饲料中复方中草药对大菱鲆生长、饲料利用及非特异性免疫的影响

研究探讨了不同剂量的复方中草药[党参(Codonopsis pilosula Nannf.)、白术(Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.)、茯苓(Poria cocos Wolf.)、熟地黄(Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch.)、甘草(Glycyrrhiza urale...     

饲料中酵母免疫多糖对七彩神仙鱼仔幼鱼非特异性免疫的影响

该研究采用在饲料中添加0～2500 mg·kg^-1的酵母免疫多糖的方法,对900尾七彩神仙鱼仔幼鱼血清的替代补体活力、溶菌酶活力和白细胞吞噬活性影响进行了研究.结果表明,当饲料中酵母免疫多糖添加剂量达到500 mg·kg^-1(Ⅴ组)以上时,七彩神仙鱼仔幼鱼血清替代补体活力、溶菌酶活力和白细胞吞噬活性均开始显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且同一水平随时间的增加而升高.添加量达2000mg·kg^-1(Ⅷ组)及以上时,随着饲料中的酵母免疫多糖添加量的进一步增加,各组数据反而呈下降变化趋势.可见饲料中适量添加酵母免疫多糖能够提高七彩神仙仔幼鱼的非特异性免疫力,缺乏和过量都会对七彩神仙仔幼鱼带来不利影响.     

水体pH胁迫对异育银鲫皮质醇激素和非特异性免疫的影响

实验比较了不同pH胁迫对异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)皮质醇激素和非特异性免疫的影响。3个实验组水质的pH分别为6.0、8.5、9.5,对照组是pH为7.4的曝气自来水。分别在实验的第0、14和30天采血,血浆用于测定皮质醇含量和溶菌酶活性;分离的白细胞,采用流式细胞术测定吞噬活性和呼吸暴发。在实验的第4天多取1次血样,用于皮质醇含量测定。在实验的第31天,测量鱼的体重,并用柱状黄杆菌(Flavobacterium columnare)浸泡攻毒,7d后统计死亡情况。结果显示:在pH 6.0的胁迫下,白细胞的吞噬活性在第14、30天显著降低,而呼吸暴发和皮质醇含量没有显著变化,溶菌酶活性和生长与对照组没有显著差异,用黄杆菌攻毒也没有出现死亡。而在pH 8.5和9.5的胁迫下,皮质醇含量在第14、30天显著升高,白细胞的吞噬活性、呼吸暴发显著降低;在pH 9.5胁迫下的溶菌酶活性显著降低,用柱状黄杆菌攻毒两组都出现死亡。实验表明pH为8.5和9.5的胁迫严重影响了异育银鲫的非特异性免疫功能,流式细胞术能较客观测定白细胞的吞噬活性和呼吸暴发,可用于评价胁迫对鱼类健康的影响。     

猪微生物饲料添加剂(8701)对生长育肥猪抗病、增重及提高饲料利用率研究

该项研究根据微观生态平衡原理,采用生物技术,通过系列试验,筛选出了安全性好,抗腹泻力强,增重和提高饲料利用率显著,适应于生长育肥猪前期(SA38 SA91菌)、后期(SA74 SA91菌)和哺乳仔猪(SA74菌)的三个菌种,在国内属首次报道。     

发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈幼鱼生长、脂质代谢、血清非特异性免疫及肠道菌群的影响

为探讨发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)幼鱼生长、脂质代谢、血清非特异性免疫及肠道菌群的影响, 试验在基础饲料中用发酵豆粕分别替代0、10%、20%、30%和40%鱼粉, 用晶体氨基酸平衡各组间蛋氨酸与赖氨酸的差异, 配制成共5种等氮等能(CP47%, GE19 MJ/kg)的试验饲料, 分别为FM、FSM10、FSM20、FSM30和FSM40。将初始体重为(22.05±0.09) g的大口黑鲈随机分成5组, 每组设3个重复, 养殖58d。生长试验结果表明: 各组之间增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、肥满度(CF)、肝体比(HSI)和脏体比(VSI)均无显著差异(P>0.05), 但替代组饲料系数(FCR)均显著高于FM对照组(P<0.05), FSM40组的存活率(SR)和干物质表观消化率(ADDM)显著低于其余各组(P<0.05)。脂质代谢方面结果显示, FSM30和FSM40组的血清甘油三酯(TG)水平显著低于FM对照组(P<0.05), FSM40组的血清总胆固醇(T-CHO)水平显著低于FM对照组(P<0.05)。血清非特异性免疫方面结果表明, FSM40组的溶菌酶(LZM)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性有显著增加的变化(P<0.05)。对肠道菌群进行了Illumina Mi Seq高通量测序分析, 结果表明: 各组肠道菌群的Alpha多样性指数(Sobs、Shannon、Simpson、Ace和Chao)无显著差异(P>0.05), 但OTU数量发生了变化。在门水平上, 优势菌群为软壁菌门(Tenericutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria); 而属水平上, 优势菌群为支原菌属(Mycoplama)、邻单胞菌属(Plesiomonas)和鲸杆菌属(Cetobacterium)。FSM20组与FM对照组相比, 软壁菌门和支原菌属的相对丰度显著提高(P<0.05), 变形菌门和邻单胞菌属的相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05)。综上所述, 在试验条件下, 大口黑鲈饲料中发酵豆粕替代20%鱼粉不会对大口黑鲈幼鱼生长、脂质代谢、血清非特异性免疫及肠道菌群多样性造成负面影响, 且能显著降低肠道中邻单胞菌属在内的有害菌的相对丰度, 因此, 发酵豆粕替代鱼粉的适宜比例为20%。     

饲料蛋白水平对泥鳅幼鱼生长和饲料利用的影响

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VE和L-肌肽对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、抗氧化、非特异性免疫及血清生化指标的影响

实验以大菱鲆（Scophthalmus maximus）幼鱼[（14.00±0.02）g]为研究对象,采用2×4双因素设计,设2个VE水平（0和75 mg/kg）和4个L-肌肽水平（0、50、100和200 mg/kg）,研究VE和L-肌肽对其生长、抗氧化、非特异性免疫及血清生化指标的影响。实验共分8组,每组3个重复,每个重复46尾鱼,实验周期为8周。结果显示:（1）在饲料中添加75 mg/kg VE显著提高了大菱鲆幼鱼增重率（WGR）和特定生长率（SGR）（P < 0.05）,L-肌肽添加量≤100 mg/kg对实验鱼生长性能无显著影响（P>0.05）,添加量为200 mg/kg时鱼体WGR、SGR和蛋白质效率（PER）显著降低,饲料系数（FCR）显著升高（P < 0.05）;（2）VE和L-肌肽对血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量及肝脏总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和MDA含量均具有显著的交互作用（P < 0.05）,在VE 75 mg/kg水平下,L-肌肽添加量为50和100 mg/kg时血清GSH-PX活性最高,L-肌肽添加量为100和200 mg/kg时血清CAT活性最高且与添加量为50 mg/kg差异不显著（P>0.05）,添加100 mg/kg肝脏T-AOC和SOD活性达到最高且50 mg/kg组的SOD与100 mg/kg组差异不显著（P>0.05）,主效应结果显示,VE显著提高了血清T-AOC、SOD及肝脏CAT活性（P < 0.05）,L-肌肽显著提高了血清T-AOC（P < 0.05）;（3）VE和L-肌肽对血清补体C3和LZM活性交互作用显著,在75 mg/kg VE水平下,L-肌肽添加量为50 mg/kg时,补体C3水平最高（P < 0.05）,主效应显示,VE和L-肌肽对血清总蛋白（TP）影响均不显著（P>0.05）;（4）添加VE显著降低了血清总胆固醇（TCHO）和甘油三酯（TG）含量（P < 0.05）,添加L-肌肽显著降低了血清TG含量,且在L-肌肽50 mg/kg时达到最低。综合考虑大菱鲆幼鱼[（14.00-39.43）g]的生长性能、抗氧化性能、非特异性免疫及血清生化指标得出,在实验配方条件下（鱼油70 g/kg,大豆卵磷脂10 g/kg）,添加VE 75 mg/kg时,L-肌肽的适宜添加量为50 mg/kg。     

绿原酸对草鱼鱼种生长、非特异性免疫和肉质的影响

为考察绿原酸对草鱼鱼种生长、非特异性免疫指标和肌肉品质的影响,在基础饲料中分别添加0.00%（对照组）、0.01%、0.02%、0.04%、0.06%、0.08%绿原酸,饲养平均体重（3.190.03） g的草鱼鱼种。经60d饲养,各组草鱼增重率分别为283.1%、305.7%、307.3%、329.6%、308.3%、303.0%,饲料系数分别为1.45、1.33、1.33、1.26、1.30、1.36;与对照组相比,添加0.04%绿原酸显著提高草鱼鱼种增重率,降低了饲料系数（P0.05）,添加0.01%、0.02%、0.06%绿原酸有提高草鱼鱼种增重率的趋势;在饲料中添加0.04%绿原酸可显著提高肝胰脏SOD活性（P0.05）,添加0.08%绿原酸可显著降低血浆天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶活性（P0.05）,各组肝胰脏溶菌酶、血浆碱性磷酸酶和丙氨酸氨基转移酶活性无显著差异（P0.05）。对肌肉成分的分析表明,各组水分、粗脂肪含量无显著差异（P0.05）,但添加0.04%绿原酸可显著提高肌肉粗蛋白、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、组氨酸、必需氨基酸和总氨基酸含量（P0.05）。添加0.02%绿原酸可显著提高肌肉羟脯氨酸、胶原蛋白含量（P0.05）。综上所述,适量绿原酸能改善草鱼鱼种生长性能、非特异性免疫功能和肌肉品质。草鱼鱼种饲料中绿原酸添加量推荐为0.04%。       

饲料蛋白质水平对洛氏鱥生长、非特异性免疫及蛋白质合成的影响

为了研究饲料蛋白质水平对洛氏鱥(Rhynchocypris lagowskii Dybowski)生长、非特异性免疫及蛋白质合成的影响, 以洛氏鱥幼鱼[(6.98±0.01) g/尾]为研究对象, 以鱼粉、棉粕、豆粕及菜粕为蛋白源, 配制成蛋白质水平为24.98%、30. 02%、34.99%、40.01%和44.98%的5种等能、等脂肪的配合饲料, 进行为期8周的饲养试验。结果表明, 在试验条件下, 随着饲料蛋白质水平的升高, 洛氏鱥的终末体质量、特定生长率、增重率均呈先升高后降低的趋势, 其中34.99%和40.01%组洛氏鱥的终末体质量、特定生长率及增重率显著高于24.98%组(P<0.05); 随着饲料蛋白质水平的升高, 洛氏鱥饲料效率和蛋白质效率呈先升高后降低的趋势, 其中40.01%组洛氏鱥饲料效率和蛋白质效率显著高于24.98%组(P<0.05), 但与30.01%、34.99%和40.01%组差异不显著(P>0.05)。通过折线回归分析得出, 饲料蛋白质水平为35.89%时, 洛氏鱥的特定生长率最高; 饲料蛋白质水平为36.11%时, 洛氏鱥饲料效率最高。洛氏鱥肌肉中粗蛋白质含量随饲料蛋白质水平的升高呈先上升后下降趋势, 其中, 40.01%组洛氏鱥肌肉中粗蛋白质含量显著高于24.98%、30.02%、34.99%和44.98%组(P<0.05); 而洛氏鱥肌肉中粗脂肪含量随饲料蛋白质水平的升高呈先下降后上升趋势, 其中, 40.01%组显著低于24.98%、30.02%和34.99%组(P<0.05), 但与44.98%组差异不显著(P>0.05)。洛氏鱥肝胰脏的碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(LZM)活性随饲料蛋白质水平的升高呈先上升后下降的趋势, 其中40.01%组洛氏鱥AKP、ACP、SOD和LZM活性显著高于24.98%、30.02%、34.99%和44.98%组(P<0.05); 洛氏鱥白肌中RNA含量和RNA/DNA比值随饲料蛋白质水平的升高呈先升高后降低的趋势, 其中40.01%组洛氏鱥白肌中RNA含量和RNA/DNA显著高于24.98%、30.02%、34.99%和44.98% (P<0.05)。通过折线模型回归分析可知饲料蛋白质水平为36.10%时, 洛氏鱥白肌中RNA含量最高; 饲料蛋白质水平为35.91%时, 洛氏鱥白肌中RNA/DNA比率最高。在洛氏鱥配合饲料中, 最适宜蛋白质需求水平为34.99%—40.01%。     

饲料淀粉水平对南方鲇免疫的影响

为研究饲料碳水化合物水平对南方鲇免疫力的影响,配制含0%、15%和30%糊化玉米淀粉的等能饲料分别作为对照、中水平和高水平碳水化合物（CHO）饲料,以体重为20.7±0.5g的南方鲇幼鱼为实验对象,在水温27.5±0.2℃的条件下以对照饲料驯化15d后,测定以3种饲料投喂02、、48、、12和16周时南方鲇鱼体的血清溶菌酶活性、抗菌活性和血清总蛋白含量。结果发现,中水平CHO组血清溶菌酶活性在4周和12周时显著低于对照组（p〈0.05）,其他各时间点均与对照组无显著差异;高CHO组在2—12周期间均显著低于对照组（p〈0.05）,而在16周时与对照组之间差异不显著。从第4周到第16周,中、高CHO组血清抗菌活性均显著低于对照组（p〈0.05）,而中、高CHO组之间在各时间点均无显著差异。在16周时,中CHO组和高CHO组血清总蛋白含量显著高于对照组（p〈0.05）,在其余时间点三组间差异均不显著。以上结果表明：饲料中含15%的CHO对南方鲇生长无显著影响,但明显抑制了鱼体免疫力,且免疫抑制作用随碳水化合物水平的提高而加强。综合分析本研究的结果提出,饲料碳水化合物是抑制南方鲇免疫力的一个重要因子。提高溶菌酶类蛋白质的合成速率是该种鱼在长期饲料CHO营养胁迫下的适应机制之一,表观上反映为血清蛋白含量的升高。通过比较观察饲料CHO对南方鲇生长和免疫力的抑制作用,提出应当综合二者的观测结果来评价CHO饲料对鱼类的营养胁迫及适合状况。     

Genomic Structure and Functional Analysis of Promoter Region of Somatolactin Gene of Sea Bream (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sparus aurata</Emphasis>)

Somatolactin (SL) is a pituitary hormone belonging to the growth hormone–prolactin family and is produced in the intermediate lobe of teleosts. The SL gene was isolated from a sea bream genomic library and found to be composed of 5 exons distributed within a 9-kb length of DNA. Sequence analysis of the proximal promoter region showed the presence of a classical TATA box located 59 bp upstream from the initial start ATG codon, 5 consensus sequences corresponding to the Pit-1 binding element, and a putative CREB site. In CHO cells cotransfected with the DNA from 2 plasmids, one encoding sea bream Pit-1 under Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat regulation and one encoding the SL promoter driving the expression of luciferase, Pit-1 was found to enhance the expression of luciferase. Only one Pit-1 binding site was necessary for enhancement. Analysis by immunoblots of in vitro culture of pituitaries of Sparus aurata showed that several agents, including estradiol, verapamil, and phorbol myristate acetate, had different inhibitory effects on SL and growth hormone released to the culture medium.     

真鲷肝脏解偶联蛋白2(UCP2)基因及其功能的探讨

从真鲷(Pagrus major)肝脏通过简并引物PCR克隆解偶联蛋白2(UCP2)cDNA部分序列。该片段长674bp,编码224个氨基酸残基。推测的此部分氨基酸序列包含线粒体载体蛋白的特征结构,并与其它脊椎动物UCP2氨基酸序列同源性在72．8％以上。对变温动物色类UCP2组织表达调控研究表明：与哺乳类UCP2基因不同,真鲷UCP2基因在肝脏大量表达,而在腹腔肠系膜脂肪组织则仅有痕迹量表达,两者表达水平相差20倍以上。饲料中添加10％绿鳕油或48h饥饿对真鲷肝脏UCP2基因的表达水平均无显著影响,表明UCP2基因在脂肪含量高的鱼类肝脏表达十分稳定,为维持其基本功能所必需。真鲷肝脏和腹腔肠系膜脂肪组织UCP2基因表达水平的强烈反差,与鱼类这两种贮脂器官完全不同的氧化活性相一致[动物学报49(1)：110—117,2003]。     

弱激光的生物学效应及对红细胞变形性的改善作用

简要叙述激光生物效应和弱激光生物刺激作用。概括阐述激光照射血液所产生的生物学效应,叙述了弱激光对红细胞变形性的改善作用并探讨其可能的作用机理。     

Effects of Large-Scale Releases on the Genetic Structure of Red Sea Bream (Pagrus major,Temminck et Schlegel) Populations in Japan

Large-scale hatchery releases are carried out for many marine fish species worldwide; nevertheless, the long-term effects of this practice on the genetic structure of natural populations remains unclear. The lack of knowledge is especially evident when independent stock enhancement programs are conducted simultaneously on the same species at different geographical locations, as occurs with red sea bream (Pagrus major, Temminck et Schlegel) in Japan. In this study, we examined the putative effects of intensive offspring releases on the genetic structure of red sea bream populations along the Japanese archipelago by genotyping 848 fish at fifteen microsatellite loci. Our results suggests weak but consistent patterns of genetic divergence (F_ST = 0.002, p < 0.001). Red sea bream in Japan appeared spatially structured with several patches of distinct allelic composition, which corresponded to areas receiving an important influx of fish of hatchery origin, either released intentionally or from unintentional escapees from aquaculture operations. In addition to impacts upon local populations inhabiting semi-enclosed embayments, large-scale releases (either intentionally or from unintentional escapes) appeared also to have perturbed genetic structure in open areas. Hence, results of the present study suggest that independent large-scale marine stock enhancement programs conducted simultaneously on one species at different geographical locations may compromise native genetic structure and lead to patchy patterns in population genetic structure.     

海水鱼真鲷脂蛋白脂肪酶基因cDNA序列与组织表达

为研究脊椎动物真鲷脂蛋白脂肪酶 (LPL)结构与功能关系以及探讨动脉粥样硬化形成机理 ,通过构建cDNA文库 ,克隆对动脉粥样硬化表现抗性的海水鱼真鲷LPL基因cDNA全序列 .再通过PCR方法扩增基因组DNA ,获取内含子 9及其两侧序列以确定外显子 10的大小 ,最后通过RT PCR ,以 β肌动蛋白为外参照 ,比较真鲷在食用两种脂肪含量不同饲料和摄食状态不同的处理条件下 ,肝脏和腹腔肠系膜脂肪组织LPLmRNA的相对水平 .从腹腔肠系膜脂肪组织cDNA文库中克隆出LPLcDNA序列 ,其完整的开放阅读框架由 15 36bp组成 ,编码 5 11个氨基酸残基 .与哺乳类不同 ,真鲷LPL基因外显子 10的开始部分是翻译的 .LPL的催化位点、二硫键位点、N 糖基化位点、肝素结合区、脂质结合位点、介导脂蛋白与低密度脂蛋白受体结合位点、二聚体形成位点等主要功能域在真骨鱼类真鲷与其它脊椎动物间基本保守 ,但肝素结合区的碱性氨基酸残基含量较人类减少 ,并在结合脂质底物的疏水环套中出现插入片段 .与哺乳类不同 ,真鲷LPL基因在成体肝脏存在诱导性表达 ,而在其腹腔肠系膜脂肪组织则存在与哺乳类相似的组成性表达 .当真鲷喂食高脂饲料时 ,其饱食状态下肝脏LPLmRNA水平升高 ,但对其腹腔肠系膜脂肪组织LPL表达没有影响 .当真鲷喂食标准商业饲料时 ,     

Ultrastructure of Enteromyxum leei (Diamant, Lom, & Dyková, 1994) (Myxozoa), an Enteric Parasite Infecting Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) and Sharpsnout Sea Bream (Diplodus puntazzo)

ABSTRACT. The ultrastructure of the developmental stages of the myxozoan Enteromyxum leei parasitizing gilthead seabream ( Sparus aurata ) intestine and sharpsnout sea bream ( Diplodus puntazzo ) intestine and gallbladder are described. The earliest stage observed was a small dense trophozoite located among enterocytes. Proliferative stages, observed intercellularly in the epithelium of the intestine and gallbladder as well as in the lumen, possessed the typical cell-in-cell configuration throughout their development. Secondary cells were seen undergoing division within a common vacuolar membrane that also encompassed pairs of tertiary cells. Cytochemical studies showed that primary cells stored mainly lipids whereas secondary cells stored abundant β-glycogen granules. Sporogonic development resembled that described for other disporous myxozoans. Within sporogonic stages, nonsporogonic secondary cells were observed accompanying two developing spores. Mature spores had a binucleated sporoplasm in which glycogen stores were abundant and no sporoplasmosomes were found. Our observations are discussed in relation to our knowledge on other myxozoans of the genus Enteromyxum .     

中草药提取物对离体鸡小肠磷吸收和细胞活性的影响

本试验主要研究了中草药提取物对离体鸡小肠磷吸收和肠粘膜细胞活性的影响,旨在为中草药的合理选用提供参考.采用单因子完全随机设计,36只40日龄体重相近的三黄公鸡随机分成6个组,每组6个重复,每个重复1只鸡,每只鸡的十二指肠、空肠和回肠分别作为相应外翻肠囊的一个重复,测试了白头翁、马齿苋、大青叶和秦皮四味中草药的单一提取物及其组合方剂对磷吸收和肠粘膜细胞活性的影响.本试验结果表明:大青叶和秦皮对磷的吸收和肠粘膜细胞活性有负作用,白头翁、马齿苋和混合方剂对磷的吸收和肠粘膜细胞活性有正面效应.试验结论:不同中草药提取物对鸡离体小肠肠粘膜细胞活性和磷吸收有不同的影响,但具体原因还有待进一步研究.     

Ascidian recruitment patterns on an artificial reef in Eilat (Red Sea)

Although ascidians are conspicuous members of the fouling community not much is known regarding their recruitment patterns in coral reefs. A 1-year study was carried out along the Red Sea coast of Israel to examine the effects of season and spatial distribution on ascidian recruitment to artificial marine structures. In general, autumn and spring were characterized by higher coverage with a significantly higher percentage of cover of Didemnum granulatum in autumn and higher numbers of Herdmania momus in spring. These species contributed the most to similarity between treatments consequently setting the pattern for each group (colonial and solitary). Halocynthia spinosa had significantly higher numbers during winter and Phallusia nigra was absent in spring and winter. H. momus showed a preference for horizontal surfaces. P. nigra and Ascidia cannelata showed a preference for floating units. It is concluded that the ascidian recruitment patterns are species-specific and vary between seasons, orientation and position on the substrata and in the water column.     

Reproduction and developmental pathways of Red Sea Xeniidae (Octocorallia,Alcyonacea)

This work on Red Sea alcyonaceans describes the reproductive patterns of 21 xeniid species. Gonochorism is the commonest sexual mode but simultaneous hermaphroditism was recorded in 4 species and brooding of planulae was observed in 15 species. The reproductive patterns of Xenia umbellata and Heteroxenia fuscescens were examined. X. umbellata exhibits seasonal spermatogenesis, continuous oogenesis and a 7 month period of planulation each year. H. fuscescens has continuous gametogenesis, and planulation occurs throughout the year, lacking any lunar pattern. The prolonged breeding season of H. fuscescens reflects intrapopulation asynchrony in larval development and subsequent maturation. Xeniids possess structurally similar gonads, but adopt diverse reproductive and developmental pathways.     

First record of the paedomorphic fish Schindleria (Gobioidei, Schindleriidae) from the Red Sea

A male specimen of the paedomorphic fish Schindleria sp. was collected by plankton net, in February 2005, from a reef lagoon from Hurghada on the Egyptian coast of the northern Red Sea. This is the first record of the Schindleriidae in the Red Sea.