水稻超短根突变体ssr1的遗传分析和基因定位

该研究从甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变的籼稻‘Kasalath’突变体库中筛选到1个根系超短的突变体,命名为ssr1(super short root 1),8d苗龄突变体的主根和不定根长度分别只有野生型的8.89%和2.29%,其不定根发生正常,但侧根的发生和伸长都受到严重抑制,且根毛也非常短。此外,ssr1植株整体矮小,株高不到野生型的一半。遗传分析结果表明,该突变性状由1对隐性核基因控制。利用图位克隆技术将SSR1基因定位在第9染色体的STS(sequence tagged site)分子标记9g7047K和9g7290K之间,物理距离约为243kb,在定位区间共发现39个预测基因,经分析其中没有已克隆的根系发育基因。对SSR1的定位为进一步克隆该基因和阐明水稻根构型的分子机理奠定了基础。     

根分泌物对根际难溶性镉的活化作用及对水稻吸收、运输镉的影响

采用人工控制光温条件的蛭石－营养液相结合的培养方法,对根分泌物活化难溶性硫化镉以及对水稻吸收、运输镉的影响进行了研究。结果表明,缺铁水稻根分泌物和缺铁小麦根分泌匀能活化水稻根际的难溶性镉（ＣｄＳ）,促进了水稻对这部分镉的吸收和运输;但二者的活化强度不同,缺铁小麦根分泌物对镉的活化作用较缺铁水稻根分泌物强。     

水稻短根突变体Osksr5的遗传分析和基因定位

水稻根系对其生长、发育及产量等起着至关重要的作用。该研究从甲基磺酸乙酯（ethyl methane sulfonate,EMS）诱变的籼稻Kasalath突变体库中筛选到1个根系变短的突变体,命名为Osksr5（Oryza sativa kasalath short root 5）,该突变体植株具体表现为主根、不定根和侧根都明显变短,不定根的数目相对减少,株高与野生型相比也明显矮小。遗传分析结果表明,该突变性状由1对隐性核基因控制。利用图位克隆技术将OsKSR5基因定位在第1染色体的STS（sequence tagged site）分子标记33027k和33471k,物理距离约为444 kb。对OsKSR5基因的定位为进一步克隆该基因和阐明水稻根系发育的分子机理奠定了基础。     

水稻短根突变体Osksr6的遗传分析和基因定位

该研究对从甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变的水稻突变体库中筛选到的一个短根突变体Osksr6(Oryza sativa kasalath short root 6)进行了表型鉴定、遗传分析与基因定位。结果表明:(1)生长7d的突变体Osksr6与野生型相比,株高与不定根数量差异不明显,但主根变短61.98%、不定根变短46.42%,侧根的发生与根毛的伸长也受不同程度抑制;成熟期的Osksr6分蘖数明显减少,总穗长与结实率均较野生型差。(2)遗传分析结果显示,突变体Osksr6的短根性状受1对隐性基因控制。(3)利用图位克隆技术,将突变基因OsKSR6定位于3号染色体InDel标记28420k和28880k之间,物理距离约460kb,该区间没有已报道的与根系发育相关的基因。该研究为进一步研究水稻根系生长的分子机理奠定了基础。     

HCO_3~-对不同基因型水稻根生长及养分吸收分配的影响

采用营养液培养法 ,研究了缺Zn敏感 (IR2 6)和耐性水稻品种 (IR8192 31 2 )根生长和养分吸收受HCO-3影响的差异 .结果表明 ,HCO-3( 2 0mmol·L-1)严重抑制敏感品种根系生长 ,特别是在低Zn或缺Zn条件下 ,而对耐性品种影响很小 ,在低Zn水平下 ,对根系生长甚至有轻微的促进作用 .HCO-3不仅抑制敏感品种对Zn的吸收和分配 ,而且也抑制对Cu、Mn和Fe的吸收 ,表明HCO-3对Zn的吸收无专性抑制作用 ,HCO-3抑制敏感品种根系生长可能是其诱发缺Zn的最初作用 .HCO-3处理下 ,耐性品种上位叶和下位叶Zn浓度以及比率高于敏感品种 ,表明耐性品种将Zn从下位叶向上位叶转运的效率高 ,Zn在植物体内的转运能力可能是耐性品种适应石灰性土壤缺Zn的主要机制之一 .     

HCO3^—3对不同基因型水稻根生长及养分吸收分配的影响

采用营养液培养法,研究了缺Zn敏感（IR26）和耐性水稻品种（IR8192－31－2）根生长和养分吸收受HCO^-3影响的差异,结果表明,HCO^-3(20mmol.L^-1)严重抑制敏感品种根系生长,特别是在低Zn或缺Zn条件下,对根系生长甚至有轻微的促进作用,HCO^-3不仅抑制敏感品种对Zn的吸收和分配,而且也抑制对Cu,Mu和Fe的吸收,表明HCO^-3对Zn的吸收无专性抑制作用,HCO^-3抑制敏感品种根系生长可能是其诱发缺Zn的最初作用,HCO^-3处理下,耐性品种上位叶和下位叶Zn浓度以及比率高于敏感品种,表明耐性品种将Zn从下位叶向上位叶转运的效率主,Zn在植物体内的转运能力可能是耐性品种适应石灰生土壤缺Zn的主要机制之一。     

氮肥对夏秋季茶树吸收根生物量和养分储量的影响

以12年生龙井43茶树为研究对象,在7月至翌年1月利用土钻法对连续5a施用不同氮肥处理后的茶树吸收根生物量和养分含量进行了研究。结果表明茶树吸收根生物量在0.34-0.72 mg/dm3之间,碳、氮、磷、钾和镁储量变异范围分别为12.6-25.2 mg/dm~3、4.55-11.2 mg/dm~3、0.47-1.19 mg/dm~3、1.31-4.05 mg/dm~3、0.30-1.19 mg/dm~3。茶树吸收根生物量和各养分含量随月份变化呈现双峰型,峰值分别在8月和翌年1月,而7月和11月生物量和养分储量均较低。与不施肥对照相比,施用氮肥影响茶树吸收根生物量,氮肥施用对茶树吸收根生物量的影响因氮肥施用时间而异。不同氮肥施用水平下茶树吸收根总碳浓度和总碳含量均不存在显著差异。受氮肥施用时间影响,施氮对茶树吸收根氮浓度的影响不同月份间存在差异,其中7月、8月和1月施氮处理下氮浓度较高,而9月、10月和11月不施氮处理下氮浓度较高。氮肥施用对各月份茶树吸收根氮养分储量均没有显著影响。氮肥施用降低了部分月份茶树吸收根磷、钾和镁的浓度和储量。施用中等用量的氮肥能缩小茶树吸收根夏秋季氮磷钾镁养分储量的月份间差异。     

HCO3-对不同基因型水稻根生长及养分吸收分配的影响

采用营养液培养法,研究了缺Zn敏感(IR26)和耐性水稻品种(IR8192-31-2)根生长和养分吸收受HCO₃^-影响的差异.结果表明,HCO₃^-(20mmol·L^-1)严重抑制敏感品种根系生长,特别是在低Zn或缺Zn条件下,而对耐性品种影响很小,在低Zn水平下,对根系生长甚至有轻微的促进作用.HCO₃^-不仅抑制敏感品种对Zn的吸收和分配,而且也抑制对Cu、Mn和Fe的吸收,表明HCO₃^-对Zn的吸收无专性抑制作用,HCO₃^-抑制敏感品种根系生长可能是其诱发缺Zn的最初作用.NCO₃^-处理下,耐性品种上位叶和下位叶Zn浓度以及比率高于敏感品种,表明耐性品种将Zn从下位叶向上位叶转运的效率高,Zn在植物体内的转运能力可能是耐性品种适应石灰性土壤缺Zn的主要机制之一.     

Aluminum uptake and aluminum-induced rapid root growth inhibition of rice seedlings

Aluminum (Al) inhibits root growth in acidic soil, but the site of action of Al remains unclear. We investigated whether the rate of Al accumulation correlates to Al-indeced rapid root growth inhibition in rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L. cv. Youngnam). Growth of roots was significantly inhibited by 100 μM AICI₃, as early as 1 h after the treatment. The inhibition of root growth was strongly dependent on Al concentration (l₅₀ = 20 (μM) and Al-exposure time (l₅₀ = 23 min at 25 μM Al) in a solution of 10 mM KCI and 1 mM CaCl₂ buffered by 10 mM Mes/KOH (pH 4.5). Using ICPES, massive uptake of Al by roots was observed even at 15 min treatment of 25 μM Al. The kinetics of Al uptake by the roots closely corresponded to the inhibitory effects of Al on root growth. When the roots of seedlings were exposed to 50 (μM Al for 1 h, then sectioned and stained with hematoxylin, all cell types of the roots showed the presence of Al in the cytoplasm. These results indicate that Al was rapidly taken up into the root cells and thereby reduced root growth.     

The auxin transporter,OsAUX1, is involved in primary root and root hair elongation and in Cd stress responses in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Auxin and cadmium (Cd) stress play critical roles during root development. There are only a few reports on the mechanisms by which Cd stress influences auxin homeostasis and affects primary root (PR) and lateral root (LR) development, and almost nothing is known about how auxin and Cd interfere with root hair (RH) development. Here, we characterize rice osaux1 mutants that have a longer PR and shorter RHs in hydroponic culture, and that are more sensitive to Cd stress compared to wild‐type (Dongjin). OsAUX1 expression in root hair cells is different from that of its paralogous gene, AtAUX1, which is expressed in non‐hair cells. However, OsAUX1, like AtAUX1, localizes at the plasma membrane and appears to function as an auxin tranporter. Decreased auxin distribution and contents in the osaux1 mutant result in reduction of OsCyCB1;1 expression and shortened PRs, LRs and RHs under Cd stress, but may be rescued by treatment with the membrane‐permeable auxin 1‐naphthalene acetic acid. Treatment with the auxin transport inhibitors 1‐naphthoxyacetic acid and N‐1‐naphthylphthalamic acid increased the Cd sensitivity of WT rice. Cd contents in the osaux1 mutant were not altered, but reactive oxygen species‐mediated damage was enhanced, further increasing the sensitivity of the osaux1 mutant to Cd stress. Taken together, our results indicate that OsAUX1 plays an important role in root development and in responses to Cd stress.     

水稻Ds插入淡绿叶突变体的鉴定和遗传分析

Ac/Ds插入突变是水稻基因功能鉴定的有力工具之一。文章从水稻中花11 Ds-T-DNA转化纯合体与Ac-T-DNA 转化纯合体的杂交群体中筛选到一个淡绿叶突变体。该突变体在三叶期由绿苗转为淡绿叶苗, 自然光照下突变体迅速焦枯, 但是在弱光照条件下, 突变体能缓慢生长至开花结实; 突变体光合作用特性研究表明该突变是典型的光抑制突变体。遗传分析表明该突变为Ds插入导致的隐性突变。     

Uptake Kinetics of Arsenic in Upland Rice Cultivar Zhonghan 221 Inoculated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) appear to be highly associated with arsenic (As) uptake in host plants because arsenate (As(V)) and phosphorus (P) share the same transporter, whereby AMF can enhance P uptake. A short-term experiment was conducted for low- (0 to 0.05 mM As) and high-affinity (0 to 2.5 mM As) uptake systems, to investigate the AMF role on As uptake mechanism in plants, which may explain As uptake kinetics in upland rice cultivar: Zhonghan 221. When concentration of As ranged from 0 to 0.05 mM, Funneliformis geosporum (Fg) significantly decreased arsenite (As(III)) and monomethylarsonicacid (MMA) uptake when (p < 0.05) compared to non-mycorrhizal (NM) treatment, since the major route for (As(III)) in rice roots—rice silicon transporter Lsi1 would be influenced by Fg inoculation at high As concentrations. Fg can also reduce As(V) uptake significantly (p < 0.05) under both uptake systems relative to NM treatment, whereas, Funneliformis mosseae (Fm) increased As(V) and MMA uptake in rice roots, with MMA uptake rate generally lower than As(III) and As(V). Using suitable AMF species inoculation with rice, As uptake and accumulation in rice grains can be reduced and the risk to human health, once consumed, can be minimized.     

Effect of iron plaque outside roots on nutrient uptake by rice (Oryza sativa L.). Zinc uptake by Fe-deficient rice

This solution culture study examined the effect of the deposition of iron plaque on zinc uptake by Fe-deficient rice plants. Different amounts of iron plaque were induced by adding Fe(OH)₃ at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 50 mg Fe/L in the nutrient solution. After 24 h of growth, the amount of iron plaque was correlated positively with the Fe(OH)₃ addition to the nutrient solution. Increasing iron plaque up to 12.1 g/kg root dry weight increased zinc concentration in shoots by 42% compared to that at 0.16 g/kg root dry weight. Increasing the amount of iron plaque further decreased zinc concentration. When the amounts of iron plaque reached 24.9 g/kg root dry weight, zinc concentration in shoots was lower than that in shoots without iron plaque, implying that the plaque became a barrier for zinc uptake. While rice plants were pre-cultured in –Fe and +Fe nutrient solution in order to produce the Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient plants and then Fe(OH)₃ was added at 20, 30, and 50 mg Fe/L in nutrient solution, zinc concentrations in shoots of Fe-deficient plants were 54, 48, and 43 mg/kg, respectively, in contrast to 32, 35, and 40 mg/kg zinc in shoots of Fe-sufficient rice plants. Furthermore, Fe(OH)₃ addition at 20 mg Fe/L and increasing zinc concentration from 0.065 to 0.65 mg Zn/L in nutrient solution increased zinc uptake more in Fe-deficient plants than in Fe-sufficient plant. The results suggested that root exudates of Fe-deficient plants, especially phytosiderophores, could enhance zinc uptake by rice plants with iron plaque up to a particular amount of Fe.     

Effects of rhizosphere oxygen concentration on root physiological characteristics and anatomical structure at the tillering stage of rice

Oxygen is essential for all aerobic organisms. Higher plants need oxygen to sustain metabolism and growth. After experiencing anaerobic stress for a period of time, most plant tissues will be damaged. This study examined the physiological characteristics and anatomical structures in the root tips of rice seedlings (cultivars Xiushui09 and Chunyou84) in response to different rhizosphere oxygen environments. The results showed that moderate oxygen (MO: 2.5–3.5 mg L⁻¹) increased the dry weight accumulation and formation of rice roots (including length, surface area, number of tips) in both genotypes. Compared to under normal conditions (NC), the magnitudes of increase in these four variables were 4.67, 66.40, 35.44 and 49.50% in Xiushui09 and 12.25, 15.59, 13.57 and 13.48% in Chunyou84, respectively. Low oxygen (LO: 0–1.0 mg L⁻¹) stress decreased the root surface area but increased root volume and average diameter. LO and high oxygen (HO: >6.8 ± 0.21 mg L⁻¹) stress each damaged the apical cells' ultrastructure, reduced the number of organelles, and increased electrical conductivity. Meanwhile, the root activity and respiration of rice seedlings decreased; the abscisic acid content increased compared to levels under NC. Under MO treatment, the cell membrane was not damaged, the root tip organelles were rich, the soluble protein content, root activity, respiration rate and gibberellic acid content increased compared to levels under NC; the magnitudes of these increases were 24.76, 36.00, 8.00 and 283.00% in Xiushui09 and 4.78, 40.00, 15.45 and 49.35% in Chunyou84, respectively. In conclusion, MO optimised rice root morphology and enhanced root physiological activity.     

水稻矮秆突变体dtl1的分离鉴定及其突变基因的精细定位

文章通过对所构建的水稻突变体库进行大规模筛选,获得一个稳定遗传的矮秆突变体,与野生型日本晴相比,该突变体表现为植株矮化、叶片卷曲、分蘖减少和不育等性状,命名为dtl1(dwarf and twist leaf 1)。dtl1属于nl型矮秆,激素检测表明,矮秆性状与赤霉素和油菜素内酯无关。遗传分析显示,突变性状受单一隐性核基因控制。利用dtl1与籼稻品种Taichung Native 1杂交构建F2群体,将该突变基因DTL1定位于水稻第10染色体长臂2个SSR标记RM25923和RM6673之间约70.4 kb区域内,并与InDel标记Z10-29共分离,在该区域预测有13个候选基因,但未见调控水稻株高相关基因的报道,因此,认为DTL1基因是一个新的控制水稻株高的基因。     

Discrimination of nitrogen isotopes during absorption of ammonium and nitrate at different nitrogen concentrations by rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants

Studies of uptake of ionic sources of N by two hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars (paddy‐field‐adapted Koshihikari and dryland‐adapted Kanto 168) showed that the magnitude of the nitrogen isotope fractionation (?) for uptake of NH₄⁺ depended on the concentrations of NH₄⁺ and cultivar (averaging –6·1‰ for Koshihikari and –12·0‰ for Kanto 168 at concentrations from 40 to 200 mmol m^?3 and, respectively, –13·4 and –28·9‰ for the two cultivars at concentrations from 0·5 to 4 mol m^?3). In contrast, the ? for uptake of NO₃^? in similar experiments was almost insensitive to the N concentration, falling within a much narrower range (+3·2‰ to –0·9‰ for Koshihikari and –0·9‰ to –5·1‰ for Kanto 168 over NO₃^? concentrations from 0·04 to 2 mol m^?3). From longer term experiments in which Norin 8 and its nitrate‐reductase deficient mutant M819 were grown with 2 or 8 mol m^?3 NO₃^? for 30 d, it was concluded that the small concentration‐independent isotopic fractionation during absorption of this ion was not related to nitrate reductase activity.     

Response of four rice varieties to Rhodobacter capsulatus at seedling stage

The phototrophic purple nonsulphur bacterium (PPNSB) Rhodobacter capsulatus was used to inoculate seedlings of four rice varieties Giza 159, Giza 171, Giza 176 and Giza 181, grown in hydroponic culture with or without nitrogen. After three weeks the seedling growth parameters were measured. Inoculation with R. capsulatus enhanced seedling growth of all rice varieties tested. The response to inoculation as compared to control plants (no nitrogen, no R. capsulatus) were 52% to 75% for shoot height, 47% to 100% for aerial part dry weight, 45% to 78% for aerial part N content, –37% to –9% for maximum root length, –4% to 8% for root system dry weight and 50% to 62% for root N content.