Calcium ion-induced uptakes and transformations of substrates in liver mitochondria

Substrate-depleted rat liver mitochondria will reaccumulate malate, succinate, oxoglutarate, beta-hydroxybutyrate and glutamate if provided with an energy source and Ca(2+) (or Ca(2+) and Mn(2+)). The energy requirement for ion uptake by fresh mitochondria causes a transient oxidation of their NADH and presumably this leads to an increased oxaloacetate concentration. A consequence is the promotion of formation of citrate, which tends to remain in the particles, provided the pH is above 7. Analyses made of systems blocked with fluorocitrate show that citrate accumulates when Ca(2+) is added with the following substrates; (a) pyruvate in the presence of ATP or malate, (b) palmitoyl-l(-)-carnitine in presence of malate and (c) oxoglutarate. Lowering the pH, even to 6.8, causes the citrate to emerge. This could be the basis of a cellular control mechanism. The generation of citrate in response to Ca(2+) can explain the stoichiometry of one proton ejected per Ca(2+) ion taken up. The new carboxyl group formed from acetyl-CoA when it condenses with oxaloacetate provides an internal anionic charge and a proton to emerge when Ca(2+) enters.     

Respiratory physiology and energy conservation efficiency of Campylobacter jejuni

A study of the electron transport chain of the human intestinal pathogen Campylobacter jejuni revealed a rich complement of b- and c-type cytochromes. Two c-type cytochromes were partially purified: one, possibly an oxidase, bound carbon monoxide whereas the other, of high potential was unreactive with carbon monoxide. Respiratory activities determined with membrane vesicles were 50- to 100-fold higher with formate and hydrogen than with succinate, lactate, malate, or NADH as substrates. Evidence for three terminal respiratory components was obtained from respiratory kinetic studies employing cyanide, and the following Ki values for cyanide were determined from Dixon plots: ascorbate + reduced N,N,N', N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine, K1 + 3.5 muM; malate, K1 = 55 muM; and hydrogen, K1 = 4.5 muM. Two oxidases (K1 = 90 muM, 4.5 mM) participated in the oxidation of succinate, lactate, and formate. Except with formate, 37 muM HQNO inhibited respiration by approximately 50%. Carbon monoxide had little inhibitory effect on respiration except under low oxygen tension (less than 10% air saturation). The stoichiometry of respiratory-driven proton translocation (H+/O) determined with whole cells was approximately 2 for all substrates examined except hydrogen (H+/) = 3.7) and formate (H+/O = 2.5). The higher stoichiometries observed with hydrogen and formate are consistent with their respective dehydrogenase being located on the periplasmic face of the cytoplasmic membrane. The results of this study suggest that the oxidation of hydrogen and formate probably serves as the major sources of energy for growth.     

Factors limiting respiration by isolated cauliflower mitochondria

Oxygen consumption by isolated cauliflower mitochondria oxidising malate, succinate or NADH was less than when a combination of any two substrates was supplied. The rates obtained with any two were less than the aggregate of the individual rates. Only with the combination of malate plus succinate did the presence of the NADH result in faster rates of oxygen uptake. Conversely, malate and succinate separately, or in combination, inhibited the oxidation of erogenous NADH. The rate-limiting step for the oxidation of these substrates lies within the respiratory chain but on that part used exclusively by each substrate. The addition of NADH with either malate or succinate, or both, saturates the chain and makes the rate limiting step a component common to all pathways. Malate and isocitrate oxidation were considerably greater in disrupted, than in intact mitochondria, eliminating substrate dehydrogenases as rate-limiting factors. Substrate entry was also eliminated in the case of malate oxidation. It is suggested that the tricarboxylate transporter may restrict the rate of isocitrate oxidation.     

Inhibition, but not uncoupling, of respiratory energy coupling of three bacterial species by nitrite

The effect of nitrite on respiratory energy coupling of three bacteria was studied in light of a recent report that nitrite acted as an uncoupling agent with Paracoccus denitrificans grown under denitrifying conditions. Our determinations of proton translocation stoichiometry of Pseudomonas putida (aerobically grown), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and P. denitrificans (grown both aerobically and under denitrifying conditions) showed nitrite inhibition of proton-to-oxidant stoichiometry, but not uncoupling. Nitrite both reduced the H+/O ratio and decreased the rate of proton resorption. Increased proton resorption rates, characteristic of authentic uncoupling agents, were not observed. The lack of enhanced proton permeability due to nitrite was verified via passive proton permeability assays. The H+/O ratio of P. aeruginosa increased when growth conditions were changed from aerobic to denitrifying. This suggested the induction of an additional coupling site in the electron transport chain of denitrifying P. aeruginosa.     

Variable proton conductance of submitochondrial particles.

The relationship between the rate of substrate oxidation and the protonmotive force (electrochemical proton gradient) generated by bovine heart submitochondrial particles has been examined. Unexpectedly, oxidation of succinate generated a higher protonmotive force than the oxidation of NADH, although the rate of proton translocation across the membrane was inferred to be considerably lower with succinate as substrate. The data suggest that the flow of electrons through site 1 of the respiratory chain may increase the conductance of the mitochondrial membrane for protons. Upon reduction of the rate of succinate oxidation by titration with malonate, the protonmotive force remained essentially constant until the extent of inhibition was greater than 75%. The general conclusion from this work is that a constant passive membrane conductance for protons cannot be assumed.     

MDH2 produced OAA is a metabolic switch rewiring the fuelling of respiratory chain and TCA cycle

The mitochondrial respiratory chain (RC) enables many metabolic processes by regenerating both mitochondrial and cytosolic NAD⁺ and ATP. The oxidation by the RC of the NADH metabolically produced in the cytosol involves redox shuttles as the malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) and is of paramount importance for cell fate. However, the specific metabolic regulations allowing mitochondrial respiration to prioritize NADH oxidation in response to high NADH/NAD⁺ redox stress have not been elucidated. The recent discovery that complex I (NADH dehydrogenase), and not complex II (Succinate dehydrogenase), can assemble with other respiratory chain complexes to form functional entities called respirasomes, led to the assumption that this supramolecular organization would favour NADH oxidation. Unexpectedly, characterization of heart and liver mitochondria demonstrates that the RC systematically favours electrons provided by the ‘respirasome free’ complex II. Our results demonstrate that the preferential succinate driven respiration is tightly controlled by OAA levels, and that OAA feedback inhibition of complex II rewires RC fuelling increasing NADH oxidation capacity. This new regulatory mechanism synergistically increases RC's NADH oxidative capacity and rewires MDH2 driven anaplerosis of the TCA, preventing malate production from succinate to favour oxidation of cytosolic malate. This regulatory mechanism synergistically adjusts RC and TCA fuelling in response to extramitochondrial malate produced by the MAS.     

Stoichiometry of proton translocation coupled to substrate oxidation in plant mitochondria

The proton translocation coupled to the electron flux from succinate, exogenous NADH, and NAD⁺-linked substrates (malate and isocitrate) to cytochrome c and to oxygen was studied in purified potato (Solanum tuberosum) mitochondria using oxygen and ferricyanide pulse techniques. In the presence of valinomycin plus K⁺ (used as a charge compensating cation), optimum values of H⁺/2 e⁻ were obtained when low amounts of electron acceptors (oxygen or ferricyanide) were added to the mitochondria (1-2 nanogram [2 e⁻] equivalents per milligram protein). The stoichiometry of proton translocation to electron flux was unaffected in the presence of N-ethylmaleimide, an inhibitor of the Pi/H⁺ symport. With succinate as substrate, H⁺/2 e⁻ ratios were 4.0 ± 0.2 and 3.7 ± 0.3 with oxygen and ferricyanide as electron acceptors, respectively. With exogenous NADH, H⁺/2e⁻ ratios were 4.1 ± 0.9 and 3.4 ± 0.2, respectively. The proton translocation coupled to the oxidation of NAD⁺-linked substrates (malate, isocitrate) was dependent upon the presence of adenylates (ADP, AMP, or ATP). For malate (+ glutamate) oxidation the observed H⁺/2 e⁻ ratios were increased from 3.6 ± 2.2 to 6.5 ± 0.5 in the presence of 20 micromolar ADP.     

Membrane-bound respiratory of Spirillum itersonii.

The membrane-bound respiratory system of the gram-negative bacterium Spirillum itersonii was investigated. It contains cytochromes b (558), c (550), and o (558) and beta-dihydro-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and succinate oxidase activities under all growth conditions. It is also capable of producing D-lactate and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenases when grown with lactate or glycerol as sole carbon source. Membrane-bound malate dehydrogenase was not detectable under any conditions, although there is high activity of soluble nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide: malate dehydrogenase. When grown with oxygen as the sole terminal electron acceptor, approximately 60% of the total b-type cytochrome is present as cytochrome o, whereas only 40% is present as cytochrome o in cells grown with nitrate in the presence of oxygen. Both NADH and succinate oxidase are inhibited by azide, cyanide, antimycin A, and 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxidase at low concentrations. The ability of these inhibitors to completely inhibit oxidase activity at low concentrations and their effects upon the aerobic steady-state reduction levels of b- and c-type cytochromes as well as the aerobic steady-state reduction levels obtained with NADH, succinate, and ascorbate-dichlorophenolindophenol suggest that presence of an unbranched respiratory chain in S. itersonii with the order ubiquinone leads to b leads to c leads to c leads to oxygen.     

Acetyl-coenzyme A deacylase activity in liver is not an artifact. Subcellular distribution and substrate specificity of acetyl-coenzyme A deacylase activities in rat liver

The stoicheiometry of proton translocation, the amounts of cytochromes firmly bound to membranes, and cell yields with respect to succinate and O(2) have been measured in the facultative methylotroph Pseudomonas AM1 and in the mutant lacking cytochrome c (mutant PCT76) during carbon-limited growth and carbon-excess growth. -->H(+)/O ratios during endogenous respiration of about 4 were measured in wild-type bacteria grown in carbon-excess conditions, and in the mutant in all growth conditions. During methanol- or succinate-limited growth of wild-type bacteria the -->H(+)/O ratio increased to about 6. Cell yields with respect to succinate and O(2) were higher in wild-type than in the mutant lacking cytochrome c by an amount suggesting loss in the mutant of 30% of the ATP-generating capacity of wild-type bacteria. During carbon-limited growth on methanol or succinate some cytochrome c was tightly bound to bacterial membranes, whereas none was tightly bound in bacteria grown in batch-culture or in NH(4) (+)-limited conditions. It is proposed that the role of cytochrome c in Pseudomonas AM1 depends on growth conditions and hence on the ;needs' of the bacteria. During growth in carbon-excess conditions it is only required for methanol oxidation, mediating between methanol dehydrogenase and cytochrome a/a(3). In these conditions oxidation of NADH and succinate by way of cytochrome b and cytochrome a/a(3) occurs without the mediation of cytochrome c. This is the only route for oxidation of NADH and succinate in the cytochrome c-deficient mutant in all growth conditions. During carbon-limited growth the cytochrome c becomes bound to the membrane in such a way that it can mediate between cytochromes b and a/a(3), hence becoming involved in proton translocation and ATP synthesis during NADH and succinate oxidation. An alternative possibility is that in wild-type bacteria the cytochrome c is always involved in electron transport, but that its involvement in measurable proton translocation only occurs in carbon-limited conditions.     

-->H+/2e- stoichiometry in NADH-quinone reductase reactions catalyzed by bovine heart submitochondrial particles.

Tightly coupled bovine heart submitochondrial particles treated to activate complex I and to block ubiquinol oxidation were capable of rapid uncoupler-sensitive inside-directed proton translocation when a limited amount of NADH was oxidized by the exogenous ubiquinone homologue Q1. External alkalization, internal acidification and NADH oxidation were followed by the rapidly responding (t1/2 < or = 1 s) spectrophotometric technique. Quantitation of the initial rates of NADH oxidation and external H+ decrease resulted in a stoichiometric ratio of 4 H+ vectorially translocated per 1 NADH oxidized at pH 8.0. ADP-ribose, a competitive inhibitor of the NADH binding site decreased the rates of proton translocation and NADH oxidation without affecting -->H+/2e- stoichiometry. Rotenone, piericidin and thermal deactivation of complex I completely prevented NADH-induced proton translocation in the NADH-endogenous ubiquinone reductase reaction. NADH-exogenous Q1 reductase activity was only partially prevented by rotenone. The residual rotenone- (or piericidin-) insensitive NADH-exogenous Q1 reductase activity was found to be coupled with vectorial uncoupler-sensitive proton translocation showing the same -->H+/2e- stoichiometry of 4. It is concluded that the transfer of two electrons from NADH to the Q1-reactive intermediate located before the rotenone-sensitive step is coupled with translocation of 4 H+.     

The oxidative activities of membrane vesicles from Bacillus caldolyticus. Energy-dependence of succinate oxidation

1. The properties of membrane vesicles from the extreme thermophile Bacillus caldolyticus were investigated. 2. Vesicles prepared by exposure of spheroplasts to ultrasound contained cytochromes a, b and c, and at 50 degrees C they rapidly oxidized NADH and ascorbate in the presence of tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine. Succinate and l-malate were oxidized more slowly, and dl-lactate, l-alanine and glycerol 1-phosphate were not oxidized. 3. In the absence of proton-conducting uncouplers the oxidation of NADH was accompanied by a net translocation of H(+) into the vesicles. Hydrolysis of ATP by a dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase was accompanied by a similarly directed net translocation of H(+). 4. Uncouplers (carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone or valinomycin plus NH(4) (+)) prevented net H(+) translocation but stimulated ATP hydrolysis, NADH oxidation and ascorbate oxidation. The last result suggested an energy-conserving site in the respiratory chain between cytochrome c and oxygen. 5. Under anaerobic conditions the reduction of cytochrome b by ascorbate (with tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine) was stimulated by ATP hydrolysis, indicating an energy-conserving site between cytochrome b and cytochrome c. However, no reduction of NAD(+) supported by oxidation of succinate, malate or ascorbate occurred, neither did it with these substrates in the presence of ATP under anaerobic conditions, suggesting that there was no energy-conserving site between NADH and cytochrome b. 6. Succinate oxidation, in contrast with that of NADH and ascorbate, was strongly inhibited by uncouplers and stimulated by ATP hydrolysis. These effects were not observed when phenazine methosulphate, which transfers electrons from succinate dehydrogenase directly to oxygen, was present. It was concluded that in these vesicles the oxidation of succinate was energy-dependent and that the reoxidation of reduced succinate dehydrogenase was dependent on the outward movement of H(+) by the protonmotive force. 7. In support of the foregoing conclusion it was shown that the reduction of fumarate by NADH was an energy-conserving process. 8. If the activities of vesicles accurately represent those of the intact organism it appears that in B. caldolyticus the reduction of fumarate to succinate at the expense of reducing equivalents from NADH is energetically favoured over succinate oxidation even under aerobic conditions. This may be related to the need for an ample supply of succinate for haem synthesis in order to provide cytochromes for the organism.     

Respiration-driven proton translocation in Escherichia coli (Short Communication)

Measurements were made of the stoicheiometry of respiration-driven proton translocation coupled to the oxidation of NAD(P)-linked or flavin-linked substrates in intact cells of Escherichia coli. Observed stoicheiometries (-->H(+)/O quotient; Mitchell, 1966) were approx. 4 with l-malate as substrate and approx. 2 for succinate, d-lactate and glycerol oxidation. It is concluded that the potential number of equivalent energy-conservation sites associated with the respiratory chain is 2 in aerobically grown cells of E. coli harvested during the exponential phase of growth.     

Anaerobic respiration and energy conservation in Paracoccus denitrificans. Functioning of iron-sulfur centers and the uncoupling effect of nitrite.

1. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra at 8-60 K of NADH-reduced membrane particles prepared from Paracoccus denitrificans grown anaerobically with nitrate as terminal electron acceptor show the presence of iron-sulfur centers 1-4 in the NADH-ubiquinone segment of the respiratory chain. In addition resonance lines at g = 2.058, g = 1.953 and g = 1.88 are detectable in the spectra of succinate-reduced membranes at 15 K, which are attributed to the iron-sulfur-containing nitrate reductase. 2. Sulphate-limited growth under anaerobic conditions does not affect the iron-sulfur pattern of NADH dehydrogenase or nitrate reductase. Furthermore respiratory chain-linked electron transport and its inhibition by rotenone are not influenced. These results contrast those observed for sulphate-limited growth of P. denitrificans under aerobic conditions [Eur. J. Biochem. (1977) 81, 267-275]. 3. Proton translocation studies of whole cells indicate that nitrite increases the proton conductance of the cytoplasmic membrane, resulting in a collapse of the proton gradient across the membrane. Nitrite accumulates under anaerobic growth conditions with nitrate as terminal electron acceptor; the extent of accumulation depends on the specific growth conditions. Thus the low efficiencies of respiratory chain-linked energy conservation observed during nitrate respiration [Arch. Microbiol. (1977) 112, 17-23] can be explained by the uncoupling action of nitrite.     

Nitric oxide increases oxidative phosphorylation efficiency

We have studied the effect of nitric oxide (NO) and potassium cyanide (KCN) on oxidative phosphorylation efficiency. Concentrations of NO or KCN that decrease resting oxygen consumption by 10–20% increased oxidative phosphorylation efficiency in mitochondria oxidizing succinate or palmitoyl-L-carnitine, but not in mitochondria oxidizing malate plus glutamate. When compared to malate plus glutamate, succinate or palmitoyl-L-carnitine reduced the redox state of cytochrome oxidase. The relationship between membrane potential and oxygen consumption rates was measured at different degrees of ATP synthesis. The use of malate plus glutamate instead of succinate (that changes the H⁺/2e⁻ stoichiometry of the respiratory chain) affected the relationship, whereas a change in membrane permeability did not affect it. NO or KCN also affected the relationship, suggesting that they change the H⁺/2e⁻ stoichiometry of the respiratory chain. We propose that NO may be a natural short-term regulator of mitochondrial physiology that increases oxidative phosphorylation efficiency in a redox-sensitive manner by decreasing the slipping in the proton pumps.     

Characterisation of the control of respiration in potato tuber mitochondria using the top-down approach of metabolic control analysis.

Control over oxidative phosphorylation by purified potato mitochondria was determined using the top-down approach of metabolic control analysis. The control over the respiration rate, phosphorylation rate, proton-leak rate and proton motive force exerted by the respiratory chain, phosphorylation reactions and the proton leak were measured over a range of phosphorylation rates from resting (state 4) to maximal (state 3). These rates were obtained by adding different amounts of hexokinase in the presence of glucose, or different amounts of oligomycin in the presence of ADP. The respiratory substrate was NADH or succinate, both of which feed electrons directly to ubiquinone. The rate of oxygen consumption by the alternative oxidase pathway was negligible with NADH as substrate but was measurable with succinate and was subtracted. Control over the respiration rate in potato mitochondria was predominantly exerted by the respiratory chain at all rates except close to state 4, where control by the proton leak was equally or more important. For oxidation of NADH, the flux control coefficient over the respiration rate exerted by the respiratory chain in state 3 was between 0.8 and 1.0, while in state 4, control over the respiration rate was shared about equally between the chain and the proton leak. The control over the phosphorylation rate was predominantly exerted by the respiratory chain, although at low rates control by the phosphorylation system was also important. For oxidation of NADH, the flux control coefficient over the phosphorylation rate exerted by the respiratory chain in state 3 was 0.8-1.0, while near state 4 the flux control coefficients over the phosphorylation rate were about 0.8 for the phosphorylation system and 0.25 for the chain. Control over the proton leak rate was shared between the respiratory chain and the proton leak; the phosphorylation system had negative control. For oxidation of NADH, the flux control coefficients over the leak rate in state 3 were 1.0 for the leak, 0.4 for the chain and -0.4 for the phosphorylation system, while in state 4 the flux control coefficients over leak rate were about 0.5 for the leak and 0.5 for the chain. Control over the magnitude of the protonmotive force was small, between -0.2 and +0.2, reflecting the way the system operates to keep the protonmotive force fairly constant; the respiratory chain and the phosphorylation system had equal and opposite control and there was very little control by the proton leak except near state 4.     

Proton pump coupled to cytochrome c oxidase in Paracoccus denitrificans

The proton translocating properties of cytochrome c oxidase in whole cells of Paracoccus denitrificans have been studied with the oxidant pulse method. leads to H+/2e- quotients have been measured with endogenous substrates, added methanol and added ascorbate (+TMPD) as reductants, and oxygen and ferricyanide as oxidants. It was found that both the observed leads to H+/O with ascorbate (+TMPD) as reductant, and the differences in proton ejection between oxygen-and ferricyanide pulses, with endogenous substrates or added methanol as a substrate, indicate that the P. denitrificans cytochrome c oxidase translocates protons with a stoichiometry of 2H+/2e-. The results presented in this and previous papers are in good agreement with recent findings concerning the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase, and suggest unequal charge separation by different coupling segments of the respiratory chain of P. denitrificans.     

Mechanism of respiration-driven proton translocation in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Analysis of proton translocation associated with oxidation of endogenous ubiquinol.

A study is presented of the kinetics and stoichiometry of fast proton translocation associated to aerobic oxidation of components of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. 1. Aerobic oxidation of ubiquinol and b cytochromes is accompanied in EDTA particles, obtained by sonication of beef-heart mitochondria, by synchronous proton uptake. 2. The rapid proton uptake associated to oxidation and b cytochromes is greatly stimulated by valinomycin plus K+, but is unaffected by carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone. 3. 4 gion H+ are taken up per mol ubiquinol oxidized by oxygen. This H+/2e- ratio, measured in the rapid anaerobic-aerobic transition of the particles is unaffected by carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone. 4. Intact mitochondria aerobic oxidation of oxygen-terminal electron carriers is accompanied by antimycin-insensitive synchronous proton release, oxidation of ubiquinol and reduction of b cytochromes. The amount of protons released is in excess with respect to the amount of ubiquinol oxidized. 5. It is concluded that electron flow along complex III, from ubiquinol to cytochrome c, is directly coupled to vectorial proton translocation. The present data suggest that there exist(s) between ubiquinol and cytochrome c one (or two) respiratory carrier(s), whose oxido-reduction is directly linked to effective transmembrane proton translocation.     

Respiration-linked proton translocation in the obligate methylotroph Methylophilus methylotrophus.

The stoicheiometries of respiration-linked proton translocation in Methylophilus methylotrophus were determined by using both the oxygen-pulse and initial-rate methods. The latter has also been used to determine leads to charge/O quotients (measured as yield K+/O quotients) in order to ascertain whether the leads to H+/O quotients might be underestimated by H+/anion symport. The results suggest that 6H+/O are translocated during NADH oxidation, and that 2H+/O are translocated during the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde. There was no evidence for underestimation of the leads to H+/O quotients due to H+/anion symport, except by the movement of formic acid during formate oxidation. By comparing these results with the known growth efficiencies of this organism, an leads to H+/ATP quotient of close to 2 g-ions of H+/mol of ATP can be calculated. It is proposed that the respiratory chain in Methylophilus methylotrophus is arranged such that there are three sites of energy conservation for NADH oxidation, each translocating 2H+ and each linked to the synthesis of one molecule of ATP. Only the third site of energy conservation is involved in methanol oxidation.     

Uptake of the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP+) by mitochondria and its relation to the inhibition of the mitochondrial oxidation of NAD+-linked substrates by MPP+

1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP+), a major product of the oxidation of the neurotoxic amine 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) has been postulated to be the compound responsible for destruction of nigrostriatal neurons in man and primates and for inhibition of mitochondrial NADH oxidation which leads to cell death. We have confirmed that 0.5 mM MPP+ inhibits extensively the oxidation of NAD+-linked substrates in intact liver mitochondria in State 3 and after uncoupling, while succinate oxidation is unaffected. However, in inverted mitochondria, inner membrane preparations, and Complex I NADH oxidation is not significantly affected at this concentration of MPP+, nor are malate and glutamate dehydrogenases or the carriers of these substrates inhibited. We report here the discovery of an uptake system for MPP+ in mitochondria which is greatly potentiated by the presence of malate plus glutamate and inhibited by respiratory inhibitors, suggesting an energy-dependent carrier. A 40-fold concentration of MPP+ in the mitochondria occurs in ten minutes. This might account for the inhibition of malate and glutamate oxidation in intact mitochondria.     

Cyanide-Resistant Respiration in Suspension Cultured Cells of Nicotiana glutinosa L

The respiration of dark-grown Nicotiana glutinosa L. cells in liquid suspension culture was found to be highly cyanide resistant and salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) sensitive, indicative of an active alternative respiratory pathway. This was especially true during the lag and logarithmic phases of the 14-day growth cycle. Mitochondria isolated from logarithmically growing cells exhibited active oxidation of malate, succinate, and exogenous NADH. Oxidation of all three substrates had an optimum pH of 6.5 and all were highly resistant to inhibited by cyanide and sensitive to SHAM. Respiratory control was exhibited by all three substrates but only if SHAM was present to block the alternative pathway and divert electrons to the phosphorylating cytochrome pathway. The cyanide-resistant oxidation of exogenous NADH has previously only been associated with Arum spadix mitochondria. Coemergence during evolution of the alternative respiratory pathway and the exogenous NADH dehydrogenase in plant mitochondria as a possible mechanism for removal of cytoplasmic NADH is proposed. Evidence is presented which suggests that mitochondrial assays should be performed at pH 6.5.