东灵山辽东栎林啮齿动物群落组成及多样性

1999～ 2 0 0 1年采用标记重捕法对东灵山小龙门林场辽东栎林啮齿动物群落进行了 1 2次调查。共布 2 93 6笼日 ,捕得啮齿动物 2 68只 ,平均捕获率为 9%。啮齿动物群落包括三科四属 ,由朝鲜姬鼠(Apodemuspeninsulae)、社鼠 (Niviventerconfucianus)、棕背 (Clethrionomysrufocanus)和花鼠 (Eotamiassibiricus)组成 ,分别占群落的 85 5 %、8 6%、3 0 %和 2 6%;朝鲜姬鼠为优势鼠种。标记重捕调查表明朝鲜姬鼠重捕率无性别差异 (t =0 91 3 ,P >0 0 5 )。啮齿动物物种多样性指数和均匀度指数均呈“低 高 低”年间波动趋势 ,差异不显著 (t=0 1 65 ,P >0 0 5 ) ;生态优势度指数变化趋势反之 ,样地间无显著差异(t=0 0 64,P >0 0 5 )。可以认为该地区辽东栎林中啮齿动物群落结构较稳定。     

东灵山地区啮齿动物群落组成及优势种群的季节变动

2000年9月和2001年9月在东灵山地区采用夹夜法对小型啮齿动物群落进行调查。共捕获啮齿动物6种,总捕获率为16．08％。大林姬鼠是该地区小型啮齿动物群落中的优势种。同时将8种生境样地划分为7类啮齿动物群落：即落叶松人工林大林姬鼠 社鼠群落、灌丛大林姬鼠 社鼠群落、辽东栎矮林大林姬鼠 大仓鼠群落、弃耕地大林姬鼠 黑线姬鼠群落、油松人工林大林姬鼠 社鼠群落、针润混交林大林姬鼠 社鼠群落、辽东栎林大林姬鼠 社鼠群落。群落间的相似性系数普遍较高,其中油松人工林大林姬鼠 社鼠群落和辽东栎林大林姬鼠 社鼠群落的相似性最高。灌丛大林姬鼠 社鼠群落的多样性指数和均匀性指数最高。     

啮齿动物和鸟类对东灵山地区辽东栎种子丢失的影响

20 0 0年 8月中旬至 10月上旬 ,在北京东灵山地区小龙门林场选取两块辽东栎分布近似而坡向不同的样地 ,并对样地内种子库与啮齿动物的种群数量变化进行了调查。结果表明 ,两块样地种子雨持续 4 0天左右 ,且种子下落趋势基本一致 ,高峰期都集中在 9月中旬 ,不同坡向的种子产量差异显著。在两样地随机各设置 2 4个种子方形收集器 (0 5m2 )和 2 0个地表样方 (1 0× 0 5m2 )调查种子产量。通过比较收集器内壳斗和种子数量 ,发现二者无显著差异 ,说明鸟类对林冠层种子丢失作用不明显 ;而收集器和地表样方种子数量差异显著 ,表明辽东栎种子库扩散主要由林中啮齿动物完成。标记重捕发现辽东栎林中啮齿动物群落包括大林姬鼠 ,社鼠 ,棕背鼠平和花鼠 ,其中大林姬鼠为优势种 ,占群落的 77.2 %。     

子午岭地区辽东栎和油松林建群种的更新生态位宽度分析

通过实地调查并采用Levins生态位宽度指数对子午岭地区主要树种辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)和油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)的幼苗、幼树和成树在不同坡向的辽东栎林、油松 辽东栎混交林和人工油松林3种群落中的生态位宽度进行了分析研究。结果显示:(1)辽东栎和油松的更新生态位宽度在不同群落中各不相同,成树的生态位宽度与群落类型一致;(2)辽东栎幼苗和幼树在阳坡和阴坡人工油松林中的生态位宽度分别是0.951、0.95和0.98、0.94,且生态位宽度显著大于其它2个群落,表明辽东栎幼苗和幼树能很好地适应人工油松林的环境条件;(3)在阳坡,油松幼苗的生态位宽度在辽东栎林最大为0.79,且极显著大于其它2个群落,而阳坡油松幼树的生态位宽度在人工油松林中最大为1.00;在阴坡,油松幼苗的生态位宽度在人工油松林最大为0.63,而阴坡油松幼树的生态位宽度却在油松 辽东栎混交林最大为0.83,且极显著大于其它2个群落;表明油松幼苗适应阳坡的辽东栎林环境和阴坡的人工油松林环境,油松幼树适应阳坡的人工油松林环境和油松 辽东栎林环境。结果表明,人工种植油松林有利于该地区的植被恢复,人工油松林和油松 辽东栎混交林会在该地区存在较长时间,而阳坡的油松 辽东栎混交林存在时间会更长。     

啮齿动物对北京小龙门林场辽东栎地表种子的扩散

20 0 0年 9月至 10月在小龙门林场选取两块辽东栎林样地 ,在地表分别针对无脊椎动物 (处理 1)、啮齿动物和无脊椎动物 (处理 2 )、所有扩散者 (处理 3)、所有扩散者但具隐蔽性 (处理 4 )设置 4种试验处理 :两样地 4种处理各设置 0 5m× 0 5m的地表样方 5个 ,在样方内放置饱满和虫损辽东栎种子各 2 0粒 ,每样地全部样方共布放种子 80 0粒 ;4种处理的种子累计丢失情况共调查 9次。有网罩的处理 1无种子丢失 ;两样地处理 2和处理 3之间种子丢失量均无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;处理 2、 3种子丢失量均显著多于处理 4。在两样地中 ,不仅处理 2中饱满种子与虫损种子丢失量差异均显著 (样地 1:t =2 4 0 7,P <0 0 5 ;样地 2 :t =2 6 5 ,P <0 0 5 ) ,而且处理 3中亦然 (t=3 2 0 9,P <0 0 5 ;t =3 0 92 ,P <0 0 5 ) ;两样地中被啃咬的饱满种子都显著多于虫损种子 (χ2 =14 75 ,P <0 0 5 ;χ2 =9 85 ,P <0 0 5 )。标记重捕结果显示该地区啮齿动物群落包括朝鲜姬鼠等 4种小型哺乳动物 ,其中朝鲜姬鼠占啮齿动物群落的 74 4 %。以上结果说明该地区辽东栎种子主要扩散者是啮齿动物 ,鸟类和无脊椎动物对种子扩散无明显影响 ;地表微环境可降低种子被取食的几率 ;啮齿动物优先选择饱满种子 ,对种子质量有明显选     

北京山区辽东栎林的径级结构、种群起源及生态学意义

 北京山区的辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)林径级结构的调查分析结果表明,辽东栎林是稳定性的群落类型,其更新主要通过萌生来完成。能够与辽东栎长期共存的伴生种有色木(Acer mono)、大果榆(Ulmus macrocarpa)、大叶白蜡(Fraxinus rhynchophylla)等。萌生在辽东栎种群中十分普遍,除辽东栎伐桩、枯木和大树根际有较多的萌生茎干外,多年生实生苗也有萌生现象发生。辽东栎林的更新在辽东栎总体种群的幼树阶段(径级2)存在着明显的瓶颈现象,但萌生特性使辽东栎林在更新时或受到干扰后形成较大的萌生种群,使辽东栎的大幼树能够得到迅速的补充,顺利地通过瓶颈进行更新,保持群落的相对稳定。一定数量的辽东栎实生种群的存在对于维持辽东栎的遗传多样性、种群整体活力和群落的稳定,提高辽东栎种群对环境变化的反应能力等方面有着十分重要的生态学意义。     

山西太岳山辽东栎群落木本植物功能群分类

采用样方法对太岳山七里峪辽东栎群落进行了调查,计算重要值并结合频度,在乔木层和灌木层选取优势度相对较大的物种进行种间联结和聚类分析,以χ2检验为基础,结合联结系数(AC)和共同出现百分率(PC)测定辽东栎群落木本植物优势种的种间联结性,根据种间联结性以及聚类分析结果划分植物功能群,并通过功能群植物组成随海拔梯度的差异揭示辽东栎群落的变化。结果表明:(1)油松、茶条槭、小叶杨、山杨、白桦随海拔升高在辽东栎群落中具有相对较大的优势性。(2)以优势种为主体将辽东栎群落乔木层树种划分为3组植物功能群,即第一组为北京丁香、小叶杨、秀丽槭(1 200~1 700m),第二组为油松、鹅耳枥(1 700~1 840m),第三组为山杨、白桦、暴马丁香(1 900~2 100m)。(3)灌木层优势种划分为7组功能群。研究表明,每一组功能群都有其特定的分布区域和形态特征,较好反映出了环境与植被的动态关系,为今后辽东栎林的保护与研究提供理论基础。     

山西太岳山辽东栎群落优势种生态位研究

采用样方法对山西太岳山七里峪林区辽东栎群落进行群落调查, 利用生态位宽度、生态位相似性比例和生态位重叠公式对其10 种乔木, 10 种灌木和11 种草本的种群生态位特征进行研究。结果表明: 1)Levins 和Hurlbert 两种公式在乔、灌、草各层中的总体趋势基本保持一致。群落中辽东栎、土庄绣线菊和披针叶苔草在各层中的重要值和生态位宽度值最大, 对资源环境有较强的适应能力, 在群落中具有重要的地位。而棘皮桦、接骨木、水金凤等种群数量相对较少, 生态位宽度较小, 对资源的利用能力较弱; 2)从乔、灌、草整体的生态位相似性分配格局和重叠格局看, 辽东栎林各种群间生态位相似性比例和重叠程度较小, 群落内种间竞争不激烈, 有利于群落实现长期稳定共存; 3)从对辽东栎群落物种频度、重要值、生态位宽度和平均生态位重叠值的相关性分析可知, 除重要值和平均生态位重叠值相关性不显著外, 其余的都呈显著性正相关。研究发现七里峪辽东栎林是七里峪地区的地带性顶极群落, 多数优势种的生态位重叠值较小, 但仍有少数优势种重叠值较大, 表明在辽东栎群落发展过程中种群间对环境资源的利用性竞争不可避免, 所以维持群落的物种多样性使群落处于动态的稳定状态有利于辽东栎群落的保护和发展。     

黄土高原主要森林类型自然性的灰色关联度分析

为了解陕西黄土高原子午岭林区主要森林类型的自然性,以油松林、辽东栎林、白桦林、山杨林和侧柏林等5种森林类型为研究对象,通过0-1型变量聚类,较为客观地提出了森林群落各个演替阶段的植物组成,并计算出了各自的群落顶极适应值;采用层次分析的方法,得到群落特征指标权重,然后利用灰色关联分析方法,得到了各个森林群落的灰色关联度。研究结果表明,黄土高原不同森林类型的群落顶极适应值由大到小依次为辽东栎林(Quercus wutaishanica)8.37,油松林(Pinus tabulaefomis)8.16,山杨林(Populus davidiana)7.89,侧柏林(Platycladus orientalis)6.88,白桦林(Betula platyphylla)6.87;关联度由大到小依次为油松林1.143、辽东栎林1.085、侧柏林0.893、白桦林0.849、山杨林0.789。油松林和辽东栎林的灰色关联度较高,是这一地区较为稳定的理想森林类型,侧柏林和白桦林的关联度居中,山杨林最小。辽东栎林和油松林属于该地区的顶极和亚顶极群落类型,白桦林和侧柏林属于演替过渡类型,山杨林为演替阶段较低的森林类型。用灰色关联度的方法能够定量地分析森林群落的自然性,研究结果对森林近自然经营、林分改造有一定的应用价值和科学意义。     

陕北黄土高原辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)群落类型划分及其生态位特征

根据陕北黄龙林区辽东栎群落30个样地资料,通过聚类对该群落进行了类型划分,共划分为6个群丛,分别为A．辽东栎（Quercus liaotungensis）-土庄绣线菊（Spiraea pubescens）、B．辽东栎-虎榛子（Ostryopsis davidiana）、c．辽东栎-胡枝子（Lespedeza bicolor）、D．辽东栎．水枸子（Cotoneasten multtflorus）、E．辽东栎-白刺花（Sophora viciifolia）、F．辽东栎-黄蔷薇（Rosa hugonis）。另外,对各类型辽东栎林和不同坡向辽东栎群落的生物多样性进行了计算,结果表明各群落Whittaker多样性指数存在明显的差异,并与其所处的生境条件密切相关,其中与坡向关系较大,即北坡〉西北坡〉东南坡〉西南坡〉南坡。最后,对辽东栎林乔木层和灌木层组成种类生态位和生态位重叠进行了计算分析,结果表明,乔木层,辽东栎、油松、白桦不仅生态位宽度较大（LB值1．2—1．5）,而且三者之间的生态位重叠值也较大（0ik值0．7—0．9）;在现演替阶段它们之间存在着较为激烈的资源利用性竞争;灌木层,土庄绣线菊、榛子、铁杆蒿、黄蔷薇生态位宽度较大（LB〉1）,而葱皮忍冬、南蛇藤、鼠李、鞘柄菝葜较小（LB为0．4—0．45）;生态位重叠值〉0．8的种对仅占灌木计算种对的2．8％,而〈0．6的种对占87．4％。     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418