Revision of the African species of the genus Cooperia Ransom, 1907 (nematoda,trichostrongylidae)

Summary Fourteen of the 20 species recorded from Africa are resdescribed and illustrated. Of the remaining six species, four, namely, Cooperia borgesi, C. hippotragusi, C. minor and C. reduncai are considered species inquirendae and one, C. africana, is a possible synonym of C. punctata. The validity of C. oncophora and C. surnabada is discussed. A key to 16 species is given.Part of a thesis approved by the University of London for the award of a Ph.D. degree.Part of a thesis approved by the University of London for the award of a Ph.D. degree.     

Respiratory quotient and ammonia quotient in Tilapia mossambica (Peters) with special reference to hypoxia and recovery

At oxygen concentrations below air saturation, R.Q. and A.Q. values of Tilapia mossambica increase with decrease in ambient oxygen at 30 and 35°C, indicating an increase in anaerobic metabolism and protein utilization. The recovery metabolism indicates that T. mossambica accumulates an oxygen debt at 30°C, which was not obvious at 35°C. The post-hypoxic oxygen consumption at 30°C is quite pronounced and the fish repays almost wholly the oxygen debt accumulated. At 30°C, R.Q. and A.Q. reach prehypoxic level immediately after exposure to high oxygenated water. In contrast to this, during recovery the first high R.Q. which is higher than unity and subsequent low R.Qs., almost as low as 0.5, suggest respectively that, anaerobic energy utilization persists and carbon dioxide is retained. The differences in the recovery metabolism of T. mossambica at the two temperatures may be due to changes in metabolism and pathways due to temperature. The recovery metabolism of T. mossambica suggests that energy derived anaerobically could proceed through other pathways than the conventional glycolytic way. The decrease in random activity during the hypoxic phase at 30 and 35°C may have a special significance for survival.From a thesis (M.P.M.) approved for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Madurai University, Madurai, India.From a thesis (M.P.M.) approved for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Madurai University, Madurai, India.     

The taxonomy of the family Paramphistomidae Fischoeder, 1901 with special reference to the morphology of species occurring in ruminants. VIII. The genera Stephanopharynx Fischoeder, 1901 and Balanorchis Fischoeder, 1901

Summary Only Stephanopharynx compactus Fischoeder, 1901 is considered valid under the genus Stephanopharynx Fischoeder, 1901 and S. secundus Stunkard, 1929 and S. coilos Dollfus, 1963 are regarded as its synonyms. The species is redescribed and illustrated based on new material and scanning electron photomicrographs of its tegumental surfaces and the internal surface of its pharyngeal pouch are provided. Balanorchis anastrophus Fischoeder, 1901, the one and only species of the genus Balanorchis Fischoeder, 1901 is redescribed and illustrated. Photomicrographs of its tegumental surfaces as revealed by scanning electron microscopy are given. Additional information on Bilatorchis papillogenitalis Eduardo, 1980 is included. Part of a thesis approved by the University of London for the award of the Ph.D. degree. Part of a thesis approved by the University of London for the award of the Ph.D. degree.     

Seasonal variation in primary productivity in three tropical ponds

Summary Primary productivity values ranged from 1.5 to 15.8 gc/M²/day in Othakadai pond; 2.0 to 8.0 gc/M²/day in Teppakulam tank and 1.05 to 5.4 gc/M²/day in Yanamalai pond. Among the three ponds, highest annual yield was recorded in Othakadai pond (2000.2 gc/M²/yr) next in order comes Teppakulam tank (1211.8 gc/M²/yr) and lastly Yanamalai pond (810.7 gc/M²/yr). In all three ponds temperature and chlorophyll-a showed a more or less direct correlation to productivity values. Alkalinity values and productivity values showed a positive correlation in Othakadai and Yanamalai ponds, while no relationship between alkalinity and productivity could be established in Teppakulam tank.Formed part of a Ph. D. Thesis submitted to Madurai University.     

A comparative study of the composition of the collagens of the foot of two lamellibranch molluscs occurring in different habitats

A comparative study of the collagen of the foot ofLamellidens Sp. and that of the unmodified part of the foot inMytilus edulis shows marked differences in physical properties, amino acid composition and in the degree of stabilization. But both conform to type I collagen of vertebrates. In these respects, the latter shows agreement with the features characteristic of byssus collagen, which is highly crosslinked, involving dimers and trimers of tyrosine. It is suggested that such differences may reflect the different functions of the organs concerned, the foot ofLamellidens being a locomotary organ of the animal, while the foot ofMytilus edulis is modified for anchorage of the animal. The vertigial part though not morphologically modified shows the essential compositional characteristics of the byssus being a mere remanant of it. The work reported forms part of the thesis approved by the University of Madras for the award of the Ph.D. degree to the first author.     

The taxonomy of the family Paramphistomidae Fischoeder, 1901 with special reference to the morphology of species occurring in ruminants IV. Revision of the genusGigantocotyle Näsmark, 1937 and elevation of the subgenusExplanatum Fukui, 1929 to full generic status

Summary The genusGigantocotyle Näsmark, 1937 is redefined and restricted to contain four valid species, namely,G. gigantocotyle (Brandes in Otto, 1896) Näsmark, 1937 (type species);G. formosanum (Fukui, 1929) Näsmark, 1937;G. symmeri Näsmark, 1937 andG. duplicitestorum Näsmark, 1937.G. lerouxi Yeh, 1957 is regarded as a synonym ofG. symmeri Näsmark, 1937.The subgenusExplanatum Fukui, 1929 is redefined and raised to full generic rank to contain three valid species, namely,E. explanatum (Creplin, 1847) Fukui, 1929;E. bathycotyle (Fischoeder, 1901) Yamaguti, 1958 andE. anisocotylea (Faust, 1920) Yamaguti, 1958.Paramphistomum siamense Stiles & Goldberger, 1910 andP. fraternum Stiles & Goldberger, 1910 are considered synonyms ofExplanatum explanatum (Creplin, 1847) Fukui, 1929.The valid species are redescribed and illustrated and scanning electron microphotographs of the tegumental surfaces of some species are provided. A key to the species of each genus is given.Part of a thesis approved by the University of London for the award of the Ph.D. degree.Part of a thesis approved by the University of London for the award of the Ph.D. degree.     

Revision of the genus Haemonchus Cobb, 1898 (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae)

Summary Only nine species of the genus Haemonchus are considered valid, namely, H. contortus (Rudolphi, 1803) Cobb, 1898 (type), H. bedfordi Le Roux, 1929, H. dinniki Sach, Gibbons & Lweno, 1973, H. krugeri Ortlepp, 1964, H. lawrencei Sandground, 1933, H. longistipes Railliet & Henry, 1909, H. mitchelli Le Roux, 1929, H. similis Travassos, 1914 and H. vegliai Le Roux, 1929. These are redescribed. H. bispinosus Molin, 1860, H. placei Place, 1893, H. cervinus Baylis & Daubney, 1922, H. okapiae van den Berghe, 1937 (in part), H. tartaricus Evranova, 1940, H. contortus contortus Das & Whitlock, 1960, H. contortus cayugensis Das & Whitlock, 1960, H. contortus bangalorensis Rao & Rahman, 1967, H. contortus hispanicus Martínez Gómez, 1968, H. contortus kentuckiensis Sukhapesna, 1974 and H. contortus var. uktalensis Das & Whitlock, 1960 are considered synonyms of H. contortus (Rudolphi, 1803) Cobb, 1898.The synonymy of H. lunatus Travassos, 1914, H. atectus Lebedev, 1929, H. pseudocontortus Lebedev, 1929 and H. fuhrmanni Kamensky, 1929 with H. contortus is confirmed. H. okapiae van den Berghe, 1937 (in part) is considered a synonym of H. mitchelli Le Roux, 1929 and H. bubalis Chauhan & Pande, 1968 is considered a synonym of H. similis Travassos, 1914. H. bovis Bonelli, 1941 and H. contortus var. kashmirensis Fotedar & Bambroo, 1965 are considered species inquirendae. An illustrated key to the species of the genus is provided.Part of a thesis approved by the University of London for the award of the Ph.D. degree.Part of a thesis approved by the University of London for the award of the Ph.D. degree.     

Detection of pinocytic activity using selective staining with phosphotungstic acid

Summary Post-staining with phosphotungstic acid has been investigated using thin sections of isolated tomato fruit protoplast material. Certain areas of the plasmalemma and some cytoplasmic vesicles were found to stain intensely, and this selectivity of staining has been shown to be associated with pinocytic activity.This work was supported by a special grant from the S.R.C. One of us (MAM) acknowledges the award of an S.R.C. Research Studentship. This work is part of a thesis approved for the degree of Ph.D. in the University of Nottingham (MAM).     

Alternaria tenuis Auct. in Bombay-Maharashtra

Summary This paper gives an account of distribution, host range and economic importance of the speciesAlternaria tenuis Auct, as it occurs in Bombay-Maharashtra (India). The species has been collected on 51 hosts distributed among 23 host families of which 5 are new host records not previously reported in literature.Part of the author's Ph. D. (Agri.) thesis approved by the University of Poona, Poona (India), 1964.Junior Research Fellow of the University Grants Commission, New Delhi, (India) in Mycology and Plant Pathology.     

Some species of saprolegniaceae collected from Gorakhpur,India

Summary Eleven species of Saprolegniaceae viz., Saprolegnia diclina, S. ferax, Isoachlya anisospora, Achlya dubia, A. proliferoides, A. diffusa, A. orion, A. prolifera, A. conspicua, Aphanomyces helicoides, and Leptolegnia sp. (sterile) collected from waters of Gorakhpur have been described.This forms part of a thesis accepted for the degree of Ph. D. in the University of Gorakhpur, Gorakhpur.     

Primary productivity and trophic status of a Kashmir Himalayan Lake

The paper deals with general limnology, phytoplankton production and trophic status of a Himalayan lake of Kashmir. The primary production as measured by in situ ¹⁴C istope technique ranged from 36 to 906 mgC.m^–2 d^–1 with characteristic seasonal variation. The photosynthetic efficiency was from 0.02 to 0.48% during the same period. The yearly (1975–1976) production was estimated at 134 gC.m^–2 m^–2, which shows that the lake has not yet reached a high level of eutrophication. The waterbody has been classified as mesotrophic.Formed part of thesis for which Ph. D. was awarded to MAK by Kashmir University, India     

Effect of different water salinity levels and organic matter application on the composition of water soluble and exchangeable bases in a brackishwater fish pond soil

Behaviour of different water soluble and exchangeable bases in a brackishwater fish pond soil was studied under four levels of water salinity, in combination with and without organic matter application. The results showed average content of water soluble bases to increase with increase in water salinity. The bases were dominated by Na⁺ followed by Mg⁺⁺, Ca⁺⁺ and K⁺ in decreasing order. SAR values of water increased with increase in water salinity and decreased slightly on organic matter treatment.Total content of exchangeable bases in soils was fairly high and was dominated by Ca⁺⁺ and Mg⁺⁺, followed by Na⁺ and K⁺ respectively. Amount of exchangeable Ca⁺⁺ + Mg⁺⁺ decreased while that of Na⁺ increased with increase in water salinity levels. Amount of exchangeable K⁺ did not show any appreciable change. Application of organic matter tended to increase the exchangeable Ca⁺⁺ + Mg⁺⁺ content and decrease the amount of exchangeable Na⁺ in the soil, while exchangeable K⁺ content remained practically unaffected due to organic matter treatment.Formed part of a Ph.D. thesis submitted to Bidhan Chandra Agricultural University, India in 1978Formed part of a Ph.D. thesis submitted to Bidhan Chandra Agricultural University, India in 1978     

Occurrence,distribution and seasonality of aquatic fungi as affected by chemical factors in six alkaline ponds of Indi*

The periodicity of 30 species of water mould, belonging to the orders Blastocladiales, Saprolegniales, Lagenidiales, and Peronosporales, inhabiting six alkaline ponds near Lucknow, India, was found to be governed significantly by factors such as water temperature, dissolved oxygen and calcium.Part of the thesis approved by the University of Lucknow for the award of a Ph.D. degree.     

Investigations into rhizosphere microflora

Summary Effect of light and dark treatments on rhizosphere and rhizoplane microflora of two crops,viz Triticum aestivum. Linn. andHordeum vulgare Linn. has been investigated. Higher microbial population was recorded from the rhizosphere of plants exposed to continuous light while continuous dark set harboured lesser microflora. The microflora in 12 hours alternate light and dark set exhibited an intermediate condition. Amino acids (both qualitatively and quantitatively) in root extracts were the least in continuous dark and the maximum in continuous light set. The variation in root leakage, physiological and morphological condition of the plants was thought to be the cause for change in microbial activity. A part of the Ph. D. thesis approved by University of Gorakhpur, Gorakhpur, India (1969).     

Studies into Glomerella phyllanthh pai affecting phyllanthus acidus II genetical behaviour

Sex compatibility of the three sector isolates ofGlomerella phyllanthii was studied. The two isolates (P₁ and P₂) are distinct from the parent isolate (P) in their sex reactions. Perithecial line developed in crosses P×P₁ and P×P₂ (H₁ and H₂ respectively). These lines represent the hybrid lines. All the three sector isolates are homothallic and self fertile.A part of the approved Ph. D. thesis, Poona University, 1969.     

The innervation of the salivary gland of the tick,Boophilus microplus

Summary Salivary of the ixodid tick Boophilus microplus Canestrini are at least partially innervated by a branch of the pedipalpal nerve. Axons containing both large granular and smaller agranular vesicles were observed within the acini associated with all types of secretory cells. A modification of the Falk-Hillarp histochemical technique was used to demonstrate discrete areas of fluorescence within the salivary acini. It is suggested that the transmitter involved with the control of salivary activities is a catecholamine and may even be dopamine.This work formed part of a thesis submitted to the University of Cambridge for the degree of Ph.D. and was supported by a studentship from the Science Research Council. I would like to thank Drs. D.J. Beadle, M.J. Berridge and H.A. Robertson for their encouragement and advice     

The taxonomy of the family Paramphistomidae Fischoeder, 1901 with special reference to the morphology of species occurring in ruminants. II. Revision of the genus Paramphistomum Fischoeder, 1901

Summary The genus Paramphistomum Fischoeder, 1901 is redefined and restricted and only the following species are retained and considered valid: P. cervi (Zeder, 1790) (type species); P. liorchis Fischoeder, 1901; P. gracile Fischoeder, 1901 P. epiclitum Fischoeder, 1904; P. gotoi Fukui, 1922, P. ichikawai Fukui, 1922; P. leydeni Näsmark, 1937 and P. hiberniae Willmott, 1950. These are redescribed and illustrated. A new species, Paramphistomum cephalophi is described and illustrated from the black-fronted duiker (Cephalophus nigrifrons) in Rwanda. It differs from the rest of the species in the genus by the presence of an anterior sphincter in the pharynx and the characteristic posterior notch of the acetabular rim. Scanning electron photomicrographs of the tegumental surfaces of the species in the genus are provided. Cotylophoron indicum Stiles & Goldberger, 1910 (=Paramphistomum thapari Price & McIntosh, 1953), C. madrasense Gupta, 1958, C. chauhani Gupta & Gupta, 1972, Paramphistomum indicum Stiles & Goldberger, 1910 (in part), P. malayi Lee & Lowe, 1971 and Srivastavaia indica Singh, 1970 are considered synonyms of Paramphistomum epiclitum Fischoeder, 1904. Paramphistomum indicum Stiles & Goldberger, 1910 (in part) and P. bombayiensis Gupta & Verma in Gupta & Nakhasi, 1977 are regarded as synonyms of Paramphistomum gracile Fischoeder, 1901. P. scotiae Willmott, 1950, P. julimarinorum Velázquez-Maldonado, 1976, P. nicabrasilorum Velázquez- Maldonado, 1976, P. procapri Wang, 1979 and Cotylophoron skrjabini Mitskevich, 1958 are considered synonyms of Paramphistomum leydeni Näsmark, 1937. Cotylophoron vigisi Davydova, 1963 is considered synonymous with Paramphistomum ichikawai Fukui, 1922. Paramphistomum birmense Railliet, 1924, P. microon Railliet, 1924, P. chinensis Hsu, 1935 and P. pseudocuonum Wang, 1979 are regarded as species inquirendae.The genera Liorchis Velichko, 1966 and Srivastavaia Singh, 1970 are synonymized with Paramphistomum Fischoeder, 1901.A key to the species of the genus is provided.Part of a thesis approved by the University of London for the award of the Ph.D. degree.Part of a thesis approved by the University of London for the award of the Ph.D. degree.     

Comparative studies of four isolates of Pircularia setariae Nishikado from setaria species in India

Summary Four isolates ofP. setariae, when studied critically for pathogenicity, cultural, physiological and morphological characters exhibited marked differences among them indicating thereby the existence of four physiologic forms in the fungusP. setariae.The speciesP. setariae is referred to by some authors asP. grisea.Condensed from the thesis as a part of the work submitted by the author for Ph. D. of Poona University in 1956.     

Study of fungi on decaying leaves of Saccharum munja by differential washing technique

Summary This study reports that the primary fungal colonizers of decaying leaves, which were rarely recorded with the last fungal colonizers in the pattern of succession in later stage of decaying, were persistent in dead tissues in the form of dormant mycelia and were unable to sporulate due to competition with last colonizers for nutrition and space in substrates. The presence of such fungi in suppressed and dormant condition in the sustrate is confirmed by transference of washed bits of leaves onto nutrient media which allowed them to grow and sporulate freely.A part of Ph.D. thesis approved by the Banaras Hindu University, 1968.     

The fine structure of the type 2 cells in the Malpighian tubules of the stick insect,Carausius morosus

Summary Type 2 cells, or mucocytes, are present in both inferior and superior Malpighian tubules ofCarausius morosus and are concentrated towards the distal ends of the main urine-secreting parts. They are absent from the proximal few millimetres of the main part and from the distal specialised regions of the tubules. They possess numerous Golgi bodies and abundant granular E. R., which is consistent with the hypothesis that they secrete mucus. However, they possess basal infoldings and apical microvilli suggesting that they may transport substances across the tubule wall. It is suggested that they perform both functions. Reabsorption of ions or water could precipitate solid components of the urine (e.g., uric acid). Mucus may be important in nucleation of crystalline material and also prevent abrasion of the brush border.This investigation formed part of a thesis for the degree of Ph.D. in the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. It is a pleasure to thank Professor J. Shaw for his advice and encouragement and the Science Research Council for financial support.