Differential association of HLA-B*2705 and B*2709 to ankylosing spondylitis correlates with limited peptide subsets but not with altered cell surface stability

In contrast to HLA-B*2705, B*2709 is weakly or not associated to ankylosing spondylitis. Both allotypes differ by a single D116H change. We compared the B*2705- and B*2709-bound peptide repertoires by mass spectrometry to quantify the effect of B*2709 polymorphism on peptide specificity. In addition, shared and differentially bound ligands were sequenced to define the structural features of the various peptide subsets. B*2705 shared 79% of its peptide repertoire with B*2709. Shared ligands accounted for 88% of the B*2709-bound repertoire. All B*2705 ligands not bound to B*2709 had C-terminal basic or Tyr residues. Most B*2709-bound peptides had C-terminal aliphatic and Phe residues, but two showed C-terminal Arg or Tyr. The B*2709-bound repertoire included 12% of peptides not found in B*2705. These had aliphatic C-terminal residues, which are also favored in B*2705. However, these peptides bound weakly B*2705 in vitro, indicating distinct contribution of secondary anchor residues in both subtypes. Differences in peptide binding did not affect the ratio of native to beta2-microglobulin-free HLA-B27 heavy chain at the cell surface. Our results suggest that weaker association of B*2709 with ankylosing spondylitis is based on differential binding of a limited subset of natural ligands by this allotype.     

The Cys-67 residue of HLA-B27 influences cell surface stability, peptide specificity, and T-cell antigen presentation.

Cys-67 of HLA-B27 is located in the B pocket, which determines peptide-binding specificity. We analyzed effects of the Cys-67 --> Ser mutation on cell surface expression, peptide specificity, and T-cell recognition of HLA-B*2705. Surface expression was assessed with antibodies recognizing either native or unfolded HLA proteins. Whereas native B*2705 molecules predominated over unfolded ones, this ratio was reversed in the mutant, suggesting lower stability. Comparison of B*2705- and Cys-67 --> Ser-bound peptides revealed that the mutant failed to bind approximately 15% of the B*2705 ligands, while binding as many novel ones. Two peptides with Gln-2 found in both B*2705 and Cys-67 --> Ser are the first demonstration of natural B*2705 ligands lacking Arg-2. Other effects of the mutation on peptide specificity were: 1) average molecular mass of natural ligands higher than for B*2705, 2) bias against small residues at peptide position (P) 1, and 3) increased P2 permissiveness. The results suggest that the Cys-67 --> Ser mutation weakens B pocket interactions, leading to decreased stability of the mutant-peptide complexes. This may be partially compensated by interactions involving bulky P1 residues. The effect of the mutation on allorecognition was consistent with that on peptide specificity. Our results may aid understanding of the pathogenetic role of HLA-B27 in spondyloarthropathy.     

Qualitative and quantitative differences in peptides bound to HLA-B27 in the presence of mouse versus human tapasin define a role for tapasin as a size-dependent peptide editor

Tapasin (Tpn) is a chaperone of the endoplasmic reticulum involved in peptide loading to MHC class I proteins. The influence of mouse Tpn (mTpn) on the HLA-B*2705-bound peptide repertoire was analyzed to characterize the species specificity of this chaperone. B*2705 was expressed on Tpn-deficient human 721.220 cells cotransfected with human (hTpn) or mTpn. The heterodimer to beta(2)-microglobulin-free H chain ratio on the cell surface was reduced with mTpn, suggesting lower B*2705 stability. The B*2705-bound peptide repertoires loaded with hTpn or mTpn shared 94-97% identity, although significant differences in peptide amount were observed in 16-17% of the shared ligands. About 3-6% of peptides were bound only with either hTpn or mTpn. Nonamers differentially bound with mTpn had less suitable anchor residues and bound B*2705 less efficiently in vitro than those loaded only with hTpn or shared nonamers. Decamers showed a different pattern: those found only with mTpn had similarly suitable residues as shared decamers and bound B*2705 with high efficiency. Peptides differentially presented by B*2705 on human or mouse cells showed an analogous pattern of residue suitability, suggesting that the effect of mTpn on B*2705 loading is comparable in both cell types. Thus, mTpn has quantitative and qualitative effects on the B*2705-bound peptide repertoire, impairing presentation of some suitable ligands and allowing others with suboptimal anchor residues and lower affinity to be presented. Our results favor a size-dependent peptide editing role of Tpn for HLA-B*2705 that is species-dependent and suboptimally performed, at least for nonamers, by mTpn.     

Differences in peptide-binding specificity of two ankylosing spondylitis-associated HLA-B27 subtypes

Two HLA-B27 subtypes, B*2702 and B*2705, both associated with ankylosing spondylitis, were tested for binding affinity with a panel of polyalanine model nonapeptides carrying Arg at position 2 (P2) and a series of different amino acids at position 9 (P9). The alpha chains were isolated from BTB(B*2705), C1R/B*2702 (a B*2702 transfectant cell line) and from the NW(B*2702) cell line that has a peculiar peptide presentation behavior. Peptide binding was measured by the HLA alpha chain refolding assay. The results obtained show that: 1) Peptides with basic residues (Arg and Lys) and also aliphatic (Leu) and aromatic (Phe and Tyr) peptides at P9 have a similar high affinity in the binding to B*2705; 2) B*2702 binds well to P9 aliphatic and aromatic peptides but only very weakly to P9 basic peptides. Since both B*2702 and B*2705 are associated with AS the presumed arthritogenic peptide is hypothesized to have an aromatic or aliphatic residue at position 9. Peptides with basic residues in this position would be excluded as candidates because of their low binding affinity with B*2702.     

Binding of rationally designed non-natural peptides to the human leukocyte antigen HLA-B*2705

High-affinity ligands of non-peptidic nature, binding to the class I major histocompatibility complex protein HLA B*2705 whose expression is strongly linked to the pathogenesis of the autoimmune disease ankylosing spondylitis, should give way to a selective immunotherapy by blocking or antagonising the interaction with autoreactive T cell clones. Here we present experimental data on the binding of modified peptides, designed to optimally bind to HLA-B*2705 by filling a hydrophobic binding pocket (pocket D) with nonencoded aromatic amino acids. Three peptides with altered side chains (alpha-naphthylalanine, beta-naphthylalanine and homophenylalanine) in position 3 were synthesised. The thermal denaturation profiles of the HLA protein in complex with the modified peptides, monitored by circular dichroism spectroscopy, showed a significant shift towards higher melting temperatures with respect to the parent T cell epitope. The proposed binding mode of the nonnatural peptides was checked by site-directed mutagenesis of the pocket D, hypothesised to accommodate the large hydrophobic side chains. Reducing the size and depth of the pocket by mutating Leu l56 into Trp only affects the binding of the non-natural ligands, thus providing experimental evidence that the nonnatural peptide amino acids bind as predicted to the host MHC protein. © 1998 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

HLA class I binding of synthetic nonamer peptides carrying major anchor residue motifs of HLA-B27 (B*2705)-binding peptides

Eight nonamer peptides that comply with the major anchor residue motifs (the combination of amino acid residues at positions 2 and 9), R-K and R-R, of HLA-B27 (B^*2705)-binding peptides were synthesized and tested for their direct binding to HLA class I alpha chains by the HLA class I alpha chain refolding assay previously described. One was a known B27 (B^*2705)-binding heat shock protein peptide, HSP89 (201–209), and the other seven were derived from the sequence of wild-type P53, a human tumor suppressor protein. A total of 36 HLA class I allospecificities were tested. HSP89 (201–209) and two P53 peptides, P53 (362–370) and P53 (378–386), all possessing the motif R-K, bound strongly to B27 (B^*2705) alpha chains. A weak binding was seen for P53 (272–280) and P53 (334–342), both showing the motif R-R. Most of these B27-binding peptides were found to bind to A3 alpha chains as well. In addition, P53 (173–181) and P53 (334–342), both with the R-R motif, showed substantial binding with A31 alpha chains. All the peptides, carrying the motif R-K also showed weak binding with A31 alpha chains. The remaining two peptides, P53 (201–209) and P53 (282–290), with the motif R-R, did not show significant bininding with any of the alpha chains tested. This study demonstrates both the specificity of peptide binding to a given HLA allelic product and the occurence of cross-peptide-binding between the allelic products of different HLA loci. Correspondence to: N. Tanigaki.     

Identification of novel HLA-B27 ligands derived from polymorphic regions of its own or other class I molecules based on direct generation by 20 S proteasome.

HLA-B27 is strongly associated with ankylosing spondylitis. Natural HLA-B27 ligands derived from polymorphic regions of its own or other class I HLA molecules might be involved in autoimmunity or provide diversity among HLA-B27-bound peptide repertoires from individuals. In particular, an 11-mer spanning HLA-B27 residues 169-179 is a natural HLA-B27 ligand with homology to proteins from Gram-negative bacteria. Proteasomal digestion of synthetic substrates demonstrated direct generation of the B27-(169-179) ligand. Cleavage after residue 181 generated a B27-(169-181) 13-mer that was subsequently found as a natural ligand of B*2705 and B*2704. Its binding to HLA-B27 subtypes in vivo correlated better than B27-(169-179) with association to spondyloarthropathy. Proteasomal cleavage generated also a peptide spanning B*2705 residues 150-158. This region is polymorphic among HLA-B27 subtypes and class I HLA antigens. The peptide was a natural B*2704 ligand. Since this subtype differs from B*2705 at residue 152, it was concluded that the ligand arose from HLA-B*3503, synthesized in the cells used as a source for B*2704-bound peptides. Thus, polymorphic HLA-B27 ligands derived from HLA-B27 or other class I molecules are directly produced by the 20 S proteasome in vitro, and this can be used for identification of such ligands in the constitutive HLA-B27-bound peptide pool.     

C-terminal anchoring of a peptide to class II MHC via the P10 residue is compatible with a peptide bulge.

The binding of antigenic peptide to class II MHC is mediated by hydrogen bonds between the MHC and the peptide, by salt bridges, and by hydrophobic interactions. The latter are confined to a number of deeper pockets within the peptide binding groove, and peptide side chains that interact with these pockets are referred to as anchor residues. T cell recognition involves solvent-accessible peptide residues along with minor changes in MHC helical pitch induced by the anchor residues. In class I MHC there is an added level of epitope complexity that results from binding of longer peptides that bulge out into the solvent-accessible, T cell contact area. Unlike class I MHC, class II MHC does not bind peptides of discrete length, and the possibility of peptide bulging has not been clearly addressed. A peptide derived from position 24-37 of integrin beta(3) can either bind or not bind to the class II MHC molecule HLA DRB3*0101 based on a polymorphism at the P9 anchor. We show that the loss of binding can be compensated by changes at the P10 position. We propose that this could be an example of a class II peptide bulge. Although not as efficient as P9 anchoring, the use of P10 as an anchor adds another possible mechanism by which T cell epitopes can be generated in the class II presentation system.     

Thermodynamic and structural analysis of peptide- and allele-dependent properties of two HLA-B27 subtypes exhibiting differential disease association

Selected HLA-B27 subtypes are associated with spondyloarthropathies, but the underlying mechanism is not understood. To explain this association in molecular terms, a comparison of peptide-dependent dynamic and structural properties of the differentially disease-associated subtypes HLA-B*2705 and HLA-B*2709 was carried out. These molecules differ only by a single amino acid at the floor of the peptide binding groove. The thermostabilities of a series of HLA-B27 molecules complexed with nonameric and decameric peptides were determined and revealed substantial differences depending on the subtype as well as the residues at the termini of the peptides. In addition we present the crystal structure of the B*2709 subtype complexed with a decameric peptide. This structure provides an explanation for the preference of HLA-B27 for a peptide with an N-terminal arginine as secondary anchor and the lack of preference for tyrosine as peptide C terminus in B*2709. The data show that differences in thermodynamic properties between peptide-complexed HLA-B27 subtypes are correlated with a variety of structural properties.     

Allospecific T cell epitope sharing reveals extensive conservation of the antigenic features of peptide ligands among HLA-B27 subtypes differentially associated with spondyloarthritis

HLA-B*2702, B*2704, and B*2705 are strongly associated with spondyloarthritis, whereas B*2706 is not. Subtypes differ among each other by a few amino acid changes and bind overlapping peptide repertoires. In this study we asked whether differential subtype association with disease is related to differentially bound peptides or to altered antigenicity of shared ligands. Alloreactive CTL raised against B*2704 were analyzed for cross-reaction with B*2705, B*2702, B*2706, and mutants mimicking subtype changes. These CTL are directed against many alloantigen-bound peptides and can be used to analyze the antigenicity of HLA-B27 ligands on different subtypes. Cross-reaction of anti-B*2704 CTL with B*2705 and B*2702 correlated with overlap of their peptidic anchor motifs, suggesting that many shared ligands have similar antigenic features on these three subtypes. Moreover, the percent of anti-B*2704 CTL cross-reacting with B*2706 was only slightly lower than the overlap between the corresponding peptide repertoires, suggesting that most shared ligands have similar antigenic features on these two subtypes. Cross-reaction with B*2705 or mutants mimicking changes between B*2704 and B*2705 was donor-dependent. In contrast, cross-reaction with B*2702 or B*2706 was less variable among individuals. Conservation of antigenic properties among subtypes has implications for allorecognition, as it suggests that shared peptides may determine cross-reaction across exposed amino acid differences in the MHC molecules and that the antigenic distinctness of closely related allotypes may differ among donors. Our results also suggest that differential association of HLA-B27 subtypes with spondyloarthritis is more likely related to differentially bound peptides than to altered antigenicity of shared ligands.     

Energetics and cooperativity of the hydrogen bonding and anchor interactions that bind peptides to MHC class II protein

The complexity of the interaction between major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) proteins and peptide ligands has been revealed through structural studies and crystallographic characterization. Peptides bind through side-chain "anchor" interactions with MHC II pockets and an extensive array of genetically conserved hydrogen bonds to the peptide backbone. Here we quantitatively investigate the kinetic hierarchy of these interactions. We present results detailing the impact of single side-chain mutations of peptide anchor residues on dissociation rates, utilizing two I-A(d)-restricted peptides, one of which has a known crystal structure, and 24 natural and non-natural amino acid mutant variants of these peptides. We find that the N-terminal P1, P4 and P6 anchor-pocket interactions can make significant contributions to binding stability. We also investigate the interactions of these peptides with four I-A(d) MHC II proteins, each mutated to disrupt conserved hydrogen bonds to the peptide backbone. These complexes exhibit kinetic behavior suggesting that binding energy is disproportionately invested near the peptide N terminus for backbone hydrogen bonds. We then evaluate the effects of simultaneously modifying both anchor and hydrogen bonding interactions. A quantitative analysis of 71 double mutant cycles reveals that there is little apparent cooperativity between anchor residue interactions and hydrogen bonds, even when they are directly adjacent (<5A).     

Peptide presentation to an alloreactive CTL clone is modulated through multiple mechanisms involving polymorphic and conserved residues in HLA-B27

This study addressed the mechanisms by which HLA class I polymorphism modulates allorecognition. CTL 27S69 is an alloreactive clone raised against HLA-B*2705, with a known peptide epitope. This CTL cross-reacts with B*2702, which differs from B*2705 in the D77N, T80I, and L81A changes, but not with B*2701, which has D74Y, D77N, and L81A changes. To explain this differential recognition, B*2705 mutants mimicking subtype changes were used. The A81 mutant was not recognized, despite binding the natural epitope in vivo, suggesting that, when bound to this mutant, this peptide adopts an inappropriate conformation. The N77 and I80 mutations restored recognition in the N77A81 or I80A81 mutants. These compensatory effects explain the cross-reaction with B*2702. The Y74 and the Y74N77 mutants were weakly recognized or not recognized by CTL 27S69. This correlated with the absence or marginal presence of the peptide epitope in the Y74N77-bound pool. As with B*2701, exogenous addition of the peptide epitope sensitized Y74 and Y74N77 targets for lysis, indicating that failure to cross-react with B*2701 or these mutants was due to poor binding of the peptide in vivo and not to inappropriate presentation. The abrogating effect of Y74 was critically dependent upon the K70 residue, conserved among subtypes, as demonstrated with mutants at this position. Thus, HLA polymorphism affects allorecognition by modulating peptide binding or the conformation of bound peptides. Compensatory mutations and indirect effects of a polymorphic residue on residues conserved play a critical role.     

Identification of residues necessary for clonally specific recognition of a cytotoxic T cell determinant.

The residues in an influenza nucleoprotein (NP) cytotoxic T cell determinant necessary for cytotoxic T cell (CTL) recognition, were identified by assaying the ability of hybrid peptides to sensitize a target cell to lysis. The hybrid peptides were formed by substituting amino acids from one determinant (influenza NP 147-158) for the corresponding residues of a second peptide (HLA CW3 171-182) capable of binding to a common class I protein (H-2Kd). Six amino acids resulted in partial recognition; however, the presence of a seventh improved the potency of the peptide. Five of the six amino acids were shown to be required for recognition. The spacing of the six amino acids was consistent with the peptide adopting a helical conformation when bound. The importance of each amino acid in CTL recognition and binding to the restriction element was investigated further by assaying the ability of peptides containing point substitutions either to sensitize target cells or to compete with the natural NP sequence for recognition by CTL. The T cell response was much more sensitive to substitution than the ability of the peptide to bind the restriction element. Collectively the separate strategies identified an approximate conformation and orientation of the peptide when part of the complex and permitted a potential location in the MHC binding site to be identified. The model provides a rationalization for analogues which have previously been shown to exhibit greater affinity for the class I molecule and suggests that the binding site in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules might have greater steric constraints that the corresponding area of class II proteins.     

Loss of recognition by cross-reactive T cells and its relation to a C-terminus-induced conformational reorientation of an HLA-B*2705-bound peptide

The human major histocompatibility complex class I antigen HLA‐B*2705 binds several sequence‐related peptides (pVIPR, RRKWRRWHL; pLPM2, RRRWRRLTV; pGR, RRRWHRWRL). Cross‐reactivity of cytotoxic T cells (CTL) against these HLA‐B*2705:peptide complexes seemed to depend on a particular peptide conformation that is facilitated by the engagement of a crucial residue within the binding groove (Asp116), associated with a noncanonical bulging‐in of the middle portion of the bound peptide. We were interested whether a conformational reorientation of the ligand might contribute to the lack of cross‐reactivity of these CTL with a peptide derived from voltage‐dependent calcium channel α1 subunit (pCAC, SRRWRRWNR), in which the C‐terminal peptide residue pArg9 could engage Asp116. Analyses of the HLA‐B*2705:pCAC complex by X‐ray crystallography at 1.94 Å resolution demonstrated that the peptide had indeed undergone a drastic reorientation, leading it to adopt a canonical binding mode accompanied by the loss of molecular mimicry between pCAC and sequence‐related peptides such as pVIPR, pLMP2, and pGR. This was clearly a consequence of interactions of pArg9 with Asp116 and other F‐pocket residues. Furthermore, we observed an unprecedented reorientation of several additional residues of the HLA‐B*2705 heavy chain near the N‐terminal region of the peptide, including also the presence of double conformations of two glutamate residues, Glu63 and Glu163, on opposing sides of the peptide binding groove. Together with the Arg‐Ser exchange at peptide position 1, there are thus multiple structural reasons that may explain the observed failure of pVIPR‐directed, HLA‐B*2705‐restricted CTL to cross‐react with HLA‐B*2705:pCAC complexes.     

The peptide repertoires of HLA-B27 subtypes differentially associated to spondyloarthropathy (B*2704 and B*2706) differ by specific changes at three anchor positions

HLA-B*2704 is strongly associated with ankylosing spondylitis. B*2706, which differs from B*2704 by two amino acid changes, is not associated with this disease. A systematic comparison of the B*2704- and B*2706-bound peptide repertoires was carried out to elucidate their overlap and differential features and to correlate them with disease susceptibility. Both subtypes shared about 90% of their peptide repertoires, consisting of peptides with Arg(2) and C-terminal aliphatic or Phe residues. B*2706 polymorphism influenced specificity at three anchor positions: it favored basic residues at P3 and POmega-2 and impaired binding of Tyr and Arg at POmega. Thus, the main structural feature of peptides differentially bound to B*2704 was the presence of C-terminal Tyr or Arg, together with a strong preference for aliphatic/aromatic P3 residues. This is the only known feature of B*2704 and B*2706 that correlates to their differential association with spondyloarthropathy. The concomitant presence of basic P3 and POmega-2 residues was observed only among peptides differentially bound to B*2706, suggesting that it impairs binding to B*2704. Similarity between peptide overlap and the degree of cross-reaction with alloreactive T lymphocytes suggested that the majority of shared ligands maintain unaltered antigenic features in the context of both subtypes.     

Large scale mass spectrometric profiling of peptides eluted from HLA molecules reveals N-terminal-extended peptide motifs

The majority of >2000 HLA class I molecules can be clustered according to overlapping peptide binding specificities or motifs recognized by CD8(+) T cells. HLA class I motifs are classified based on the specificity of residues located in the P2 and the C-terminal positions of the peptide. However, it has been suggested that other positions might be relevant for peptide binding to HLA class I molecules and therefore be used for further characterization of HLA class I motifs. In this study we performed large-scale sequencing of endogenous peptides eluted from K562 cells (HLA class I null) made to express a single HLA molecule from HLA-B*3501, -B*3502, -B*3503, -B*3504, -B*3506, or -B*3508. Using sequence data from >1,000 peptides, we characterized novel peptide motifs that include dominant anchor residues extending to all positions in the peptide. The length distribution of HLA-B35-bound peptides included peptides of up to 15 residues. Remarkably, we determined that some peptides longer than 11 residues represented N-terminal-extended peptides containing an appropriate HLA-B35 peptide motif. These results provide evidence for the occurrence of endogenous N-terminal-extended peptide-HLA class I configurations. In addition, these results expand the knowledge about the identity of anchor positions in HLA class I-associated peptides that can be used for characterization of HLA class I motifs.     

Binding of longer peptides to the H-2Kb heterodimer is restricted to peptides extended at their C terminus: refinement of the inherent MHC class I peptide binding criteria.

MHC class I molecules usually bind short peptides of 8-10 amino acids, and binding is dependent on allele-specific anchor residues. However, in a number of cellular systems, class I molecules have been found containing peptides longer than the canonical size. To understand the structural requirements for MHC binding of longer peptides, we used an in vitro class I MHC folding assay to examine peptide variants of the antigenic VSV 8 mer core peptide containing length extensions at either their N or C terminus. This approach allowed us to determine the ability of each peptide to productively form Kb/beta2-microglobulin/peptide complexes. We found that H-2Kb molecules can accommodate extended peptides, but only if the extension occurs at the C-terminal peptide end, and that hydrophobic flanking regions are preferred. Peptides extended at their N terminus did not promote productive formation of the trimolecular complex. A structural basis for such findings comes from molecular modeling of a H-2Kb/12 mer complex and comparative analysis of MHC class I structures. These analyses revealed that structural constraints in the A pocket of the class I peptide binding groove hinder the binding of N-terminal-extended peptides, whereas structural features at the C-terminal peptide residue pocket allow C-terminal peptide extensions to reach out of the cleft. These findings broaden our understanding of the inherent peptide binding and epitope selection criteria of the MHC class I molecule. Core peptides extended at their N terminus cannot bind, but peptide extensions at the C terminus are tolerated.     

Analysis of HLA-E peptide-binding specificity and contact residues in bound peptide required for recognition by CD94/NKG2

The MHC class Ib molecule HLA-E is the primary ligand for CD94/NKG2A-inhibitory receptors expressed on NK cells, and there is also evidence for TCR-mediated recognition of this molecule. HLA-E preferentially assembles with a homologous set of peptides derived from the leader sequence of class Ia molecules, but its capacity to bind and present other peptides remains to be fully explored. The peptide-binding motif of HLA-E was investigated by folding HLA-E in vitro in the presence of peptide libraries derived from a nonameric leader peptide sequence randomized at individual anchor positions. A high degree of selectivity was observed at four of five total anchor positions, with preference for amino acids present in HLA-E-binding peptides from class Ia leader sequences. Selectivity was also observed at the nonanchor P5 position, with preference for positively charged amino acids, suggesting that electrostatic interactions involving the P5 side chain may facilitate assembly of HLA-E peptide complexes. The observed HLA-E peptide-binding motif was strikingly similar to that previously identified for the murine class Ib molecule, Qa-1. Experiments with HLA-E tetramers bearing peptides substituted at nonanchor positions demonstrated that P5 and P8 are primary contact residues for interaction with CD94/NKG2 receptors. A conservative replacement of Arg for Lys at P5 completely abrogated binding to CD94/NKG2. Despite conservation of peptide-binding specificity in HLA-E and Qa-1, cross-species tetramer-staining experiments demonstrated that the interaction surfaces on CD94/NKG2 and the class Ib ligands have diverged between primates and rodents.     

HLA-B15 peptide ligands are preferentially anchored at their C termini.

Therapies to elicit protective CTL require the selection of pathogen- and tumor-derived peptide ligands for presentation by MHC class I molecules. Edman sequencing of class I peptide pools generates "motifs" that indicate that nonameric ligands bearing conserved position 2 (P2) and P9 anchors provide the optimal search parameters for selecting immunogenic epitopes. To determine how well a motif represents its individual constituents, we used a hollow-fiber peptide production scheme followed by the mapping of endogenously processed class I peptide ligands through reverse-phase HPLC and mass spectrometry. Systematically mapping and characterizing ligands from B*1508, B*1501, B*1503, and B*1510 demonstrate that the peptides bound by these B15 allotypes i) vary in length from 7 to 12 residues, and ii) are more conserved at their C termini than their N-proximal P2 anchors. Comparative peptide mapping of these B15 allotypes further pinpoints endogenously processed ligands that bind to the allotypes B*1508, B*1501, and B*1503, but not B*1510. Overlapping peptide ligands are successful in binding to B*1501, B*1503, and B*1508 because these B15 allotypes share identical C-terminal anchoring pockets whereas B*1510 is divergent in the C-terminal pocket. Therefore, endogenous peptide loading into the B15 allotypes requires that a conserved C terminus be anchored in the appropriate specificity pocket while N-proximal anchors are more flexible in their location and sequence. Queries for overlapping and allele-specific peptide ligands may thus be contingent on a conserved C-terminal anchor.     

Extended repertoire of permissible peptide ligands for HLA-B*2702.

Recognition of self peptides bound to the class I major histocompatibility complex molecule HLA-B27 is thought to trigger proliferation of autoreactive T cells and result in autoimmune arthritic diseases. Previous work from other laboratories established that a predominant feature of endogenous peptides eluted from purified B27 is an arginine at position 2. We studied the binding of peptides containing both natural and unnatural amino acids by the subtype HLA-B*2702, with the goal of gaining insight into peptide binding by this B27 subtype that is associated with susceptibility to arthritic disease. A soluble from of B*2702 was depleted of endogenous peptides. We tested the binding of peptides substituted with cysteine, homocysteine, or an alpha-amino-epsilon-mercapto hexanoic acid side chain (Amh) instead of the naturally occurring arginine at position 2, to determine whether the peptide sulfhydryl residue could be covalently linked to cysteine 67 in the B*2702 binding cleft. Although none of the altered peptide sequences bound covalently to B*2702, the affinities of the homocysteine- and Amh-substituted peptides were close to that of the native peptide sequence. Substitutions at position 2 with other side chains, such as glutamine and methionine, also resulted in peptides that bound with only slightly reduced affinity. These results demonstrate that peptide side chains other than arginine at position 2 can be accomodated within the B*2702 peptide binding site with only minor reductions in affinity. This extended repertoire of permissible B27-binding peptides should be taken into account for a consideration of disease-associated peptide sequences.