河南董寨国家级自然保护区发冠卷尾的巢址选择

2004年6~9月于河南董寨国家级自然保护区对发冠卷尾(Dicrurus hottentottus)的巢址选择进行了研究。野外调查中共发现发冠卷尾的巢47个,分布于针叶林、阔叶林和针阔混交林等3种植被类型中。我们在巢址样方(n=47)和对照样方(n=47)中对地形、距离与植被等因素(共15个变量)进行了调查,最终通过逐步判别分析表明,距山脊距离、距水源距离、乔木均高和灌木密度是影响其巢址选择的主要因子。     

青海鸟类二新纪录——白胸苦恶鸟、发冠卷尾

<正>2013年4月26日,在青海省三江源国家级自然保护区玛可河保护分区进行野生动物资源调查过程中,于哑巴沟口(101°04'E,32°41'N,海拔3190 m)发现并拍摄到鹤形目鸟类1只,此鸟头顶及上体灰色,两颊、喉、胸、腹部均为白色,下腹部及尾下覆羽棕色,嘴基部膨起,上嘴基部橙红色,腿、脚均为黄色。发现时在山溪边取食,性怯,甚怕人。经查阅《中国鸟类检索系统》(郑作新,2002),《中国鸟类图鉴》(钱燕文,     

发头裸腹溞雄性性别分化的诱导

发头裸腹溞雄性性别分化的诱导关键词发头裸腹　,雄性,性别分化邹恩民（苏州城建环保学院环保系２１５００８）ＩＮＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＯＦＴＨＥＤＩＦＦＥＲＥＮＴＩＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＴＨＥＭＡＬＥＩＮＭｏｉｎａｉｒｒａｓａ￥ＺｏｕＥｎｍｉｎ（Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆ...     

发头裸腹zao雄性性别分化的诱导

本文报道了重金属铜,锌,镉对发头裸腹zao(Moina irrasa)雄性性别分化的诱导作用。     

淡水育珠蚌褶纹冠蚌血细胞的初步研究

国外关于海产双壳贝血细胞形态与功能的研究虽然较多,但对于淡水育珠蚌褶纹冠蚌的血细胞却无研究报道,国内关于软体动物血细胞的研究甚少,对于育珠蚌血细胞只笼统地称之为游走细胞,颗粒细胞等,对它们的种类和形态无详细的描述。为此作者对褶纹冠蚌的血细胞进行了形态学的初步观察,以期对今后的研究工作提供参考。     

雌雄异株葡萄的性别鉴定研究

通过扫描电镜观察花粉的形态;分析叶片超氧化物歧化酶同工酶（ＳＯＤ）;ＲＡＰＤ分析基因组ＤＮＡ多态性,来鉴别葡萄的性别。结果表明：葡萄雌雄株的花粉形态存在着较大的差异;在本实验条件下葡萄雌雄株叶片ＳＯＤ同工酶谱带一致;一些引物的ＲＡＰＤ产物间存在着多态性,在葡萄雌雄株的基因组ＤＮＡ序列中存在着碱基排列顺序的差异。实验指出,花粉形态和基因组ＤＮＡ的多态性分析是进行性别鉴定的有效方法。     

雌雄异株葡萄的性别鉴定研究

通过扫描电镜观察花粉的形态;分析叶片超氧化物歧化酶同工酶(SOD);RAPD分析基因组DNA多态性,来鉴别葡萄的性别。结果表明：葡萄雌雄株的花粉形态存在着较大的差异;在本实验条件下葡萄雌雄株叶片SOD同工酶谱带一致;一些引物的RAPD产物间存在着多态性,在葡萄雌雄株的基因组DNA序列中存在着碱基排列顺序的差异。实验指出,花粉形态和基因组DNA的多态性分析是进行性别鉴定的有效方法。     

基于形态特征判定五种鹬类性别的可靠性

快速准确地鉴定两性同型鸟类个体性别在鸟类生态学研究中具有重要意义。本文选择2008年春季迁徙期在崇明东滩停歇的大滨鹬(Calidris tenuirostris)、红腹滨鹬(C.canutus)、红颈滨鹬(C.ruficollis)、尖尾滨鹬(C.acuminata)及翘嘴鹬(Xenus cinereus)5种两性同型的鹬类,用分子生物学方法进行性别鉴定,并基于个体的形态特征(体重、翅长、喙长、头喙长及跗跖长)采用判别分析方法对性别进行判定。结果表明,尖尾滨鹬雄性各形态特征均显著大于雌性,其他4种鹬类则相反。5种鹬类形态特征的性别差异指数在0.5%~25.3%之间,重叠度在29.4%~98.6%之间。5种鹬类判别分析判定性别的准确率在(0.69±0.06)~(0.96±0.01)之间,其中,尖尾滨鹬判别准确率(0.96)最高,翘嘴鹬判别准确率(0.69)最低。形态特征在两性间的差异程度影响性别的判别准确率。另外,两性性比对性别判别的准确率也有影响:性比偏雄性鸟类的雄性判别准确率高于雌性,而性比偏雌性鸟类的雌性判别准确率高于雄性。采用判别分析估测的性比与分子生物学鉴定结果相似,表明判别分析在判定种群的性比方面具有较高的可靠性。     

用粪粒外部形态指标鉴定海南坡鹿的性别与年龄

利用粪便形态指标鉴定有蹄类动物的性别和年龄对研究不同性别年龄个体的生态学和性别分离具有重要价值。利用2006年3月在海南大田国家级自然保护区采集的145头(次)已知性别和年龄组的野生海南坡鹿(Cervus eldi hainanus)粪便4006粒,将坡鹿划分为成年雄鹿、成年雌鹿、亚成年雄鹿、亚成年雌鹿和幼鹿5个性别年龄组,使用逐步判别分析和聚类分析对粪粒的4项直接测度指标(干重、体积、长轴长、短轴长)以及2项间接测度指标(长短轴比和椭球形状指数)进行分析。结果表明:逐步判别分析对海南坡鹿粪粒的性别年龄组正判率为成年雄鹿76.17%、成年雌鹿42.22%、亚成年雄鹿34.94%、亚成年雌鹿40.46%、幼鹿79.34%,聚类分析的判别率为成年雄鹿19.48%、成年雌鹿20.02%、亚成年雄鹿37.37%、亚成年雌鹿42.82%、幼鹿91.50%。利用粪粒形态判别海南坡鹿的性别年龄组最可靠的是幼鹿,次之为成年雄鹿。利用粪粒形态判别海南坡鹿的性别年龄组可以应用于以取样原理进行的群体水平研究,但个体水平上的性别和年龄鉴定由于判别误差较大而难以应用。     

绵羊胚胎性别鉴定试剂盒的研究

根据绵羊Y-染色体的特异序列和常染色序列分别设计了确定公羊Y-染色体特异序列的3对特异性引物和内标基因的4对特异性引物。单重PCR扩增绵羊基因组DNA,筛选出了3对Y-染色体特异引物和3对羊DNA特异内标引物。将不同的绵羊Y-染色体特异引物与内标引物组合,利用多重PCR扩增绵羊基因组DNA,筛选出了1个可用于羊早期胚胎性别鉴定的PCR引物组合:A0/C1。按照最优PCR扩增DNA条件配制了绵羊PCR性别鉴定试剂盒并成功应用于绵羊血液、已知性别的绵羊成纤维细胞和胚胎,表明本研究建立的体系完全可用于绵羊早期的胚胎性别鉴定。     

河南董寨再引入朱鹮种群的巢址分布特征

为了解再引入朱鹮(Nipponianippon)种群的分布与扩张情况,本研究对董寨再引入朱鹮野外种群的繁殖巢址进行了调查研究.在2014到2022年间,共调查统计了84个野化放飞朱鹮及其后代的繁殖巢址,使用圆形分布法分析了巢址与放飞点的相对方位和集中程度,并根据全部巢址的空间分布,使用固定核空间方法计算得到巢区(95％巢址所在区域)与核心巢区(50％巢址所在区域)的分布范围和面积.将巢址图层、土地覆盖图层以及数字高程模型叠加,观察朱鹮巢址选择的生境偏好,并使用单样本t检验判断了巢址平均海拔与巢区海拔间的差异.结果显示,繁殖巢址与放飞点平均距离(平均值±标准差)(12.82±14.11)km(n=84),平均方位角(平均值±标准差)为(138.99±82.44)°(瑞利检验:Z=10.60,P＜0.01).核心巢区与巢区面积分别为74.43 km2和549.66 km2.巢址平均海拔(平均值±标准差)(103±43)m,显著低于巢区内平均海拔(t=-5.48,df=83,P＜0.01).巢址的分布主要位于水稻田和森林的交界区域.逐年繁殖区域分布图显示,繁殖区域基本朝向西北-东南方向扩张,与圆形分布分析结果一致.本研究描述了董寨再引入朱鹮种群繁殖巢址的分布特征与扩张趋势,可以为野外朱鹮潜在繁殖地和栖息地的保护提供参考,优化保护工作中的人力物力资源配置.     

High-and low-intensity photosystems in Phycomyces phototropism: Effects of mutations in genes madA,madB, and madC

Sporangiophores of Phycomyces blakesleeanus Burgeff that have been grown in darkness and are then suddenly exposed to unilateral light show a two-step bending response rather than a smooth, monotonic response found in light-adapted specimens (Galland and Lipson, 1987, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 104–108). The stepwise bending is controlled by two photosystems optimized for the low-and high-intensity ranges. These two photosystems have now been studied in phototropism mutants with defects in genes madA, madB, and madC. All three mutations raise the threshold of the low-intensity (low-fluence) photosystem by about 10⁶-fold and that of the high-intensity (high-fluence) system by about 10³-fold. Estimates for the light-adaptation time constants of the low-and high-intensity photosystems show that the mutants are affected in adaptation. In the mutants, the light-adaptation kinetics are only slightly affected in the low-intensity photosystem but, for the high-intensity photosystem, the kinetics are considerably slower than in the wild type.Abbreviations WT wild type     

Effects of experimental infection with Eimeria bovis on the balance of sodium, potassium and water in calves

Balance trials were performed to investigate the effects of experimental Eimeria bovis coccidiosis on the metabolism of water, sodium and potassium in calves. Non-infected pair-fed controls and controls fed according to plan were included in the study to allow differentiation between the effects due to infection and due to changes in feed intake. Primary infection with 5 × 10⁴ (group A) or 1 × 10⁵ (group B) oocysts caused mild diarrhoea in three out of four group A calves and mild to severe haemorrhagic diarrhoea in all five group B calves. Losses of sodium and potassium via faeces tended to increase in the infected calves during patency and apparent digestibility (AD) of these minerals was comparably low. In the urine of the infected calves the Na/K-ratio decreased due to a reduced urinary excretion of sodium. The retention (RT) of sodium was particularly high in the calves that had received the higher oocyst dose. Potassium RT did not underlie significant changes during the course of coccidiosis. In the infected calves the plasma level of sodium was reduced transiently while the level of potassium remained fairly stable. Infections with the higher oocyst dose caused a distinct reduction of fluid excretion via urine which compensated for the increased faecal water losses during severe diarrhoea. Reinfection of the group A calves with 1 × 10⁵ oocysts did not cause any significant metabolic impairment. The results of this study indicate that although acute sublethal bovine coccidiosis alters electrolyte and water metabolism the overall balance of electrolytes and water is largely maintained by physiologic adaptation.     

Distribution and status of bustards in China

This article presents the distribution and status of bustards, which are listed as first-category protected animals according to the survey results during 1990–2002 in China. The Chinese populations of Otis tarda dybowskii are breeding in south-west of Heilongjiang Province, western Jilin Province, east and middle Inner Mongolia, north Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and Gansu Province. A few can winter in the south breeding-range. Its winter-range lies from the south to the Yellow River, as far as to Guizhou Province and Jiangxi Province. Its population number is about 200–300 or 500–800. The Chinese populations of O. t. tarda are breeding in the north and west of Xinjiang. It is unclear about its winter-range, which is presumed to be in south Asia. Recently we found individuals wintering in Chabuchaer and west Xinjiang. The population number is about 2000–3000. The habitat in breeding range includes steppe, grassland, desert grassland, and farmland. The habitat in winter range is the beach of rivers and lakes, meadows, meadow-grassland, and wheatland. The Chinese populations of Chlamydotis undulata macqueeni are breeding in the fringe of the Jungar Basin, the banks of the Ulungur River, Balikun and south Turpan Basin in Xinjiang, west Inner Mongolia, and west Gansu. NortheastMulei in eastern Jungar Basin of Xinjiang is the main breeding-range in the world. The bird uses desert and desert grassland as its habitat. Its winter-range is west Asia and south Asia. Its population number is about 2000. The Chinese populations of Tetrax tetrax are breeding in north Xinjiang, and China is located on the east border of its breeding-range. Its habitat is grassland and semi-desert, and its winter-range lies in south Asia. Its population in China is very scarce. In addition, we analyzed the causes of their endangerment and put forward protection tactics of Chinese Bustards. __________ Translated from Arid Zone Research, 2007, 24(2): 179–186 [译自: 干旱区研究]     

A comparative study into the chemical constitution of cutins and suberins from Picea abies (L.) Karst., Quercus robur L., and Fagus sylvatica L.

The compositions of BF₃/CH₃OH depolymerisates of cutins and suberins from leaf and periderm samples from Picea abies [L.] Karst., Quercus robur L., and Fagus sylvatica L., respectively, were determined by quantitative capillary gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Long-chain monobasic, -hydroxymonobasic, dihydroxymonobasic, trihydroxymonobasic and epoxyhydroxymonobasic alkanoic acids constituted the major aliphatic monomers of leaf cutins. The total amounts of cutin monomers ranged from 629 mg · m^–2 (Fagus) to 1350 mg · m^–2 (Quercus). Cutin composition and amounts did not significantly differ between current year and three-year-old needles of Picea. Trans-esterification of periderm samples yielded a much greater variety of aliphatic monomers than obtained from cutins. In addition to the substance classes found with cutins, suberin depolymerisates also contained , -dibasic acids while dihydroxymonobasic acids were lacking. Depolymerisates from periderms taken from different locations on a Picea tree did not differ significantly in their relative composition. The results are discussed in terms of the distinctive characteristics of the aliphatic portions of cutins and suberins, respectively. Discriminant analysis is applied for formulating a quantitative and inarbitrary classification rule for cutins and suberins. The precision, statistical significance and robustness of this classification rule are tested by employing it to a large set of compositional data (70 plant species) from the literature. The relevance of data obtained by depolymerization methods for elucidating the physical structure of cutins and suberins in situ is evaluated.To whom correspondence should be addressedThe authors are indebted to Drs. J. Winkler and H. Krause (Laboratorium für Strukturchemie des Fachbereichs Chemie, Biologie und Geowissenschaften, Technische Universität München, Garching, FRG) for performing capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and their valuable help in the identification of cutin and suberin constituents. The work was supported by grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Unterricht, Kultus, Wissenschaft und Kunst.     

Spermatogenesis of a marine snail,Littorina sitkana

Summary The fine structure of the spermatogonium, spermatocyte and spermatid of a marine snail, Littorina sitkana is described. The ring centriole (annulus) is formed from the distal centriole and it migrates to the base of the mitochondrial region where it lies in a joint-like structure which is formed by an area of invaginated plasma membrane. The distal and proximal centrioles are at first perpendicular to each other but the proximal centriole rotates to a position coaxial with the distal centriole and fuses with it. The peripheral doublet fibers are continuous between the two centrioles but the central fibers originate only in the distal centriole. The acrosome differentiates from the proacrosomal granule which is derived from a Golgi body. Microtubules, present at this stage, may assist acrosomal formation. Chromatin condensation begins with the formation of fibrous strands, then to lamellar plates which become folded and later twisted around the flagellar shaft. In the final stages the lamellae appear in cross section as concentric rings which eventually fuse to form a homogeneously dense nuclear tube.     

Growth-rate adaptation of Phycomyces sporangiophores to partial depletion of oxygen

The growth rate of Phycomyces blakesleeanus sporangiophores was found to be very sensitive to sudden changes in the oxygen concentration. A change from 20% to 15% oxygen elicits a transient decrease in the growth rate which returns to normal 10 min after altering the concentration. After a step change to 10% oxygen, the growth rate shows two minima at 6–8 and 30–35 min and it reaches about 80% of its original value 50 min after this change. A threshold curve for this negative growth response shows that sporangiophores begin to sense a decrease in the oxygen concentration from 20% to 17%. Seven phototropically abnormal mutants with defects in the genes madA to madG were tested for the oxygen response. Two strains, C149madD120 and C316madF48, were found to have recoveries different from those of the wild type after step changes from 20% to 10% oxygen.