长蛸生殖系统的形态学与组织学观察

运用解剖学和组织学方法对长蛸(Octopus variabilis)生殖系统的形态结构进行了研究.结果表明,长蛸雌雄异体并异形,雄性右侧第三腕茎化.长蛸雌性生殖系统由一个卵巢、成对的输卵管及输卵管腺组成.卵巢壁上发出一条线状具分支的生殖索,米粒状的滤泡以卵柄连接至生殖索上.每个滤泡是由单层滤泡细胞围绕着一个卵母细胞构成.输卵管形成丰富的纵行褶皱,黏膜上皮具有纤毛.输卵管腺含有两种类型腺细胞.雄性生殖系统包括精巢、输精管前段、储精囊、摄护腺、盲囊、输精管后段和精荚囊.精巢内部被结缔组织分隔成许多精小叶,精原细胞由小叶壁中的生殖上皮产生,并向小叶腔中逐步分化成精子.输精管前段、盲囊和摄护腺所分泌的黏液物质共同参与精荚的形成.储精囊和输精管后段形成较多的纵行褶皱,输精管后段上皮游离面的纤毛可运输生殖细胞.精荚囊的作用则是贮存精荚,囊壁中的平滑肌利于长蛸交配时精荚的排出.     

东北虎雌性生殖系统的组织学

对10月份意外死亡的2例东北虎（Panthera tigris altaica)雌性生殖系统进行了组织学研究。卵巢基质中分布着一定数量的有腔卵泡及闭锁卵泡。间质腺不发达,在闭锁卵泡上皮样细胞增殖,形成一定量的间质腺细胞。输卵管漏半斗部至峡部黏膜上皮由柱状逐渐转化炎立方,黏膜形成许多皱褶,皱褶以漏斗部和壶腹部最多,子宫内膜上皮为单层立方上皮。6岁个体子宫腺上皮为单层柱状上皮;2岁个体在子宫角处的子宫腺上皮为单层柱状上皮,在子宫体外多为单层立方上皮,子宫腺密度从卵巢端到子宫体端呈阶梯下降,阴道黏膜上皮大多为2－3层的复层扁平上皮。     

人工养殖条件下嘉庚蛸的生物学特性及繁育技术初探

对人工养殖条件下嘉庚蛸(Octopustankahkeei)的基础生物学和繁育技术进行了初步研究。嘉庚蛸喜栖息于阴暗的场所,属昼伏夜出型,主要捕食一些活体的天津厚蟹(Helicetientsinensis)等。其个体产卵量非常低,为60～1 1 0粒头,平均仅85粒 头。繁殖季节,雌雄个体间存在交配行为,交配后精子贮藏在雌性的纳精囊中。受精卵分2～3批产出,成葡萄状悬挂于瓦罐底部,亲蛸(♀)具有护卵行为。受精卵约经过40～45d孵化出膜,为盘状卵裂,经过肉眼可见的“红珠”期、“黑珠”期、胚胎的逆转,最后孵化出幼体。     

灰飞虱雌性生殖系统的构造和卵巢发育分级

<正> 在许多迁飞和定居性的农业害虫中,已广泛应用系统剖检雌虫的卵巢发育进度,作为研究害虫预测预报和发生规律的一种重要手段。1988～1989年,我们对灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus Fallén雌虫的卵巢结构和发育分级进行了解剖观察,兹简报如下。     

斗嫁(虫戚)卵子发生和雌性性腺组织学研究

通过组织切片和活细胞涂片对斗嫁(虫戚)Cellana grata(GbuId)性腺和生殖细胞进行观察,研究雌性性腺特征及不同发育阶段雌性生殖细胞的形态特点与分布状况.观察与分析表明:(1)斗嫁(虫戚)雌性滤泡由卵原细胞及不同发育时期的初级卵母细胞填充,成熟的初级卵母细胞位居滤泡腔中央区域;(2)性细胞发育不同步,属分批产卵类型;(3)卵子发生中,细胞、核及核仁大小变化的总体趋势是随着发育进程而逐渐增大,常见1-2个核仁;(4)卵质的酸碱特性变化与卵黄的出现相关;(5)成熟卵母细胞大小约为(120-140)μm×150μm,外被约5-12 μm厚的胶质膜;(6)胶质膜的均一性、厚度、酸碱性随卵发育而变化,胶质膜与卵膜之间出现间隙可以作为卵开始成熟的标志,而胶质膜由嗜酸性转化为嗜碱性可以作为卵成熟即将排放的标志.     

雌性动物生殖系统中的一氧化氮

一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)属于无机自由基气体,作为一种特殊的生物传递信号分子,日益受到生命科学各领域的普遍重视。机体内的NO是由三种一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)合成的。NOS在体内的分布极为广泛,几乎遍布机体的每一个系统。研究表明,生殖系统中的NO参与了卵泡的发育和成熟、胚胎的植入、妊娠的维持、分娩等许多生理过程。现就NO在雌性生殖系统中的作用进行阐述。     

中国水蛇雌性生殖系统的血液循环

取12条处于不同生殖期的雌性中国水蛇作血管单注射,观察其生殖系统血液循环特点。结果表明,卵巢处于静止期的个体的生殖系统循环模式与雄体相似,卵子处于迅速生长期,卵巢血管变得十分发达,布满于正在生长的卵子表面,卵子处于成熟期,卵巢血管又回复到模式状态;受精卵落入子宫中发育时,子宫血管变得十分发达,子宫壁及卵黄膜均十分薄,子宫腔中有液体浸润胚胎,提示了胚胎与母体之间可能通过这些液体进行某些物质交换。     

迁粉蝶雌性生殖系统结构研究

解剖和描述了迁粉蝶Catopsilia pomona(Fabricius)的雌性生殖系统结构。结果表明:迁粉蝶外生殖器包括交配囊及其附属结构、导精管、后表皮突和肛突;内生殖器包括1对卵巢、2根侧输卵管、1根中输卵管、受精囊、附腺、外生殖腔及产卵孔。卵巢左右对称,每个卵巢由4根多滋式卵巢管组成。同时提出卵巢发育分级指标,为害虫预测和防治提供指导性意见。     

嘉庚蛸精子形成过程中KIFC1类似物与NUP62分布的免疫荧光分析

精子发生（spermatogenesis）是受基因调控的复杂的发育过程,精子形成不同阶段生精细胞内基因特异性表达导致顶体的发生、精核形态的建成及尾部的形成,精细胞内特有的微管套（manchette）和活动于微管套上的各种分子马达（molecularmotor）在上述各结构形成中发挥重要作用。     

隆线潘孤雌溞生殖系统的组织学

隆线溞孤雌溞的生殖系统由一对卵巢、一对输卵管和一对雌性生殖孔组成。卵巢长管状,管壁由结缔组织膜和单层上皮细胞构成,末端渐细为一短小的输卵管,输卵管末端为雌性生殖孔。卵子的发生是由生发区细胞向卵巢内增殖分化,不同成熟度的生殖细胞在管腔内排列成生殖带。根据卵母细胞细胞核的大小及卵黄的累积情况等,将卵子的发生划分为三个时期：卵原细胞、卵母细胞和成熟卵子,其中卵母细胞的发生又可细分为三个时期：前期、中期和后期。后期的卵母细胞含较多的卵黄颗粒,最后成为成熟卵子,排入孵育囊内形成夏卵。隆线溞孤雌溞的卵巢发育要经历五个幼龄期,不同的龄期,卵巢的形态结构不同。至第五幼龄,卵巢已基本发育成熟,准备排卵进入第一成龄。     

Assessing the validity of stylets as ageing tools in Octopus pallidus

A method to age octopus was determined through the quantification of growth increments within the stylet structure (highly reduced internal shells). To validate the periodicity of the increments, stylets were analysed from known-age laboratory-raised Octopus pallidus. The animals, which ranged from 3 to 8 months old, were exposed either to a simulated natural or to constant temperature regime. Transverse stylet sections were embedded in thermo-plastic cement and ground until a thin section was achieved. A pre-hatch region and first post-hatch increment was identified in the stylet microstructure. The number of increments, across all ages and temperature treatments, was in remarkably close agreement to age (number of days), clearly demonstrating that stylet increments are deposited daily throughout the lifecycle of O. pallidus. Morphometric analyses of the stylet indicated that increments were laid down regularly during stylet growth and that stylets grew in concert with body size, further supporting daily periodicity. This study successfully validates daily increments in stylets and thus demonstrate a method to age octopus, therefore, potentially having critical implications for future octopus research and the effective management of stocks worldwide.     

剑尾鱼卵子发生的组织学观察

应用光学显微镜对卵胎生硬骨鱼类剑尾鱼(Xiphophorus helleri)卵巢的组织结构进行了观察。结果显示,剑尾鱼卵子的发育过程可划分为6个时相。Ⅰ时相的卵母细胞呈原始分化状态,细胞外具一层细胞质膜。Ⅱ时相卵母细胞外不仅具有质膜,而且还包绕一层滤泡细胞。Ⅲ时相和Ⅳ时相的卵母细胞分化明显,胞质内开始积累脂滴和卵黄颗粒。Ⅴ时相为成熟卵子,卵子的卵膜极薄,胞质内含有丰富的脂滴和卵黄。Ⅵ时相卵母细胞进入退化期,滤泡细胞从卵周向中央突入,卵黄被完全吸收,滤泡细胞自身也变得肥大。结果表明,剑尾鱼卵巢中卵母细胞的发育是不同步的。     

Heat tolerance, behavioural temperature selection and temperature-dependent respiration in larval Octopus huttoni

This study reports temperature effects on paralarvae from a benthic octopus species, Octopus huttoni, found throughout New Zealand and temperate Australia. We quantified the thermal tolerance, thermal preference and temperature-dependent respiration rates in 1-5 days old paralarvae. Thermal stress (1 °C increase h⁻¹) and thermal selection (∼10-24 °C vertical gradient) experiments were conducted with paralarvae reared for 4 days at 16 °C. In addition, measurement of oxygen consumption at 10, 15, 20 and 25 °C was made for paralarvae aged 1, 4 and 5 days using microrespirometry. Onset of spasms, rigour (CT_max) and mortality (upper lethal limit) occurred for 50% of experimental animals at, respectively, 26.0±0.2 °C, 27.8±0.2 °C and 31.4±0.1 °C. The upper, 23.1±0.2 °C, and lower, 15.0±1.7 °C, temperatures actively avoided by paralarvae correspond with the temperature range over which normal behaviours were observed in the thermal stress experiments. Over the temperature range of 10 °C-25 °C, respiration rates, standardized for an individual larva, increased with age, from 54.0 to 165.2 nmol larvae⁻¹ h⁻¹ in one-day old larvae to 40.1-99.4 nmol h⁻¹ at five days. Older larvae showed a lesser response to increased temperature: the effect of increasing temperature from 20 to 25 °C (Q₁₀) on 5 days old larvae (Q₁₀=1.35) was lower when compared with the 1 day old larvae (Q₁₀=1.68). The lower Q₁₀ in older larvae may reflect age-related changes in metabolic processes or a greater scope of older larvae to respond to thermal stress such as by reducing activity. Collectively, our data indicate that temperatures >25 °C may be a critical temperature. Further studies on the population-level variation in thermal tolerance in this species are warranted to predict how continued increases in ocean temperature will limit O. huttoni at early larval stages across the range of this species.     

中国大鲵生殖腺胚后发育的形态学观察

为探寻中国大鲵(Andrias davidianus)生殖腺胚后发育的特点及规律,采用解剖学与组织学技术对其形态结构变化进行了观察.结果表明,大鲵的原始生殖腺开始出现于出膜28～49 d;出膜133～175 d时一些个体生殖腺内已初步分化出原始卵泡;出膜259 ～343 d时一些个体生殖腺内已初步分化出生精小叶;出膜427 d时,卵巢已明显分化为皮质与髓质,且髓质内出现了卵巢腔,精巢内生精小叶及其内的腔隙、精巢间质等分化已较为明显;出膜511 d时精巢分化为明显的生精小叶和非成熟小叶两个区域.本文认为,大鲵与其他无羊膜类原始生殖腺的分化一般发生在胚后阶段,而且雌性的分化时间早于雄性.     

Evidence for genetic differentiation of Octopus vulgaris (Mollusca, Cephalopoda) fishery populations from the southern coast of Brazil as revealed by microsatellites

Octopus vulgaris is a cephalopod species in several oceans and commonly caught by artisanal and industrial fisheries. In Brazil, O. vulgaris populations are mainly distributed along the southern coast and have been subjected to intensive fishing during recent years. Despite the importance of this marine resource, no genetic study has been carried out to examine genetic differences among populations along the coast of Brazil. In this study, 343 individuals collected by commercial vessels were genotyped at six microsatellite loci to investigate the genetic differences in O. vulgaris populations along the southern coast of Brazil. Genetic structure and levels of differentiation among sampling sites were estimated via a genotype assignment test and F-statistics. Our results indicate that the O. vulgaris stock consists of four genetic populations with an overall significant analogous F_ST (Φ_CT = 0.10710, P < 0.05) value. The genetic diversity was high with an observed heterozygosity of Ho = 0.987. The negative values of F_IS found for most of the loci examined suggested a possible bottleneck process. These findings are important for further steps toward more sustainable octopus fisheries, so that this marine resource can be preserved for long-term utilization.     

宁波滑蜥两性异形和雌性繁殖

蜥蜴的雌性繁殖特征对理解两性异形的进化原因起着重要作用。于2011年4月在安徽滁州采集宁波滑蜥(Scincella modesta),定量研究该种形态特征的两性异形和雌性繁殖特征,检验成体形态特征两性异形与雌性繁殖的相关性。研究共采集43条(17♀♀,26♂♂)宁波滑蜥,雄性和雌性个体的最大体长分别为47.4 mm和46.6 mm。雌雄两性在体长和头宽上没有差异,而在腹长和头长上差异显著,雄性有较大的头长,雌性有较大的腹长。宁波滑蜥年产单窝卵。窝卵数和窝卵重与雌体体长及腹长呈正相关,卵重与雌体体长无相关性。窝卵数及卵重的变异系数分别为0.20和0.12。卵长径与窝卵数呈负相关,而卵短径与窝卵数无关。雌体主要通过增加窝卵数来增加繁殖输出。这些结果表明,宁波滑蜥是雌雄个体大小同形的两性异形模式,性选择使得雄性有着较大的头长,以具有较高的交配成功率,生育力选择使得雌性有着较大的腹长,以具有较大的生育力和繁殖输出。     

Metallothioneins and trace elements in digestive gland,gills, kidney and gonads of Octopus vulgaris

Metallothionein-like proteins (MT) and V, Cr, Co, Ni, Zn, Cu, As and Cd were determined in digestive gland, gills, kidney and gonads of Octopus vulgaris, from the Portuguese coast. To our knowledge these are the first data on MT in octopus. High concentrations (µg g^− 1, dry mass) of Zn (48050) and Cd (555) were found in digestive gland, and MT reached levels one order of magnitude above the ones registered in wild bivalves. Significantly higher levels of MT in digestive gland and gills of specimens from A and B were in line with elevated Cd concentrations. Principal component analyses (PCA) point to MT-Cd and MT-Cr associations in digestive gland and gills. Despite the high levels of Zn in specimens from B, association with Zn was not obtained. Due to the affinity of MT to various elements, it should not be excluded the possibility of Cd replacing Zn in Zn-MT. Kidney presented higher levels of Cd, Co, Ni and As than gills and gonads, and in the case of As surpassing the levels in digestive gland, but PCA showed no relation with MT. Likewise the MT levels in gonads had no correspondence to the metal concentration variation.     

Thermoregulatory behavior and oxygen consumption of Octopus mimus paralarvae: The effect of age

Octopus mimus is an important cephalopod species in the coastal zone of Peru and Chile that is exposed to temperature variations from time to time due to El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episodes when surface temperatures can reach 24 °C, 6 °C above typical temperatures in their habitat. The relationships between temperature and food availability are important factors that determine the recruitment of juveniles into the O. mimus population. The present study was to evaluate the relationship between thermoregulatory behavior and the age of paralarvae (summer population) to determine whether changes in this behavior occur during internal yolk consumption, making larvae more vulnerable to environmental temperature change. Oxygen consumption of paralarvae when 1–4 d old was determined to establish if respiration could be used to monitor the physiological changes that occur during yolk consumption. Horizontal thermal selection (17–30 °C), critical thermal maxima (CTMax), minima (CTMin), and oxygen consumption experiments were conducted with fasting paralarvae 1–4 d old at 20 °C. Preferred temperatures were dependent on the age of O. mimus paralarvae. One day old paralarvae selected a temperature 1.1 °C (23·4 °C) higher than 2 – 4 d old paralarvae (22·3 °C). The CTMax of paralarvae increased with age with values of 31·9±1.1 °C in 1-d-olds and 33·4±0.3 to 4-d-olds. CTMin also changed with age with low values in 2-d-old paralarvae (9.1±1·3 °C) and 11·9±0·9 °C in 4-d-old animals. The temperature tolerance range of paralarvae was age-dependent (TTD=difference between CTMax and CTMin) with higher values in 2 and 3 d old paralarvae (25–26 °C) as compared to 1 d old (23·1 °C) and 4 d old animals (22.7 °C). Oxygen consumption was not affected by the age of paralarvae, suggesting that mechanisms exist that compensate their metabloism until at least 4 d of age. The temperature tolerance range of a planktonic paralarvae of octopus species is presented for the first time. This range was dependent on the age of paralarvae, and so rendered the paralarvae more vunerable to a combination of high temperature and food deprivation during first days of life. Results in the present study provide evidence that O. mimus could be under ecological pressure if a climate change causes increased or decreased temperatures into their distribution range.     

贝氏高原鳅消化系统胚后发育的形态及组织结构

应用解剖学、组织学和组织化学方法,对贝氏高原鳅(Triplophysa bleekeri)消化系统的胚后发育进行观察.结果表明,贝氏高原鳅仔、稚鱼呈线性生长趋势.仔鱼出膜后1～2d为内源性营养阶段,3d进入混合营养阶段,15 d进入外源性营养阶段.初孵仔鱼口凹已经出现,出膜后3d与外界相通,9d口咽腔基本发育完成.8d食道发育基本完成.初孵仔鱼消化道雏形已现,但胃肠未明显分化.出膜后64 d胃小凹处出现胃腺,胃消化功能基本完备.初孵仔鱼肠道已经分化,出膜后27 d肠基本发育完成.初孵仔鱼具有肝前体,出膜后2d肝细胞开始分化,7d肝中出现明显的中央静脉和肝细胞索,肝组织结构与成体差异不大.3d肝前端出现胰组织,4d具有胰雏形,5d完整胰出现,胰腺细胞之间具有大量嗜曙红酶原颗粒物质;9d胰岛出现,胰组织基本发育完成.64 d消化系统各部分组织结构发育基本完成.贝氏高原鳅消化道的形态发育需要很长的时间,出膜后64 d胃肠仅前端膨大,无任何弯曲;85 d胃与食道呈直角弯曲后下行,但胃肠无明显分界;120 d胃弯曲为“Z”形后笔直下行,胃肠仍无明显分界,肝为一整体,未见分叶.1龄幼鱼,消化系统解剖结构与成鱼相似,但肝缺少右叶,肠缺少胃背面的圆环形弯曲.贝氏高原鳅消化系统的胚后发育特点和仔鱼的营养方式可能体现了长江以南地区冬天繁殖鱼类消化系统胚后发育的一般规律和仔鱼的营养趋势.     

Drosophila Fragile X Protein controls cellular proliferation by regulating cbl levels in the ovary

FMRP is an RNA binding protein linked to the most common form of inherited mental retardation, Fragile X syndrome (FraX). In addition to severe cognitive deficits, FraX etiology includes postpubescent macroorchidism, which is thought to result from overproliferation. Using a Drosophila FraX model, we show that FMRP controls germline proliferation during oogenesis. dFmr1 null ovaries contain egg chambers with both fewer and supranumerary germ cells. The mutant germaria contain a significantly increased number of cyclin E and PhosphoHistone H3 positive cells, suggesting that loss of FMRP leads to defects in cell cycle progression. BrdU incorporation and flow cytometry data suggest that, in addition to proliferation, germline endoreplication and ploidy are also affected by the loss of FMRP during ovary development. Here we report that FMRP controls the levels of cbl mRNA in the ovary and that reducing cbl gene dosage by half rescues the dFmr1 oogenesis phenotypes. These data support a model whereby FMRP controls germline proliferation by regulating the expression of cbl in the developing ovary.