美洲商陆一种抗真菌蛋白的cDNA克隆及序列分析

根据美洲商陆种子中一种抗真菌蛋白ＰＡＦＰ的Ｎ端部分氨基酸顺序,设计,合成一条５‘端寡核苷酸引物,通过３’－ＲＡＣＥ技术从种子总ＲＮＡ扩增出一约３５０ｂｐ的ｃＤＮＡ片段,成功地克隆到ｐＧＥＭ－Ｔ载体系统中。序列分析该,ｃＤＮＡ含有１１４ｂｐ的编码区,由此推导的３８个氨基酸序列有３６个与ＰＡＦＰ的序列相同,仅在第３５,３６位氨基酸分别由Ｃｙｓ,Ｌｙｓ代了后者的Ｇｌｎ和Ｉｌｅ。     

杜仲皮中抗真菌蛋白的分离和特性研究

从杜仲（ＥｕｃｏｍｍｉａｕｌｍｏｉｄｅｓＯｌｉｖ）皮中分离纯化到一种新的抗真菌蛋白（ＥｕｃｏｍｍｉａＡｎｔｉｆｕｎｇａｌＰｒｏｔｅｉｎ）,简称ＥＡＦＰ。将切碎的杜仲树皮用ＮａＣｌ溶液在组织捣碎器中高速匀浆提取,经硫酸铁沉淀、ＣＭ一ｃｅｌｌｕｌｏｓｅ离子交换层析和Ｂｉｏ一ｇｅｌ一ｐ一１０凝胶层析纯化。如此纯化而得的ＥＡＦＰ在ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ胶片上显示一条分子量为５．０ｋＤ的单一带。反相ＨＰＬＣ显示４样品是纯的。等电聚焦电泳测得其ｐＩ值大于１１．０。经还原和氨酰羧甲基化处理,用ＨＰＬＣ层析证明ＥＡＦＰ为单链。用酚一硫酸法未测出其含糖。ＥＡＦＰ是简单单链蛋白。氨基酸组成分析结果表明它宫含Ａｒｇ、Ｃｙｓ和Ｇｌｙ,不含Ｍｅｔ,Ｌｙｓ,Ｔｒｐ,Ｈｉｓ和Ｐｈｅ。未经热变性或ＳＤＳ处理的ＥＡＦＰ与考马氏亮蓝试剂不发生显色反应。手工Ｅｄｍａｎ降解法测得Ｎ一端３个氨基酸残基的顺序为Ｇｌｙ一Ａｓｐ一Ａｌａ。用羧肽酶Ａ和Ｂ酶解ＥＡＦＰ测得其Ｃ一末端为Ｖａｌ．０．３ｍｇ／ｍＬ蛋白明显抑制木霉、小麦赤霉菌、烟草黑茎病菌和棉花枯萎病菌菌丝的生长。蛋白在沸水中保温３０ｍｉｎ活性不变。     

天麻球茎中一种抗真菌蛋白的分离和部分特性

白天麻(Gastrodia elata)顶生球茎中分离并纯化了一种抗真菌蛋白(Gastrodia Antifungal Protein),简称GAFP。在马铃薯葡糖琼脂培养基上,4μg GAFP滴加在直径0.6 cm圆纸片上可明显抑制木霉(Trichoderma reesei)菌丝生长。从每千克鲜球茎中可分离得GAFP约20 mg。用SDS-PAGE和凝胶过滤层析测得该蛋白为单多肽链,分子量14.0kD;用离子交换结合法测得电点为8.1;富含Asn,Ala,Gly和Leu,但无Met,Cys和Pro。未经热变性或SDS处理的GAFP与考马氏亮蓝试剂不发生显色反应。GAFP不具有几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性。球茎外层组织富含这种蛋白,内层薄壁组织无此蛋白。认为GAFP在阻止真菌侵染当年生顶生和侧生球茎的防卫机制中起重要作用。     

美洲商陆中新发现的一种抗菌蛋白基因的克隆和表达

自美洲商陆(PhytolaccaamericanaL.)的种子中发现了一种具有38个氨基酸残基的蛋白(PaAFP),它有明显抑制立枯丝核菌(RhizoctoniasolaniKiihn)作用。依此蛋白的氨基酸序列合成引物,从该种子的mRNA中,通过逆转录PCR,获得了这一基因的具有65个氨基酸的前体蛋白cDNA序列(已在GenBank注册),将这一成熟蛋白的cDNA克隆在pGEX4T1上,并转化到大肠杆菌(E.coli),融合蛋白被大量表达。表达产物经谷胱甘肽Sepharose4B亲合层析,融合蛋白被纯化。纯化后的融合蛋白经凝血酶(thrombin)作用,将谷胱甘肽S转移酶降解,从而获得这一抗真菌蛋白     

小黑麦抗真菌蛋白组分的分离纯化和性质研究

以木霉为指示菌,小黑麦中饲237种子中的蛋白提取物经过分离纯化后,得到了3种主要的抗真菌蛋白组分,经酶活检测鉴定,分别是分子量为30.5 kD的ClassⅡ型几丁质酶,两种分子量为51kD和23 kD的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶。其中几丁质酶的最适反应pH为6.0,最适反应温度为37℃,测定的N末端氨基酸序列与大麦几丁质酶的有很高的同源性。在一定条件下,这3种蛋白组分都有较强的抗木霉活性,并且有明显的协同作用,同时它们对离体易感小麦叶片上白粉菌有很好的生长抑制作用。     

美洲商陆抗病毒蛋白研究进展

美洲商陆抗病毒蛋白（pokeweed antiviral proteins,PAP)是一类具多种生物功能和活性的蛋白,本在阐述了该类蛋白的生化等特性的同时,综述了该类蛋白在抗植物病毒,抗动物病毒以及用作免疫毒素等方面的研究进展。     

光对商陆发状根生长和PAP基因表达的影响

利用发根农杆菌菌株Ar1334与美洲商陆(Phytolacca americana)叶片外植体共培养转化体系,共获得58个发状根无性系(SL-1~58).以发根农杆菌Ri质粒TL-DNA上的rol C基因设计特异引物,对发状根进行PCR检测,得到了预期的560 bp目的片段,表明Ri质粒T-DNA整合到发状根基因组中.将筛选出的株系SL-7接种在MS培养基上分别置于光、暗条件下进行培养.结果发现:SL-7在暗培养条件下呈乳白色,具有多分枝、多根毛、无向地性等典型的发状根特性;在光培养条件下,发根呈粉红色,少分支且生长缓慢;以商陆抗病毒蛋白(pokeweed antiviral protein,PAP)cDNA片段为探针,分别对光、暗条件下的发状根进行Northern blot检测,发现光对PAP基因的转录具有一定抑制作用;将发状根粗蛋白提取液与TMV病毒液混合后,摩擦接种于心叶烟(Nicotiana glutinosa)离体叶片,发现暗培养的发状根粗蛋白提取液对TMV抗性明显提高.表明商陆发状根的生长及PAP基因的表达都受到光的负向调控.该结果为商陆发状根的规模化培养和PAP蛋白的离体合成优化体系的建立奠定了基础.     

美洲商陆抗病毒蛋白的研究

美洲商陆抗病毒蛋白(pokeweed antiviral proteins.PAP)是一种具有多种生物功能活性的蛋白质,其在广谱抗病毒方面有重要的应用价值。综述美洲商陆抗病毒蛋白的分子结构与功能,抗病毒的分子机理及其在植物基因工程中的应用。     

棕榈花序中抗真菌蛋白质的分离及特性

棕榈花序用盐溶液提取,硫酸铵沉淀,透析,DEAE—Cellulose DE—52离子交换,超滤,再经 Ultrostl AcA—44柱过滤,上 Bio—Gel P—6柱后,分离到一个相对分子量为25.6 kD的蛋白质(TP—1)。TP—1在浓度低于1.0mg/ml即可明显抑制绿色木霉菌丝的生长,对赤霉菌、棉花枯萎菌及稻瘟菌都有抑制作用。TP—1无几丁酶和β—1,3—葡聚糖酶活性.也无血球凝集活性。但经蒽酮法及PAS反应证明是一个糖蛋白。氨基酸成分分析表明,TP—1富含A_(sD)、Gly、Ala和Leu。     

信号肽序列修饰的PAP cDNA克隆及高频率转基因烟草的获得

通过RT-PCR从美洲商陆叶片中获得PAPN端氨基酸修饰的cDNA克隆PAP-sp1。构建携带PAP-sp1的植物转化载体pBPAP,利用农杆菌介导将PAP-sp1导入烟草品种K326叶片细胞,通过抗性筛选、组织化学和PCR鉴定获得了转基因烟草植株,按形成转基因不定芽的外植体数统计,烟草K326的转化率高达8.1%。攻毒实验表明,与对照植株相比,转基因烟草株系发病推迟,感病程度较低,开花结果提早。     

CADMIUM AND MANGANESE ACCUMULATION IN PHYTOLACCA AMERICANA L. AND THE ROLES OF NON-PROTEIN THIOLS AND ORGANIC ACIDS

Phytolacca americana L. can accumulate large amounts of heavy metals in its aerial tissues, especially cadmium (Cd) and manganese (Mn). It has great potential for use in phytoextraction of metals from multi-metal-contaminated soils. This study was conducted to further investigate the Cd- and Mn-tolerance strategies of this plant. Concentrations of non-protein thiols (NPTs) and phytochelatins (PCs) in leaves and roots increased significantly as the concentration of Cd in solution increased. The molar ratios of PCs:soluble Cd ranged from 1.8 to 3.6 in roots and 8.1 to 31.6 in leaves, suggesting that the cellular response involving PC synthesis was sufficient to complex Cd ions in the cytosol, especially that of leaves. In contrast, excess Mn treatments did not result in a significant increase in NPT or PC concentrations in leaves or roots. Oxalic acid concentrations in leaves of plants exposed to 2 or 20 mM Mn reached 69.4 to 89.3 mg (0.771 to 0.992 mmol) g^–1 dry weight, respectively, which was approximately 3.7- to 8.6-fold higher than the Mn level in the 0.6 M HCl extract. Thus, oxalic acid may play an important role in the detoxification of Mn.     

商陆种子抗病毒蛋白的制备及毒性分析

采用一种改进的方法,从商陆属两种植物——商陆(Phytolacca acinosa)和美州商陆(P. americana)种子中分别制备抗病毒蛋白(Pokeweed antiviral protein from seeds,简称PAP-s)。研究证明,两种植物中的PAP-s性质完全相同。经SDS-PAGE和凝胶过滤层析测得该蛋白质为单一肽链,分子量约30kD;聚丙烯酰胺等电聚焦电泳测得等电点为8.4;经Edman降解,测得N-末端氨基酸为Ile.PAP-s在兔网织红细胞裂解液中抑制蛋白质合成ID_(50)为2.6ng/ml(8.6×10~(-11)mol/1);将该蛋白质与脊髓灰质炎(?)型病毒混合接种于猴肾细胞培养液,显示出较强的抗病毒活性,浓度为4.17×10~(-8)mol/1时能抑制98％的病毒增殖。将PAP-s通过异型双功能连接剂SPDP与抗人T细胞单克隆抗体Wu71偶联制备免疫毒素,对T淋巴细胞白血病CEM细胞显示特异杀伤作用,在10~(-9)mol/1时可杀灭76.4％的靶细胞,~(14)C-亮氨酸掺入蛋白质合成抑制试验显示ID_(50)为10~(-10)—10~(-9)mol/l。     

SEED GERMINATION OF AMERICAN POKEWEED (PHYTOLACCA AMERICANA). I. LABORATORY TECHNIQUES AND AUTOTOXICITY

Seeds of pokeweed (Phytolacca americana L.), an underinvestigated species, were studied to determine optimal conditions for laboratory germination. Soaking seeds in acid solutions prior to sowing increased rates of germination. Concentrated (conc) H₂SO₄ was more effective than conc NO₃ or conc HCl acids. Physiological evidence from seed germination studies suggests that autotoxicity, or intraspecific inhibition, exists in pokeweed, a species known to possess several biologically active compounds. Seed germination was investigated in the laboratory with aqueous extracts of vegetative and reproductive structures of the plant. The presence of extracts from most plant parts correlated with reduced or no germination by seeds of its own species, whereas the presence of distilled water correlated with high percentages of germination by control seeds. Whether diluted with water by 5-fold (20% v/v) or undiluted, juice of pokeweed fruits completely inhibited the laboratory germination of pokeweed seeds. Also, extracts of freshly harvested mature leaves, stems, and immature fruits inhibited seed germination. However, results with root extracts, obtained from a single individual, depended more on concentration, since the highest concentration (50% v/v) inhibited germination, and lower concentrations (10 and 20% v/v) increased germination percentages over control samples. Results with extracts of juvenile leaves correlated with neither inhibition nor promotion of germination. Thus, except for juvenile leaves and the root, most extracts of the pokeweed plant inhibited seed germination with more mature structures exerting more inhibition and less mature structures exerting less or no inhibition. The ecological implication of autotoxicity is that seeds are more dispersed through time and space. In regard to seed germination by other species, especially those taxa known to possess biologically active compounds, these and other results suggest that the phenomenon of autotoxicity might be more widespread than previously suspected.     

中国商陆属植物的校订

校订了我国商陆属植物,计有４种,Ｐｈｙｔｏｌａｃｃａ ｃｌａｖｉｇｅｒａ Ｗ．Ｗ．Ｓｍｉｔｈ是多雄蕊商陆的异名,Ｐｈ．ｈｕｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓ Ｈａｎｄ．－Ｍａｚｚ和Ｐｈ．ｚｈｅｊｉａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ Ｗ．Ｔ．Ｆａｎ是日本商陆的异名。Ｐｈ．ｅｓｑｕｉｒｏｌｉｉ Ｌｅｖｌ．不是本属植物,而是崖豆藤野桐（大戟科）。     

商陆蛋白质的纯化及其抗单纯疱疹病毒(Ⅱ型)活性的研究

纯化的商陆蛋白质Ⅰ在SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳中,只显示一条带,与Sigma SDS-6H四种蛋白质标准品迁移率对比,分子量大约为29,000。采用病毒繁殖量抑制测定法(YR测定),观察商陆蛋白质Ⅰ对疱疹病毒Ⅱ型(HSV-2)在Vero细胞中复制的影响,0.15～15μM出现最大抑制率,50％繁殖抑制率为0.32μM。证明商陆蛋白质Ⅰ对HSV-2有明显的抗病毒活性。     

玉米根质膜ABA结合蛋白的增溶及特性研究

以玉米(Zea mays L.)根为材料,采用分级离心和两相分配法制备高纯度的质膜。实验比较了Tri-ton X-100和丙酮两种增溶剂对膜上ABA结合蛋白(ABA-BPm)的增溶效果。结果表明0.2％(W/V) TritonX-100的增溶效率超过85％,而丙酮法增溶效率仅达65％。放射配基(~3H-ABA)结合分析表明,增溶的膜蛋白与ABA的结合反应具有竞争性、饱和性、专一性和高亲和性等特点,而相同反应条件下的BSA则没有这些特征,证明了质膜上存在着ABA结合蛋白。实验还比较了ABA-BPm与增溶的ABA结合蛋白(ABA-BPs)与ABA的特异结合活性,结果显示ABA-BPs对反应温度和介质pH更为敏感,保持最大结合活性的时间也较短(<30min),暗示着增溶膜蛋白离开膜脂环境后更不稳定、易失活。     

桑粒肩天牛肠道纤维素分解细菌的分离和鉴定*

为研究天牛消化利用纤维素的机理,利用纤维素-刚果红琼脂培养基,从桑粒肩天牛(A.germari)幼虫中肠分离到一种兼性厌氧纤维素分解菌。菌落为白色圆形,边缘比较规则,周围溶纤维素透明圈直径一般可达10mm～20mm,细菌大小为0.5～0.8μm×1～3μm,革兰氏染色阳性,杆状,极生鞭毛,无芽孢。结合生化实验结果,初步鉴定该菌株为纤维单孢菌属(Cellulomonas)。