NS3蛋白在黄病毒科病毒生命活动中的作用

黄病毒科病毒包括三个属,即黄病毒属(Flavivirus),瘟病毒属(Pestivirus)和丙型肝炎病毒属(Hepacivirus)。这些病毒均能引起人和动物患严重疾病。黄病毒属黄热病毒(Yellow fever virus,YFV)、登革病毒(Dengue virus,DEN)能引起发烧、出血,患者死亡率极高,瘟病毒属牛腹泻病     

NS3蛋白在黄病毒科病毒生命活动中的作用

黄病毒科病毒包括三个属,即黄病毒属(Flavivirus),瘟病毒属(Pestivirus)和丙型肝炎病毒属(Hepacivirus).这些病毒均能引起人和动物患严重疾病.黄病毒属黄热病毒(Yellow fever virus,YFV)、登革病毒(Dengue virus,DEN)能引起发烧、出血,患者死亡率极高,瘟病毒属牛腹泻病毒(Bovine viral diarrhea petivirus, BVDV)、猪瘟病毒(Classical swine fever virus, CSFV)等能引起其各自宿主家畜患严重疾病.近年来,又发现丙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis C virus, HCV)与人类原发性肝癌和肝硬化密切相关.然而,目前仍没有对各种黄病毒科病毒有效的治疗方法.尤其是近年来干扰素对丙型肝炎治疗的疗效低,反复率高,使得研究更为有效的抗病毒药物成为各种病毒疾病治疗中亟待解决的问题之一.在BVDV的研究中发现,当非结构蛋白NS3蛋白与NS2蛋白一起以复合物的形式存在时,病毒对其寄主是非致病性的;而当NS3蛋白独立地存在时,病毒颗粒是致病性的[1].这提示NS3蛋白很可能与病毒的致病性密切相关.而且,序列分析表明非结构蛋白NS3(nonstructure protein 3)是黄病毒科病毒中最为保守的非结构蛋白.后来许多研究证明NS3蛋白参与蛋白质水解加工,以及病毒的复制,对病毒的生命循环是必需的.因此,NS3蛋白成为了人们研究的一个热点.     

辛德毕斯病毒基因组结构与功能研究进展

辛德毕斯病毒(Sindbis virus, SINV)属于披膜病毒科(Togaviridea)甲病毒属(Alphavirus),为甲病毒属的代表株.1952年首次分离于埃及尼罗河三角洲辛德毕斯地区库蚊中,国际将首次分离的AR339株作为SINV的标准株.     

口蹄疫病毒基因组RNA结构与功能研究进展

1 概述 口蹄疫病毒(foot-and-mouth disease virus,FMDV)属小RNA病毒科FMDV属,根据动物交叉保护和血清学试验分为O、A、C、SAT1、SAT2、SAT3和Asial 7个血清型,型间无交叉反应.每型又根据抗原亲缘关系分为不同亚型.小RNA病毒科包括鼻病毒、肠道病毒、甲肝病毒、心病毒和口蹄疫病毒5个属.     

辛德毕斯病毒基因组结构与功能研究进展

辛德毕斯病毒(Sindbis virus, SINV)属于披膜病毒科(Togaviridea)甲病毒属(Alphavirus),为甲病毒属的代表株.1952年首次分离于埃及尼罗河三角洲辛德毕斯地区库蚊中,国际将首次分离的AR339株作为SINV的标准株.SINV可引起人类多种中毒反应包括发热、皮疹、关节炎甚至脑炎.SINV世界性分布,在很多地区流行,印度、南非、澳大利亚、俄罗斯等地区均从库蚊标本中分离到该病毒.     

黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒辽宁分离物外壳蛋白基因与3′非编码区的序列分析

黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒(Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus,CGMMV)为烟草花叶病毒属(Tobamovirus)成员,Tobamovirus属病毒基因组至少编码4个蛋白,靠近5′端的126kDa和183kDa两个蛋白与病毒的复制有关,其中183kDa是由126kDa蛋白终止子超读产生的;另外两个蛋白分别为约30kDa的移动     

兔病毒性出血症病毒基因组结构与功能研究进展

兔病毒性出血症病毒(Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus,RHDV)是一种对兔具有高度致病性和致死性的病毒,所引发的疫病俗称”兔瘟”,其病死率高达100%,是一种对养兔业危害性比较严重的重要传染病。RHDV在分类地位上属于杯状病毒科(Caliciviridae),兔病毒属(Lagovirus)。迄今所发     

兔病毒性出血症病毒基因组结构与功能研究进展

兔病毒性出血症病毒(Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus,RHDV)是一种对兔具有高度致病性和致死性的病毒,所引发的疫病俗称"兔瘟",其病死率高达100%,是一种对养兔业危害性比较严重的重要传染病.RHDV在分类地位上属于杯状病毒科(Caliciviridae),兔病毒属(Lagovirus).     

侵染陕西洋葱的胡葱黄条病毒基因组全序列分析

葱属植物病毒病害在世界范围内广泛发生,严重危害生产,如果要有效控制病害,首先需要明确病毒的种类及它们的分子生物学特征。Dijk根据寄主范围和血清学的差异,将全世界5700份葱属植物上发生的马铃薯Y病毒属(Potyvirus)成员区分为4个不同的种:韭葱黄条病毒(Leek yellowstripevirus,LYSV)、洋葱黄矮病毒(Onion yellowdwarf virus,OYDV)、胡葱黄条病毒(Shallotyellow stripe virus,SYSV)和大葱黄条病毒(Welsh onion yellowstripe virus,WoYSV)[1]。它们的寄主通常局限于一种或几种葱属植物,其中LYSV主要寄主为大蒜(garlic)、韭葱(le…     

Coltivirus病毒属研究进展

Coltivirus病毒属(Coltivirus,Colti)为呼肠病毒科病毒,以科罗拉多蜱媒热病毒(Colorado tick fever virus,CTFV)为代表株,该病毒原为环状病毒属成员,由于其对人有致病性,可引起人的发热和脑炎,病毒核心的衣壳表面结构不同于典型的环状病毒,尤其是病毒基因组为12个双链RNA节段而不是环状病毒的10个节段,核酸分子量27×106,远比环状病毒(18×106)大,故单列一属.目前全世界已在美洲、亚洲和欧洲等地分离到数十株Colti病毒(主要病毒株的分离年代和地区见表1).     

Phosphonate inhibitors of West Nile virus NS2B/NS3 protease

West Nile virus (WNV) is a member of the flavivirus genus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. The viral serine protease NS2B/NS3 has been considered an attractive target for the development of anti-WNV agents. Although several NS2B/NS3 protease inhibitors have been described so far, most of them are reversible inhibitors. Herein, we present a series of α-aminoalkylphosphonate diphenyl esters and their peptidyl derivatives as potent inhibitors of the NS2B/NS3 protease. The most potent inhibitor identified was Cbz-Lys-Arg-(4-GuPhe)^P(OPh)₂ displaying K_i and k₂/K_i values of 0.4 µM and 28 265 M^?1s^?1, respectively, with no significant inhibition of trypsin, cathepsin G, and HAT protease.     

Modulation of Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Hyperphosphorylation by Nonstructural Proteins NS3, NS4A, and NS4B

NS5A of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a highly phosphorylated protein involved in resistance against interferon and required most likely for replication of the viral genome. Phosphorylation of this protein is mediated by a cellular kinase(s) generating multiple proteins with different electrophoretic mobilities. In the case of the genotype 1b isolate HCV-J, in addition to the basal phosphorylated NS5A (designated pp56), a hyperphosphorylated form (pp58) was found on coexpression of NS4A (T. Kaneko, Y. Tanji, S. Satoh, M. Hijikata, S. Asabe, K. Kimura, and K. Shimotohno, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 205:320-326, 1994). Using a comparative analysis of two full-length genomes of genotype 1b, competent or defective for NS5A hyperphosphorylation, we investigated the requirements for this NS5A modification. We found that hyperphosphorylation occurs when NS5A is expressed as part of a continuous NS3-5A polyprotein but not when it is expressed on its own or trans complemented with one or several other viral proteins. Results obtained with chimeras of both genomes show that single amino acid substitutions within NS3 that do not affect polyprotein cleavage can enhance or reduce NS5A hyperphosphorylation. Furthermore, mutations in the central or carboxy-terminal NS4A domain as well as small deletions in NS4B can also reduce or block hyperphosphorylation without affecting polyprotein processing. These requirements most likely reflect the formation of a highly ordered NS3-5A multisubunit complex responsible for the differential phosphorylation of NS5A and probably also for modulation of its biological activities.     

Ultrastructure of Kunjin virus-infected cells: colocalization of NS1 and NS3 with double-stranded RNA, and of NS2B with NS3, in virus-induced membrane structures.

The subcellular location of the nonstructural proteins NS1, NS2B, and NS3 in Vero cells infected with the flavivirus Kunjin was investigated using indirect immunofluorescence and cryoimmunoelectron microscopy with monospecific antibodies. Comparisons were also made by dual immunolabelling using antibodies to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), the putative template in the flavivirus replication complex. At 8 h postinfection, the immunofluorescent patterns showed NS1, NS2B, NS3, and dsRNA located in a perinuclear rim with extensions into the peripheral cytoplasm. By 16 h, at the end of the latent period, all patterns had changed to some discrete perinuclear foci associated with a thick cytoplasmic reticulum. By 24 h, this localization in perinuclear foci was more apparent and some foci were dual labelled with antibodies to dsRNA. In immuno-gold-labelled cryosections of infected cells at 24 h, all antibodies were associated with clusters of induced membrane structures in the perinuclear region. Two important and novel observations were made. First, one set of induced membranes comprised vesicle packets of smooth membranes dual labelled with anti-dsRNA and anti-NS1 or anti-NS3 antibodies. Second, adjacent masses of paracrystalline arrays or of convoluted smooth membranes, which appeared to be structurally related, were strongly labelled only with anti-NS2B and anti-NS3 antibodies. Paired membranes similar in appearance to the rough endoplasmic reticulum were also labelled, but less strongly, with antibodies to the three nonstructural proteins. Other paired membranes adjacent to the structures discussed above enclosed accumulated virus particles but were not labelled with any of the four antibodies. The collection of induced membranes may represent virus factories in which translation, RNA synthesis, and virus assembly occur.     

Bluetongue Virus Nonstructural Protein NS3/NS3a Is Not Essential for Virus Replication

Orbiviruses form the largest genus of the family Reoviridae consisting of at least 23 different virus species. One of these is the bluetongue virus (BTV) and causes severe hemorrhagic disease in ruminants, and is transmitted by bites of Culicoides midges. BTV is a non-enveloped virus which is released from infected cells by cell lysis and/or a unique budding process induced by nonstructural protein NS3/NS3a encoded by genome segment 10 (Seg-10). Presence of both NS3 and NS3a is highly conserved in Culicoides borne orbiviruses which is suggesting an essential role in virus replication. We used reverse genetics to generate BTV mutants to study the function of NS3/NS3a in virus replication. Initially, BTV with small insertions in Seg-10 showed no CPE but after several passages these BTV mutants reverted to CPE phenotype comparable to wtBTV, and NS3/NS3a expression returned by repair of the ORF. These results show that there is a strong selection for functional NS3/NS3a. To abolish NS3 and/or NS3a expression, Seg-10 with one or two mutated start codons (mutAUG1, mutAUG2 and mutAUG1+2) were used to generate BTV mutants. Surprisingly, all three BTV mutants were generated and the respective AUG^Met→GCC^Ala mutations were maintained. The lack of expression of NS3, NS3a, or both proteins was confirmed by westernblot analysis and immunostaining of infected cells with NS3/NS3a Mabs. Growth of mutAUG1 and mutAUG1+2 virus in BSR cells was retarded in both insect and mammalian cells, and particularly virus release from insect cells was strongly reduced. Our findings now enable research on the role of RNA sequences of Seg-10 independent of known gene products, and on the function of NS3/NS3a proteins in both types of cells as well as in the host and insect vector.     

丙型肝炎病毒的非结构蛋白3抑制剂

丙型肝炎严重威胁人类健康,非结构蛋白3（NS3）在丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）多聚蛋白水解过程中起重要作用,被公认为治疗丙型肝炎的有效药物靶标。该文介绍目前国内外有关NS3蛋白酶抑制剂（包括寡肽类抑制剂和非肽小分子抑制剂）的研究进展。     

Cleavage of the dengue virus polyprotein at the NS3/NS4A and NS4B/NS5 junctions is mediated by viral protease NS2B-NS3, whereas NS4A/NS4B may be processed by a cellular protease.

The cleavage mechanism utilized for processing of the NS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5 domain of the dengue virus polyprotein was studied by using the vaccinia virus expression system. Recombinant vaccinia viruses vNS2B-NS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5, vNS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5, vNS4A-NS4B-NS5, and vNS4B-NS5 were constructed. These recombinants were used to infect cells, and the labeled lysates were analyzed by immunoprecipitation. Recombinant vNS2B-NS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5 expressed the authentic NS3 and NS5 proteins, but the other recombinants produced uncleaved polyproteins. These findings indicate that NS2B is required for processing of the downstream nonstructural proteins, including the NS3/NS4A and NS4B/NS5 junctions, both of which contain a dibasic amino acid sequence preceding the cleavage site. The flavivirus NS4A/NS4B cleavage site follows a long hydrophobic sequence. The polyprotein NS4A-NS4B-NS5 was cleaved at the NS4A/NS4B junction in the absence of other dengue virus functions. One interpretation for this finding is that NS4A/NS4B cleavage is mediated by a host protease, presumably a signal peptidase. Although vNS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5 expressed only the polyprotein, earlier results demonstrated that cleavage at the NS4A/NS4B junction occurred when an analogous recombinant, vNS3-NS4A-84%NS4B, was expressed. Thus, it appears that uncleaved NS3 plus NS5 inhibit NS4A/NS4B cleavage presumably because the putative signal sequence is not accessible for recognition by the responsible protease. Finally, recombinants that expressed an uncleaved NS4B-NS5 polyprotein, such as vNS4A-NS4B-NS5 or vNS4B-NS5, produced NS5 when complemented with vNS2B-30%NS3 or with vNS2B plus v30%NS3. These results indicate that cleavage at the NS4B/NS5 junction can be mediated by NS2B and NS3 in trans.     

Hepatitis C viral NS3-4A protease activity is enhanced by the NS3 helicase

Non-structural protein 3 (NS3) is a multifunctional enzyme possessing serine protease, NTPase, and RNA unwinding activities that are required for hepatitis C viral (HCV) replication. HCV non-structural protein 4A (NS4A) binds to the N-terminal NS3 protease domain to stimulate NS3 serine protease activity. In addition, the NS3 protease domain enhances the RNA binding, ATPase, and RNA unwinding activities of the C-terminal NS3 helicase domain (NS3hel). To determine whether NS3hel enhances the NS3 serine protease activity, we purified truncated and full-length NS3-4A complexes and examined their serine protease activities under a variety of salt and pH conditions. Our results indicate that the helicase domain enhances serine protease activity, just as the protease domain enhances helicase activity. Thus, the two enzymatic domains of NS3-4A are highly interdependent. This is the first time that such a complete interdependence has been demonstrated for a multifunctional, single chain enzyme. NS3-4A domain interdependence has important implications for function during the viral lifecycle as well as for the design of inhibitor screens that target the NS3-4A protease.     

Single-point mutations of hepatitis C virus NS3 that impair p53 interaction and anti-apoptotic activity of NS3

The N-terminal domain of NS3 of hepatitis C virus (HCV) possesses serine protease activity, which is essential for virus replication. This portion is also implicated in malignant transformation of hepatocytes. We previously demonstrated that an N-terminal portion of NS3 formed a complex with the tumor suppressor p53 and suppressed actinomycin D-induced apoptosis. We report here that single-point mutations of NS3 at position 106 from Leu to Ala (L106A), and position 43 from Phe to Ala (F43A) to a lesser extent, significantly impaired complex formation with p53. Moreover, the L106A mutation impaired an otherwise more distinct anti-apoptotic activity of NS3. F43A and L106A mutations also inhibited serine protease activity of NS3. These results collectively suggest the possibility that Leu106 and Phe43 are involved in p53 interaction and serine protease activity, and therefore, can be a good target for certain low-molecular-weight compound(s) to inhibit both oncogenic and replicative abilities of HCV.     

The two-component NS2B-NS3 proteinase represses DNA unwinding activity of the West Nile virus NS3 helicase

Similar to many flavivirus types including Dengue and yellow fever viruses, the nonstructural NS3 multifunctional protein of West Nile virus (WNV) with an N-terminal serine proteinase domain and an RNA triphosphatase, an NTPase domain, and an RNA helicase in the C-terminal domain is implicated in both polyprotein processing and RNA replication and is therefore a promising drug target. To exhibit its proteolytic activity, NS3 proteinase requires the presence of the cofactor encoded by the upstream NS2B sequence. During our detailed investigation of the biology of the WNV helicase, we characterized the ATPase and RNA/DNA unwinding activities of the full-length NS2B-NS3 proteinase-helicase protein as well as the individual NS3 helicase domain lacking both the NS2B cofactor and the NS3 proteinase sequence and the individual NS3 proteinase-helicase lacking only the NS2B cofactor. We determined that both the NS3 helicase and NS3 proteinase-helicase constructs are capable of unwinding both the DNA and the RNA templates. In contrast, the full-length NS2B-NS3 proteinase-helicase unwinds only the RNA templates, whereas its DNA unwinding activity is severely repressed. Our data suggest that the productive, catalytically competent fold of the NS2B-NS3 proteinase moiety represents an essential component of the RNA-DNA substrate selectivity mechanism in WNV and, possibly, in other flaviviruses. Based on our data, we hypothesize that the mechanism we have identified plays a role yet to be determined in WNV replication occurring both within the virus-induced membrane-bound replication complexes in the host cytoplasm and in the nuclei of infected cells.     

Hepatitis C virus NS2/3 processing is required for NS3 stability and viral RNA replication

The hepatitis C virus NS2/3 protease is responsible for cleavage of the viral polyprotein between nonstructural proteins NS2 and NS3. We show here that mutation of three highly conserved residues in NS2 (His(952), Glu(972), and Cys(993)) abrogates NS2/3 protease activity and that introduction of any of these mutations into subgenomic NS2-5B replicons results in complete inactivation of NS2/3 processing and RNA replication in both stable and transient replication assays. The effect of uncleaved NS2 on the various activities of NS3 was therefore explored. Unprocessed NS2 had no significant effect on the in vitro ATPase and helicase activities of NS3, whereas immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated a decreased affinity of NS4A for uncleaved NS2/3 as compared with NS3. This subsequently resulted in reduced kinetics in an in vitro NS3 protease assay with the unprocessed NS2/3 protein. Interestingly, NS3 was still capable of efficient processing of the polyprotein expressed from a subgenomic replicon in Huh-7 cells in the presence of uncleaved NS2. Notably, we show that fusion with NS2 leads to the rapid degradation of NS3, whose activity is essential for RNA replication. Finally, we demonstrate that uncleaved NS2/3 degradation can be prevented by the addition of a proteasome inhibitor. We therefore propose that NS2/3 processing is a critical step in the viral life cycle and is required to permit the accumulation of sufficient NS3 for RNA replication to occur. The regulation of NS2/3 cleavage could constitute a novel mechanism of switching between viral RNA replication and other processes of the hepatitis C virus life cycle.