共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Rhodospirillum rubrum was grown continuously and photoheterotrophically under light limitation using a cylindrical photobioreactor in which the steady state biomass concentration was varied between 0.4 to 4 kg m–3 at a constant radiant incident flux of 100 W m–2. Kinetic and stoichiometric models for the growth are proposed. The biomass productivities, acetate consumption rate and the CO2 production rate can be quantitatively predicted to a high level of accuracy by the proposed model calculations.
Nomenclature:
C
X, biomass concentration (kg m–3) D, dilution rate (h–1) Ea, mean mass absorption coefficient (m2 kg–1) I
, total available radiant light energy (W m–2) K, half saturation constant for light (W m–2) R
W, boundary radius defining the working illuminated volume (m) r
X, local biomass volumetric rate (kg m–3 h–1) <r
X>, mean volumetric growth rate (kg m–3 h–1) V
W, illuminated working volume in the PBR (m–3).
Greek letters:
, working illuminated fraction (–) M, maximum quantum yield (–) bar, mean energetic yield (kg J–1). 相似文献
2.
Summary The phenotype distribution and gene frequencies of serum
1-antitrypsin in 856 healthy blood donors in Tokyo were examined by gel slab isoelectric focusing (pH 4–6). The allele of the common subtype variant Pi M2 was present with a frequency of 0.1099 in Japanese. A study of 23 twin pairs and their parents was in agreement with the hypothesis of autosomal codominant inheritance of Pi M subtypes. Other rare variant alleles, Pi MF, Pi MS, Pi MN, Pi MV, Pi MX, Pi MZ were found in very low frequencies.The total concentration of serum
1-antitrypsin was compared among three different phenotypic groups (M1, M1M2, M2). Statistically significant quantitative differences were found among these three groups (P<0.01). 相似文献
3.
M. O. Ilori O. O. Amund O. Omidiji 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》1995,11(5):595-596
An extracellular glucose-forming amylase was produced by Lactobacillus brevis isolated from Kagasok tea. The enzyme was purified 70-fold and had optimal activity at 55°C and pH 6.5. Its K
m value for starch was 0.27 mg ml-1 and its M
r was approx. 75,900 Da. The activity of the enzyme was enhanced by Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ or K+ and inhibited by EDTA, KCN, citric acid and l-cysteine. 相似文献
4.
Merten Jabben 《Planta》1980,149(1):91-96
The phytochrome system is analyzed in light-grown maize (Zea mays L.) plants, which were prevented from greening by application of the herbicide SAN 9789. The dark kinetics of phytochrome are not different in the first, second or third leaf. It is concluded that in light-grown maize plants phytochrome levels are regulated by Pr formation and Pfr and Pr destruction, rather than by PfrPr dark reversion. Pr undergoes destruction after it has been cycled through Pfr. The consequences of this Pr destruction on the phytochrome system are discussed.Abbreviations SAN 9789
4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(,,-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3(2H) pyridazinone
- Pfr
far-red absorbing form of phytochrome
- Pr
red absorbing form of phytochrome
- Ptot
Pfr+Pr 相似文献
5.
C. Claret A. Bories P. Soucaille 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》1993,11(2):105-112
Summary Microbial conversion of glycerol into dihydroxyacetone (DHA) byGluconobacter oxydans was subjected to inhibition by excess substrate. Comparison of cultures containing increasing initial DHA contents (0 to 100 g l–1) demonstrated that DHA also inhibited this fermentation process. The first effect was on bacterial growth (cellular development stopped when DHA concentration reached 67 gl–1), and then on oxidation of glycerol (DHA synthesis only occurred when the DHA concentration in the culture medium was lower than 85 g l–1). Productivity, specific rates and, to a lesser extent, conversion yields decreased as initial concentrations of DHA increased. The changes in the specific parameters according to increasing initial DHA contents were described by general equations. These formulae satisfactorily express the concave aspect of the curves and the reduction in biological activity when the cells were in contact with DHA concentrations of up to 96 g l–1.Abbreviations
X, S, P
biomass, substrate, product concentrations
-
r
x,r
s,r
p
rates of growth, consumption and production
- ,q
s,q
p
specific rates of growth, glycerol consumption and DHA production
-
Y
x/s, Yp/s
conversion yields of substrate into biomass and product
-
K
s
constant of affinity of cells to the substrate
-
K
ip
product inhibition constant
-
P
m
threshold concentration of DHA in substrate 相似文献
6.
Summary The cytochemical reaction for surface-bound horseradish peroxidase (HRP) on cultured HeLa cells, GH3 cells, and isolated rat liver cells was suppressed by 30 M monosialoganglioside, by 30 M trisialoganglioside, or by 5 mM CMP-neurminic acid. The reaction was also suppressed by 10 mM chitotriose or by 10 mM UDP-galactose, a galactose acceptor and donor, respectively, for galactosyltransferase. The addition of 2 mM Mn2+ to the incubation medium with HRP suppressed the reaction for surfacebound HRP, and the addition of 10–20 mM Ca2+ intensified the reaction. The addition of 2 mM Zn2+ caused less inhibition than that of 2 mM Mn2+, and the addition of 2 mM Co2+ caused either a slight inhibition, or no inhibition. These observations support the hypothesis that HRP may be bound to a glycosyltransferase at the cell surface. 相似文献
7.
Purification and Characterization of β-N-Acetylhexosaminidase from the Liver Prawn,Penaeus japonicus
《Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry》2013,77(2):194-199
β-N-Acetvlhexosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.52) was purified from the liver of a prawn, Penaeus japonicus, by ammonium sulfate fractionation and chromatography with Sephadex G-100, hydroxylapatite, DEAE-Cellulofine, and Cellulofine GCL-2000-m. The purified enzyme showed a single band keeping the potential activity on both native PAGE and SDS–PAGE. The apparent molecular weight was 64,000 and 110,000 by SDS–PAGE and gel filtration, respectively. The pI was less than 3.2 by chromatofocusing. The aminoterminal amino acid sequence was NH2-Thr-Leu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Trp-Gly-Trp-Ala-?-Asp-Gln-Gly-VaI-?-Val-Lys-Gly-Glu-Pro-. The optimum pH and temperature were 5.0 to 5.5 and 50°C, respectively. The enzyme was stable from pH 4 to 11, and below 55°C. It was 39% inhibited by 10mM HgCl2.Steady-state kinetic analysis was done with the purified enzyme using N-acetylchitooligosaccharides (GlcNAcn, n = 2 to 6) and p-nitrophenyl N-acetylchitooligosaccharides (pNp-β-GlcNAcn, n= 1 to 3) as the substrates. The enzyme hydrolyzed all of these substrates to release monomeric GlcNAc from the non-reducing end of the substrate. The parameters of Km and kcat at 25°C and pH 5.5 were 0.137 mM and 598s–1 for pNp-β-GlcNAc, 0.117 mM and 298s–1 for GlcNAc2, 0.055 mM and 96.4s–1 for GlcNAc3, 0.044 mM and 30.1 s–1 for GlcNAc4, 0.045 mM and 14.7 s–1 for GlcNAc5, and 0.047 mM and 8.3 s–1 for GlcNAc6, respectively. These results suggest that this β-N-acetylhexosaminidase is an exo-type hydrolytic enzyme involved in chitin degradation, and prefers the shorter substrates. 相似文献
8.
Day/night changes in turgor pressure (P) and titratable acidity content were investigated in the (Crassulacean-acid-metabolism (CAM) plant Kalanchoe daigremontiana. Measurements of P were made on individual mesophyll cells of intact attached leaves using the pressure-probe technique. Under conditions of high relative humidity, when transpiration rates were minimal, changes in P correlated well with changes in the level of titratable acidity. During the standard 12 h light/12 h dark cycle, maximum turgor pressure (0.15 MPa) occurred at the end of the dark period when the level of titratable acidity was highest (about 300 eq H+·g-1 fresh weight). A close relationship between P and titratable acidity was also seen in leaves exposed to perturbations of the standard light/dark cycle. (The dark period was either prolonged, or else only CO2-free air was supplied in this period). In plants deprived of irrigation for five weeks, diurnal changes in titratable acidity of the leaves were reduced (H=160 eq H+·g-1 fresh weight) and P increased from essentially zero at the end of the light period to 0.02 MPa at the end of the dark period. Following more severe water stress (experiments were made on leaves which had been detached for five weeks), P was zero throughout day and night, yet small diurnal changes in titratable acidity were still measured. These findings are discussed in relation to a hypothesis by Lüttge et al. 1975 (Plant Physiol. 56,613-616) for the role of P in the regulation of acidification/de-acidification cycles of plants exhibiting CAM.Abbreviations CAM
crassulacean acid metabolism
- FW
fresh weight
-
P
turgor pressure 相似文献
9.
Antonietta Bernardo Mario Patrizio Giulio Levi Tamara C. Petrucci 《Cellular and molecular neurobiology》1994,14(2):159-173
Summary 1. We have previously shown that acute exposure to the HIV coat protein gp120 interferes with the -adrenergic regulation of astroglial and microglial cells (Leviet al., 1993). In particular, exposure to 100 pM gp120 for 30 min depressed the phosphorylation of vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) induced by isoproterenol in rat cortical astrocyte cultures. In the present study we have extended our analysis on the effects of gp120 on astroglial protein phosphorylation.2. We found that chronic (3-day) treatment of the cells with 100 pM gp120 before exposure to isoproterenol was substantially more effective than acute treatment in depressing the stimulatory effect of the -adrenergic agonist on vimentin and GFAP phosphorylation.3. Even after chronic treatment with gp120, no differences were found in the levels and solubility of these proteins.4. Besides stimulating the phosphorylation of intermediate filament proteins, isoproterenol inhibited the incorporation of32P into a soluble acidic protein of 80,000M
r
, which was only minimally present in Triton X-100-insoluble extracts.5. Treatment of astrocytes with a phorbol ester or exposure to3H-myristic acid indicated that the acidic 80,000M
r
protein is a substrate for protein kinase C (PKC) and is myristoylated, thus suggesting that it is related to the MARCKS family of PKC substrates.6. Acute (30-min) treatment with 100 pM gp120 totally prevented the inhibitory effect of isoproterenol on the phorphorylation of the 80,000M
r
MARCKS-like protein.7. Our studies corroborate the hypothesis that viral components may contribute to the neuropathological changes observed in AIDS through the alteration of signal transduction systems in glial cells. 相似文献
10.
Summary The genetical control of basidiospore production by sporophores of the fungus Coprinus congregatus was studied. This species is characterized by a bipolar compatibility control, and homokaryons with complementary alleles A1 and A2 can be distinguished apart. We confirmed that the pale mushroom phenotype of the fungus is determined by a nuclear gene symbolized pal. This gene also controls a sporeless character and segregates independently of the mating-type locus. Dikaryons homoallelic for the pal
– allele produce typical pale and sporeless sporophores, while heteroallelic (pal
+, pal
–) and homoallelic (pal
+, pal
+) dikaryons produce normal or almost normal sporulating sporophores. In order to segregate homokaryons homoallelic for the pal gene (A1, pal
–; A1, pal
+, A2, pal
–; A2, pal
+), the following protocols were used: (a) the dikaryotization of stock homokaryons containing the pal
+ allele and of each mating type, A1 or A2, by dikaryotic mycelia homoallelic for the pal
– allele; (b) the culturing of homokaryotic mycelia issuing from the germination of basidiospores from sporophores produced by dikaryotic mycelia heterokaryotic for the pal gene; (c) the culturing of mycelia grown from protoplasts obtained from dikaryons homoallelic for the pal
– allele (D6 strain), and from homokaryons heteroallelic for the pal gene (H8), or homoallelic for pal
#x002B;+ allele (H7). These techniques enabled us to segregate homokaryons of the four types defined above and were indispensable in the segregation of the pal
– homoallelic homokaryons as no basidiospores were produced by typical pale mushrooms. 相似文献
11.
Diurnal changes in leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence in tropical tree species with contrasting light requirements 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Atsushi Ishida Takashi Nakano Yoosuke Matsumoto Mutsumi Sakoda Lai Hoe Ang 《Ecological Research》1999,14(2):77-88
Interspecific ecophysiological differences in response to different light environments are important to consider in regeneration behavior and forest dynamics. The diurnal changes in leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of two dipterocarps, Shorea leprosula (a high light-requiring) and Neobalanocarpus heimii (a low light-requiring), and a pioneer tree species (Macaranga gigantea) growing in open and gap sites were examined. In the open site, the maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pn), photosystem II (PSII) quantum yield (; F/Fm), and relative electron transport rate (r-ETR) through PSII at a given photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was higher in S. leprosula and M. gigantea than in N. heimii, while non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) at a given PPFD was higher in N. heimii. The maximum values of net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in M. gigantea and S. leprosula was higher in the open site (8–11 mol m–2 s–1) than in the gap site (5 mol m–2 s–1), whereas that in N. heimii was lower in the open site (2 mol m–2 s–1) than in the gap site (4 mol m–2 s–1), indicating that N. heimii was less favorable to the open site. These data provide evidence to support the hypothesis that ecophysiological characteristics link with plants regeneration behavior and successional status. Although Pn and stomatal conductance decreased at midday in M. gigantea and S. leprosula in the open site, both r-ETR and leaf temperature remained unchanged. This indicates that stomatal closure rather than reduced photochemical capacity limited Pn in the daytime. Conversely, there was reduced r-ETR under high PPFD conditions in N. heimii in the open site, indicating reduced photochemical capacity. In the gap site, Pn increased in all leaves in the morning before exposure to direct sunlight, suggesting a relatively high use of diffuse light in the morning. 相似文献
12.
Kyo Aoki Yuzo Yamada Yasutaka Tahara 《Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry》2013,77(7):1693-1695
A new aryl-peptidyl amidase has been isolated from a Lactobacillus casei homogenate. Its ribosomal localization was shown by fractionation and its general properties studied after purification on Sepharose 6B and DEAE-Sephacel. The enzyme requires 1 mM Mg2+ for stability, while Zn2+, Mn2+, Co2+ and Ca2+ result in only partial stability. No inhibitory effects were noted after treatment with phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride or EDTA. Enzymatic activity was totally inhibited by 5mM p-hydroxymercuribenzoate; activity was restored by dithiothreitol. The only substrates hydrolyzed by this enzyme were the succinyl-L-phenylalanine-p-nitroanilide type, with a pH optimum between 6 and 7 and a Michaelis constant of 0.76 mM. No hydrolysis could be detected using proteins, peptides, amides or esterase substrates. This enzyme would thus not be an endopeptidase (E.C. 3.4.21), but would to rather be considered as belonging to the group of amidases (E.C. 3.5.1) 相似文献
13.
The relative importance of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA), as well as Na+ and Cl– in NaCl-induced responses related to growth in roots of rice seedlings were investigated. The increase in ammonium, proline and H2O2 levels, and cell wall peroxidase (POD) activity has been shown to be related to NaCl-inhibited root growth of rice seedlings. Increasing concentrations of NaCl from 50 to 150 mM progressively decreased root growth and increased both Na+ and Cl–. Treatment with NaCl in the presence of 4,4-diisothiocyano-2,2-disulfonic acid (DIDS, a nonpermeating amino-reactive disulfonic acid known to inhibit the uptake of Cl–) had less Cl– level in roots than that in the absence of DIDS, but did not affect the levels of Na+, and responses related to growth in roots. Treatment with 50 mM Na-gluconate (the anion of which is not permeable to membrane) had similar Na+ level in roots as that with 100 mM NaCl. It was found that treatment with 50 mM Na-gluconate effected growth reduction and growth-related responses in roots in the same way as 100 mM NaCl. All these results suggest that Cl– is not required for NaCl-induced responses in root of rice seedlings. Endogenous ABA level showed no increase in roots of rice seedlings exposed to 150 mM NaCl. It is unlikely that ABA is associated with NaCl-inhibited root growth of rice seedlings. 相似文献
14.
A genetic investigation of electrophoretic hemoglobin variants of the deermouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, shows three alleles, HbI
f, HbIr, and HbI
o, at a duplicated site controlling the six adult phenotypes. The HbI
fallele has not been described previously. The hemoglobin locus is not closely linked to the albino locus. Fetal hemoglobin is distinct from any of the adult components and has a slower electrophoretic mobility. The fetal phenotype changes to the adult type between the days 15 and 18 of prenatal life. 相似文献
15.
Summary
Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach was cultivated in rooting media either rich in nutrients (control) or low in magnesium (low Mg) or low in magnesium and nitrogen (low Mg-N), respectively. Intact, attached needles were exposed, in the light (460 mol photons m-2 s-1), to an atmosphere containing 1 ppm SO2 for 5 h. Measurements of light- and CO2-saturated rates of photosynthetic O2 evolution, A
max, were performed before and after SO2 treatments. In needles from well fertilized plants, A
max was high (about 50 mol m-2 s-1) and was not affected by SO2. Needles from low-Mg and low-Mg-N plants had lower photosynthetic rates and showed a marked decline in A
max in response to the SO2 treatment. Stomatal conductance was similar in the three groups of plants during SO2 treatments.Abbreviations
A
max
photosynthetic capacity (CO2- and light-saturated rate of O2 evolution)
- DW
dry weight
- Fo
yield of dark level fluorescence
- FM
maximum yield of fluorescence, induced in a pulse of saturating light
- Fv
yield of variable fluorescence (= FM–FO)
- FW
fresh weight; g, conductance to water vapor transfer 相似文献
16.
L. Hove-Madsen H. Gesser 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》1989,159(1):61-69
Summary Isolated heart ventricular preparations from rainbow trout were electrically stimulated to contraction. Following a temporary change in stimulation rate from 0.2 Hz to a higher value, the force fell to a minimum after which it increased and levelled off. Upon the return to 0.2 Hz a further transient increase in force appeared. The latter two responses were stimulated by an increased extracellular K+, which is known to inactivate the Na+ channel. The initial negative inotropic effect, in contrast to the two subsequent positive effects, was associated with a parallel decrease in amplitude of the action potential measured in 15 mM K+, used as an index of the Ca2+ influx. One micromolar (1 M) ryanodine did not affect either the negative or the positive responses due to an increase in stimulation rate, but depressed the force developed after prolonged periods of rest. Ten micromolar (10 M) adrenaline strongly inhibited the positive effects of an elevation of frequency. An elevation of extracellular Na+ from 141 to 166 mM had a similar effect. In conclusion, the positive effects occurring in 15 mM K+ do not seem to depend on the initial Na+ current. They may nevertheless depend on changes of the cellular Na+ balance as suggested by the effects of adrenaline, K+ and Na+. The functional role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is unclear. 相似文献
17.
Response of growth and photosynthesis of marine red tide alga Heterosigma akashiwo to iron and iron stress condition 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Heterosigma akashiwo, a red tide alga, was grown in Fe-deficient and Fe-replete batch cultures. Cell final yields and the growth rate were limited when Fe was below 10 nM and alleviated with 100 nM Fe. By comparison with the results under Fe-replete conditions, chlorophyll a-specific and cell-specific light saturated net photosynthetic capacity (Pm
chl a and Pm
cell), dark respiration rate (Rd
chl a and Rd
cell) and apparent photosynthetic efficiency (chl a and cell) decreased proportionately, whereas the cells became light saturated at higher irradiance under Fe stress (Fe-limited conditions). 相似文献
18.
The quinol oxidase appears to be mainly responsible for the oxidation of bacterial MKH2 in Bacillus subtilis W23 growing with either glucose or succinate. The activity of the enzyme was maximum with dimethylnaphthoquinol, a water-soluble analogue of the bacterial menaquinol. Menadiol or duroquinol were less actively respired, and naphthoquinol was not oxidized at all. After fourtyfold purification the isolated enzyme contained 5.3 mol cytochrome aa
3 per gram of protein and negligible amounts of cytochrome b and c. The turnover number based on cytochrome aa
3 was about 103 electrons · s-1 at pH 7 and 37°C. The preparation consisted mainly of a M
r 57000 and a M
r 36000 polypeptide. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the latter polypeptide differed from that predicted by the qoxA gene of B. subtilis strain 168 (Santana et al. 1992), in that asp-14 predicted by qoxA was missing in the M
r 36000 polypeptide.Abbreviations DMN
2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
- DMNH2
2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinol
- Duroquinol
2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-benzoquinol
- MK
menaquinone
- MKH2
menaquinol
- NBH2
2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-(n-nonyl)-1,4-benzoquinol
- TMPD
N,N,N, N,-tetramethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine 相似文献
19.
The aim of the study was to determine the influence of total dissolvedsolids/salinity (mg L-1 TDS) on photosynthetic activity of Nodularia spumigena strain 001E isolated from Lake Alexandrina, SouthAustralia, using photosynthesis-irradiance (PI) curves. N. spumigena001E cultures were grown in ASM medium at a range of TDSconcentrations (360, 6,600, 13,200, 19,800, 26,400 mg L-1)at an irradiance of 30 mol m-2 s-1 (PAR, 400–700 nm) at 25 °C. The PI relationship was determined at 25 °Cfor irradiances between 0 and 500 mol photon m-2s-1 (PAR). The initial slope of PI curve, , a function of lightharvesting efficiency and photosynthetic energy conversion, decreasedproportionally with an increase in salinity from 360 to 26,400 mgL-1 TDS. The maximum rate of photosynthesis (Pmax),occurred at 6,600 mg L-1 TDS. No influence of salinity onIk, the irradiance at which Pmax was measured, or on Rd, the dark respiration rate, was identified. 相似文献
20.
G. E. Walsberg B. O. Wolf 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》1995,165(4):306-314
We quantified metabolic power consumption as a function of wind speed in the presence and absence of simulated solar radiation in rock squirrels, Spermophilus variegatus, a diurnal rodent inhabiting arid regions of Mexico and the western United States. In the absence of solar radiation, metabolic rate increased 2.2-fold as wind speed increased from 0.25 to 4.0 m·s-1. Whole-body thermal resistance declined 56% as wind speed increased over this range, indicating that body insulation in this species is much more sensitive to wind disruption than in other mammals. In the presence of 950 W·m-2 simulated solar radiation, metabolic rate increased 2.3-fold as wind speed was elevated from 0.25 to 4.0 m·s-1. Solar heat gain, calculated as the reduction in metabolic heat production associated with the addition of solar radiation, increased with wind speed from 1.26 mW·g-1 at 0.25 m·s-1 to 2.92 mW·g-1 at 4.0 m·s-1. This increase is opposite to theoretical expectations. Both the unexpected increase in solar heat gain at elevated wind speeds and the large-scale reduction of coat insulation suggests that assumptions often used in heat-transfer analyses of animals can produce important errors.Abbreviations
absorptivity of coat to solar radiation
-
kinematic viscosity of air (mm2·s-1)
-
reflectivity of coat to solar radiation
-
a
r
B
expected at zero wind speed (s·m-1)
-
A
P
projected surface area of animal on plane perpendicular to solar beam (cm2)
-
A
SKIN
skin surface area (cm2)
-
b
Coefficient describing change in r
B with change in square-root of wind speed (s1.5·m1.5)
-
d
hair diameter (m)
- d
characteristic dimension of animal (m)
-
D
H
thermal diffusivity of air (m2·s-1)
-
E
evaporative heat loss (W·m-2)
-
I
probability per unit coat depth that photon will strike hair
-
k
constant equalling 1200 J·m-3·°C-1
-
l
C
coat depth m)
-
l
H
hair length (m)
-
M
metabolic rate (W·m-2)
-
n
density of hairs of skin (m-2)
-
Q
A
solar heat gain to animal (W·m-2)
-
Q
I
solar irradiance intercepted by animal (W·m-2)
-
RQ
respiratory quotient
-
r
A
thermal resistance of boundary layer (s·m-1)
-
r
B
whole-body thermal resistance (s·m-1)
-
r
E
thermal resistance between animal surface and environment s·m-1)
-
r
R
radiative resistance (s·m-1)
-
r
S
sum of r
B and r
E at 0.25 m·s-1 (s·m-1)
-
r
T
tissue thermal resistance s·m-1)
-
T
AIR
air temperature (°C)
-
T
B
body temperature (°C)
-
T
E
operative temperature of environment (°C)
-
T
ES
standard operative temperature of environment (°C)
-
u
wind speed (m·s-1) 相似文献