胞后, 必定要经过表观遗传修饰的重编程过程, 回到胚胎开始发育的全能状态。若重编程过程不完全, 必定会导致克隆效率降低。但是, 体细胞核的重编程能力不仅仅是在其移入去核的卵母细胞后所体现, 它在不同的供体细胞当中的潜能也是不尽相同的。并且, 对供体细胞进行不同的处理, 也会导致其重编程的能力和程度不同。文章首先阐述了供体细胞的类型、代数、周期、年龄以及物种的不同选择对其核移植后重编程过程的不同影响, 其后又通过对供体细胞的冷冻保存, 血清饥饿以及不同试剂的处理等方面对重编程过程所起到的作用作出了概况性的论述与分析     

国外动态

源自人核移植胚泡的患者特异性胚胎干细胞韩国汉城国立大学教授Woo Suk Hwang等于2005年5月19日在《Science》网络版上(doi:10.1126/science.1112286)发布了他们的最新研究成果:将患者的表皮细胞核移植入她人捐赠的卵母细胞中,从而获得11株人胚胎干细胞系。不管是生长于患者来源的人饲养层,还是生长于无任何遗传关系的人饲养层,这些细胞系的建系率都很高,且建系率与核移植供体的性别和年龄无关。检测表明,核移植的人胚胎干细胞系具有多能性,染色体型正常,不仅与核移植患者的DNA相匹配,而且每个细胞系的主要组织相容性复合物与患者的具有…     

体细胞重编程为多潜能干细胞的研究进展

人类的胚胎干细胞（embryonic stem cells,ES cells）可以用来治疗很多疾病,但是如果通过核移植来获得与供体或者患者相匹配的ES细胞,就会受到人卵母细胞来源等条件的制约。这就促使了将体细胞重编程为多潜能细胞这样一种技术策略的发展,其中包括将分化细胞与ES细胞融合,在卵细胞、ES细胞或多潜能癌细胞的抽提物中孵育,强制多潜能因子过表达等具体的方法。通过这些途径引出了一些核功能的重编程以及相应的DNA甲基化修饰、组蛋白翻译后修饰,使体细胞表达特定的多潜能因子,转变为类似胚胎干细胞的多潜能细胞。     

Relation between nuclear envelope and nuclear lamina in nuclear assembly in vitro

Xenopus laevis egg extracts cell-free nuclear assembly system was used as an experimental model to study the process of nuclear lamina assembly in nuclear reconstitution in vitro. The experimental results showed that lamin was involved in the nuclear assembly in vitro. The assembly of nuclear lamina was preceded by the assembly of nuclear matrix, and probably, inner nuclear matrix assembly provided the basis for nuclear lamina assembly. Inhibition of normal assembly of nuclear lamina, by preincubating egg extracts cell-free system with anti-lamin antibodies, resulted in abnormal assembly of nuclear envelope, suggesting that nuclear envelope assembly is closely associated with nuclear lamina assembly.     

A role for nuclear lamins in nuclear envelope assembly.

The molecular interactions responsible for nuclear envelope assembly after mitosis are not well understood. In this study, we demonstrate that a peptide consisting of the COOH-terminal domain of Xenopus lamin B3 (LB3T) prevents nuclear envelope assembly in Xenopus interphase extracts. Specifically, LB3T inhibits chromatin decondensation and blocks the formation of both the nuclear lamina-pore complex and nuclear membranes. Under these conditions, some vesicles bind to the peripheral regions of the chromatin. These "nonfusogenic" vesicles lack lamin B3 (LB3) and do not bind LB3T; however, "fusogenic" vesicles containing LB3 can bind LB3T, which blocks their association with chromatin and, subsequently, nuclear membrane assembly. LB3T also binds to chromatin in the absence of interphase extract, but only in the presence of purified LB3. Additionally, we show that LB3T inhibits normal lamin polymerization in vitro. These findings suggest that lamin polymerization is required for both chromatin decondensation and the binding of nuclear membrane precursors during the early stages of normal nuclear envelope assembly.     

Relation between nuclear envelope and nuclear lamina in nuclear assembly in vitro

Xenopus laevis egg extracts cell-free nuclear assembly system was used as an experimental model to study the process of nuclear lamina assembly in nuclear reconstitutionin vitro. The experimental results showed that lamin was involved in the nuclear assemblyin vitro. The assembly of nuclear lamina was preceded by the assembly of nuclear matrix, and probably, inner nuclear matrix assembly provided the basis for nuclear lamina assembly. Inhibition of normal assembly of nuclear Iknina, by preincubating egg extracts cell-free system with anti-lamin antibodies, resulted in abnormal assembly of nuclear envelope, suggesting that nuclear envelope assembly is closely associated with nuclear lamina assembly. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

The nuclear pore complex

The nuclear pore complex is the largest supramolecular complex that assembles in the eukaryotic cell. This structure is highly dynamic and must disassemble prior to mitosis and reassemble after the event. The directed movement of macromolecules into and out of the nucleus occurs through the nuclear pore complex, a potentially regulatory point for translocation. Using biochemical and genetic approaches, several nuclear pore complex proteins from yeast and vertebrates have been well characterized. Although very little is known about plant nuclear pore proteins, research is providing new information that indicates that plant nuclear pore complexes may have some unique features.     

Tpr is localized within the nuclear basket of the pore complex and has a role in nuclear protein export

Tpr is a coiled-coil protein found near the nucleoplasmic side of the pore complex. Since neither the precise localization of Tpr nor its functions are well defined, we generated antibodies to three regions of Tpr to clarify these issues. Using light and EM immunolocalization, we determined that mammalian Tpr is concentrated within the nuclear basket of the pore complex in a distribution similar to Nup153 and Nup98. Antibody localization together with imaging of GFP-Tpr in living cells revealed that Tpr is in discrete foci inside the nucleus similar to several other nucleoporins but is not present in intranuclear filamentous networks (Zimowska et al., 1997) or in long filaments extending from the pore complex (Cordes et al., 1997) as proposed. Injection of anti-Tpr antibodies into mitotic cells resulted in depletion of Tpr from the nuclear envelope without loss of other pore complex basket proteins. Whereas nuclear import mediated by a basic amino acid signal was unaffected, nuclear export mediated by a leucine-rich signal was retarded significantly. Nuclear injection of anti-Tpr antibodies in interphase cells similarly yielded inhibition of protein export but not import. These results indicate that Tpr is a nucleoporin of the nuclear basket with a role in nuclear protein export.     

Karyopherins and nuclear import

Proteins of the karyopherin alpha and karyopherin beta families play a central role in nucleocytoplasmic transport. Recently, crystal structures of karyopherin alpha and its complexes with nuclear localization signal peptides, a karyopherin beta2-Ran complex and complexes of full-length and fragments of karyopherin beta1 with import substrates, Ran and nucleoporins have been solved. These karyopherin structures provide valuable insights into understanding the molecular mechanism of nuclear import, especially substrate recognition, substrate release by GTPase and interactions with the nuclear pore complex.     

Breaking and making of the nuclear envelope

During mitosis, a single nucleus gives rise to two nuclei that are identical to the parent nucleus. Mitosis consists of a continuous sequence of events that must be carried out once and only once. Two such important events are the disassembly of the nuclear envelope (NE) during the first stages of mitosis, and its accurate reassembly during the last stages of mitosis. NE breakdown (NEBD) is initiated when maturation-promoting factor (MPF) enters the nucleus and starts phosphorylating nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) and nuclear lamina proteins, followed by NPC and lamina breakdown. Nuclear reassembly starts when nuclear membranes assemble onto the chromatin. This article focuses on the different models of NEBD and reassembly with emphasis on recent data.