双头无基盘水螅的初步观察

自然形成的双头无基盘畸形体水螅极为罕见,为探索其形成原因,人工嫁接水螅14例,获得5例相同的双头水螅。对其分别进行连续观察发现:嫁接的双头水螅的双头可同时摄食,食物集聚于1个胃区。随个体生长其体柱延长,逐渐发育为2个胃区,在2个胃区间发生2~6个芽体,所有子代发育正常。出芽位置至触手环的距离同正常水螅。之后分化为2个出芽区,出芽区之间体柱较透明,同茎区组织。第21天开始发生基盘,发生过程异常缓慢。     

水螅芽体发育与头部再生进程间的相互作用

目的观察具有单个芽体的大乳头水螅(Hydra magnipapillata)头部再生进程,探讨水螅头部结构的再生进程与芽体发育过程之间可能存在的相互作用。方法选取具有单个年幼芽体的水螅体,在水螅母体上紧贴芽体着生部位的上方进行切除手术,观察母体头部再生进程。通过ABTS细胞化学染色法检测水螅基盘分子标志物过氧化物酶的表达,观察水螅芽体基盘与母体间的结构联系。结果水螅母体伤口在手术后2h内愈合。随着再生时间的延长,出现两种不同命运的芽体发育方式。一种情况是水螅芽体基盘紧贴母体手术切口,芽体发育成熟后可正常脱离母体;在芽体脱离母体前母体头部再生进程被抑制,在芽体脱落后母体头部再生进程重新启动、且在其后48h内母体头部再生完成。另一种情况是水螅芽体基盘组织与母体手术切口不产生结构联系而向外突出生长,母体头部再生进程完全停止,芽体胃区与母体相连且芽体发育成熟后不脱离母体。结论靠近水螅母体手术伤口的年幼芽体能延迟或阻断母体头部的再生进程,而手术切口也可能干扰了发育成熟的芽体与母体脱离的正常机制。     

磁化水对水螅出芽生殖及创伤恢复后水螅出芽生殖的影响

通过经 H型磁化杯 (磁场为 4 0 m T的非均匀场 )磁化水培养正常生活的水螅和横切恢复后的水螅出芽生殖的观察 ,探索磁化水对具有两个胚层的低等水生动物细胞增殖的影响。1　材料方法1.1　材料　采用黑龙江省广泛分布的雌雄异体、实验室培养近 2年的强壮水螅 ,(H ydra robusta) ,培养液为储放两周以上的自来水 ;每天定时喂食 1次 ,食物为裸腹氵蚤 (Moina) ,摄氏 2 2～ 2 6℃条件下培养。1.2　方法1)取刚脱离亲体的水螅 2 8个 ,分成实验组 (2 1个水螅 )和对照组 (7个水螅 ) ,分别以单个水螅培养在磁化水和非磁化水培养液中。每天定时检查产…     

光周期对中国水螅种群增长、无性出芽生殖及抗氧化酶活力的影响

单细胞真核绿藻在中国水螅(Hydra sinensis)内胚层皮肌细胞中共生是有较高科研价值的特殊生物学现象。水螅宿主细胞为共生藻提供CO2、氮源及矿物质,而共生藻通过光合作用可能为宿主提供碳水化合物等有机物营养,因此水螅与共生藻间代谢流是以共生藻光合作用为中心,但基于代谢流二者间的互作机制目前尚未阐明。水螅通过营养积累进行出芽生殖,从母体脱落的芽体数量间接反映水螅营养积累的相对量。而光暴露时长能影响共生绿藻光合作用,如果共生藻的确能向水螅细胞转移光合作用产物,那光暴露时长应该能间接影响水螅的营养积累、从而进一步影响水螅无性出芽生殖。为证实该假说,本研究应用种群累积培养法,观察了光周期对中国水螅种群增长、无性出芽生殖及抗氧化酶(SOD和CAT)活力的影响。结果显示,光周期对中国水螅种群增长具有明显的影响。培养15 d后,所有实验组水螅的种群密度均为正增长,其中8L∶16D(在一个24h周期内光暴露8 h、黑暗16 h)实验组种群密度最大、而0L∶24D(持续黑暗)实验组种群密度最小。另外,随着光暴露时长的增加,中国水螅SOD及CAT活力整体均呈下降趋势。结果表明,从光周期对中国水螅无性出芽生殖及两种抗氧化酶活力的影响来看,中国水螅对光周期的生理学响应较为敏感,这个现象可能源于共生绿藻能通过向宿主细胞转移光合作用产物的方式为水螅提供营养补充。     

水螅的有性生殖

水螅(Hydro)是低等多细胞动物,单体生活．雌雄同体或雌雄异体．生殖方式为无性出芽生殖和有性生殖。无论是雌雄同体或雌雄异体水螅,由于对其生活环境的长期适应,它们对发生有性生殖的外界条件相对来说是有严格要求的。影响水螅发生有性生殖的外界因子,主要是温度的改变。     

pH值对大乳头水螅种群增长、无性生殖及3种抗氧化酶活力的影响

应用种群累积培养法,就培养液pH值对大乳头水螅（Hydra magnipapillata）的生存、种群增长、无性生殖以及水螅的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH—PX）3种抗氧化酶活力的影响进行了探讨。结果表明,水螅存活的pH上限为10．5,下限为4．0,水螅存活的最适pH范围为5．5～9．5;pH值对水螅种群增长有显著影响,种群密度及种群瞬时增长率均随pH的不同而明显改变。培养15d后,除了pn4．0时水螅种群为负增长外,其他pH梯度下的水螅种群为正增长,其中pH6．5时水螅种群密度最高。以pH6．5为起始点,随着培养液酸性或碱性的增强,水螅种群密度整体都呈递减趋势。水螅SOD活力的转折点在pH6．5,当pH值偏离6．5时（酸性或碱性增强）,水螅SOD活力整体呈明显上升趋势;但水螅GSH—PX和CAT活力的转折点却在pH7．0,当pH值偏离7．0时（酸性或碱性增强）GSH—PX和CAT活力整体呈明显下降趋势。pH6．5时水螅SOD活力最低与pH6．5实验组水螅的无性出芽生殖率最高之间可能存在一定的内在联系。本文研究结果可为实验室培养水螅提供适宜的pH值指标。     

水螅腔肠的活体观察

利用杆吻虫的汁液,引诱水螅的口极度扩展或外翻。对水螅腔肠进行细致地观察;水螅内胚层的腺细胞与内皮肌细胞排列规则。每个内皮肌细胞上有鞭毛2根,长度约35μ,鞭毛活动时2根合在一起呈螺旋状摆动,静止时远端分开,基部靠近。这与其消化机能有密切联系。内胚层腺细胞无鞭毛。     

水螅畸形触手转分化过程的观察

水螅胃区诱导出的触手芽,１４天后在茎区诱导体柱组织分化头结构。胃区诱导出的畸形触手芽,８天后在出芽区脱落,在母体上留下一个基盘,脱落的畸形触手呈２触手水螅个体,其直径相当于头部触手直径的２／３。在人工帮助下能吞食１个未分化的蚤状卵。第１２天能自行捕食幼。最后对２种额外触手芽的不同演化结果做了简单比较。     

水螅的无性生殖

淡水水螅的无性繁殖方式是出芽生殖。水螅胃区的皮肌细胞摄取的营养物质,经细胞间传递方式,转移到芽体的内、外胚层,为芽体的发育提供了能量。胃区的干细胞与增殖的细胞不断迁移到芽体,保障芽体发生时的细胞数。水螅的头部与基盘对芽体的发生,同时存在着激活与抑制2对位置信息素,共同控制并决定了芽体在体柱上的发生位置。芽体先发生垂唇与触手芽,其发生位置必需远离母体头部抑制素的作用。芽体发育后期,发生基盘时,必须远离母体基盘抑制素的作用。     

RPMI 1640培养基对水螅体表渗透营养的初步观察

首次选用RPMI1640培养基培养具较大相对面积的小水生生物水螅,以便探讨有关水生动物渗透营养等问题。通过稀释一定倍数的RPMI1640加无机盐补液及新生牛血清等方法培养出体长及生丰时间均于对照组的水螅。通过渗透营养方式培养水螅具有操作简单、易观察,能为细胞培养做准备试验,为培养无菌动物创造条件等优点。     

HyBMP5-8b, a BMP5-8 orthologue, acts during axial patterning and tentacle formation in hydra

Developmental gradients play a central role in axial patterning in hydra. As part of the effort towards elucidating the molecular basis of these gradients as well as investigating the evolution of the mechanisms underlying axial patterning, genes encoding signaling molecules are under investigation. We report the isolation and characterization of HyBMP5-8b, a BMP5-8 orthologue, from hydra. Processes governing axial patterning are continuously active in adult hydra. Expression patterns of HyBMP5-8b in normal animals and during bud formation, hydra's asexual form of reproduction, were examined. These patterns, coupled with changes in patterns of expression in manipulated tissues during head regeneration, foot regeneration as well as under conditions that alter the positional value gradient indicate that the gene is active in two different processes. The gene plays a role in tentacle formation and in patterning the lower end of the body axis.     

Oogenesis in Hydra: nurse cells transfer cytoplasm directly to the growing oocyte

Oogenesis in Hydra occurs in so-called egg patches containing several thousand germ cells. Only one oocyte is formed per egg patch; the remaining germ cells differentiate as nurse cells. Whether and how nurse cells contribute cytoplasm to the developing oocyte has been unclear. We have used tissue maceration to characterize the differentiation of oocytes and nurse cells in developing egg patches. We show that nurse cells decrease in size at the same time that developing oocytes increase dramatically in volume. Nurse cells are also tightly attached to oocytes at this stage and confocal images of egg patches stained with the fluorescent membrane dye FM 4-64 clearly show large gaps (10 microm) in the cell membranes separating nurse cells from the developing oocyte. We conclude that nurse cells directly transfer cytoplasm to the developing oocyte. Following this transfer of cytoplasm, nurse cells undergo apoptosis and are phagocytosed by the oocyte. These results demonstrate that basic mechanisms of alimentary oogenesis typical of Caenorhabditis and Drosophila are already present in the early metazoan Hydra.     

A model for budding in hydra: pattern formation in concentric rings

Current models of pattern formation in Hydra propose head-and foot-specific morphogens to control the development of the body ends and along the body length axis. In addition, these morphogens are proposed to control a cellular parameter (positional value, source density) which changes gradually along the axis. This gradient determines the tissue polarity and the regional capacity to form a head and a foot, respectively, in transplantation experiments. The current models are very successful in explaining regeneration and transplantation experiments. However, some results obtained render problems, in particular budding, the asexual way of reproduction is not understood. Here an alternative model is presented to overcome these problems. A primary system of interactions controls the positional values. At certain positional values secondary systems become active which initiate the local formation of e.g. mouth, tentacles, and basal disc. (i) A system of autocatalysis and lateral inhibition is suggested to exist as proposed by Gierer and Meinhardt (Kybernetik 12 (1972) 30). (ii) The activator is neither a head nor a foot activator but rather causes an increase of the positional value. (iii) On the other hand, a generation of the activator leads to its loss from cells and therewith to a (local) decrease of the positional value. (iv) An inhibitor is proposed to exist which antagonizes an increase of the positional value. External conditions like the gradient of positional values in the surroundings and interactions with other sites of morphogen production decide whether at a certain site of activator generation the positional value will increase (head formation), decrease (foot formation) or increase in the centre and decrease in the periphery thereby forming concentric rings (bud formation). Computer-simulation experiments show basic features of budding, regeneration and transplantation.     

The Notch signaling pathway in the cnidarian Hydra

Many of the major pathways that govern early development in higher animals have been identified in cnidarians, including the Wnt, TGFbeta and tyrosine kinase signaling pathways. We show here that Notch signaling is also conserved in these early metazoans. We describe the Hydra Notch receptor (HvNotch) and provide evidence for the conservation of the Notch signaling mode via regulated intramembrane proteolysis. We observed that nuclear translocation of the Notch intracellular domain (NID) was inhibited by the synthetic gamma-secretase inhibitor DAPT. Moreover, DAPT treatment of hydra polyps caused distinct differentiation defects in their interstitial stem cell lineage. Nerve cell differentiation proceeded normally but post-mitotic nematocyte differentiation was dramatically reduced. Early female germ cell differentiation was inhibited before exit from mitosis. From these results we conclude that gamma-secretase activity and presumably Notch signaling are required to control differentiation events in the interstitial cell lineage of Hydra.     

Identification key for European strand-forming house-rot fungi

An identification key for 20 common strand-forming indoor wood decay fungi is given. The key is based on observations of material from affected buildings and on wood samples that have been incubated in the laboratory. The key is with macro- and microscopic photographs.