Retention of essential oil components sorbed by native cornstarch during storage

Changes in the content of essential oil components sorbed by native dry cornstarch during storage were studied by the method of capillary gas chromatography. The composition of volatile substances changed insignificantly, and the sample retained its organoleptic characteristics over 3-month storage. We revealed that up to 70-80% monoterpene carbohydrates and lower sulfides disappeared after 6-month storage. The loss of terpene alcohols, acetates, and ketones did not exceed 10%. Storage was accompanied by an increase in the content of essential oil components bound to the surface of starch granules.     

绿萝叶片的组织培养

绿萝（Epipremnum aureum(Linden et Andre)Bunting）系天南星科（Araceae） 麒麟叶属（Epipremnum）的一种木质藤本植物，常攀援于山石上、墙壁上或它树上附生，分枝多，枝悬垂，园艺上用作荫棚悬挂植物。绿萝的叶片薄革质，翠绿色，一般 （特别是叶面）有多数不规则的黄色斑块，极为美丽，它不仅是庭园观赏植物，而且还可折枝插瓶，经久不萎。本种不易开花，通常都是无性扦插繁殖门。迄今为止，关于绿萝的组织培养，除1986年K·Y．Paek等人报道用Scundapsus aureus(Epipremnum pinnatum)的茎央和腋芽进行培养外，尚未见到其他的报道。     

Antifungal activities of essential oils applied by dip-treatment on areca palm (Areca catechu) leaf sheath and persistence of their potency upon storage

The antifungal activities of cinnamon oil, clove oil, anise oil, and peppermint oil, and their main components (cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, trans-anethole, and menthol, respectively) against molds identified from areca palm leaf sheath (Mucor dimorphosporus, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus niger, and Rhizopus sp.) were investigated. An agar dilution method was employed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of essential oils and their main components. Zone inhibition tests and the inhibitory effect of the leaf sheath dip-treated with essential oils against those molds were examined. Major components of essential oils on the leaf sheath during storage were quantified by gas chromatography analysis. The MIC values of essential oils on agar and on the leaf sheath were identical. With an MIC of 50 ??g ml⁻¹, cinnamon oil had the strongest inhibitory effect. At their MICs the oils were capable of providing protection against mold growth on the leaf sheath for at least 12 weeks during storage at 25 °C and 100% RH. Scanning electron microscope examination showed that essential oils prevented spore germination. Except for menthol in peppermint oil, the main components of the essential oils, which were fairly stable over the storage period, largely contributed to the antifungal activity.     

两种精油熏蒸处理对金针菇贮藏品质的影响

为了开发高效的食用菌绿色保鲜剂,以新鲜的白色金针菇为供试材料,以花椒精油和丁香精油为供试熏蒸剂,分别在常温（25±1）℃和低温（4±1）℃条件下开展了适用于金针菇保鲜的精油种类和浓度的筛选试验,并对金针菇贮藏期内的感官评价、失重率、呼吸强度、褐变度、多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性、丙二醛（MDA）以及总酚含量进行了测定。结果显示,常温（25±1）℃条件下用0.1 mL·kg-1花椒精油和0.5 mL·kg-1丁香精油保鲜效果优于其他处理,且有统计学意义（P<0.05）,0.1 mL·kg-1花椒精油和0.5 mL·kg-1丁香精油处理组感官评分分别高于对照组23.4%和27.8%,二者均能够抑制金针菇褐变、减轻腐败变质,且有统计学意义（P<0.05）;在低温（4±1）℃贮藏试验中发现,0.1 mL·kg-1花椒精油和0.5 mL·kg-1丁香精油均能有效抑制呼吸强度和PPO活性的升高（P<0.05）,其呼吸高峰较对照组分别降低了28.3%和39.6%;贮藏15 d后,精油处理组PPO活性较对照组分别降低了8.2%和16.6%;精油处理有效降低了MDA含量的产生,保持着较高的总酚含量、减轻腐烂褐变的程度。第15天时,对照组MDA含量为1.75 μmol·g-1,而花椒精油和丁香精油处理组MDA含量分别比对照组低0.15、0.40 μmol·g-1,丁香精油处理组显著低于花椒精油处理组和对照组（P<0.05）。研究结果表明,0.1 mL·kg-1花椒精油和0.5 mL·kg-1丁香精油均对金针菇采后贮藏保鲜效果显著,其中,0.5 mL·kg-1丁香精油的保鲜效果最明显,在15d的贮藏期内,金针菇依然保持着良好的品质,而对照组已经轻微褐变,部分开始腐烂。研究结果为花椒精油和丁香精油应用于金针菇采后贮藏保鲜提供了理论依据。     

Antioxidant properties of essential oils: autoxidation of essential oils from laurel and fennel and effects of mixing with essential oil from coriander

Changes in the composition of essential oils from the seeds of laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill., var. dulce Thelling) and their mixture with essential oil from coriander were studied by capillary gas-liquid chromatography during storage in the dark and in light. Under these conditions, essential oil of laurel retained its composition for 12 months. Essential oil of fennel was rapidly oxidized in light. However, the rate of its oxidation in the dark was lower. The major component of essential oil of fennel, transanethol, had a lower antioxidant activity than essential oil of coriander. The mixture of essential oils from laurel and coriander possessed antioxidant properties and strongly inhibited the oxidation of components of the fennel oil.     

Antioxidant Properties of Essential Oils: Autoxidation of Essential Oils from Laurel and Fennel and of Their Mixtures with Essential Oil from Coriander

Changes in the composition of essential oils from the seeds of laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill., var. dulce Thelling) and their mixture with essential oil from coriander were studied by capillary gas-liquid chromatography during storage in the dark and in light. Under these conditions, essential oil of laurel retained its composition for 12 months. Essential oil of fennel was rapidly oxidized in light. However, the rate of its oxidation in the dark was lower. The major component of essential oil of fennel, trans-anethol, had a lower antioxidant activity than essential oil of coriander. The mixture of essential oils from laurel and coriander possessed antioxidant properties and strongly inhibited the oxidation of components of the fennel oil.     

Agronomical and chemical characterization of spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) originating in Turkey

The essential oil properties of spearmint (Mentha spicataL.), one of the most important spice plants, were studied and the essential oil components determined using gas chromatography. The essential oil content of wild-grown spearmint in the region was found to range from 1.00% to 2.00%, and two chemotypes were identified, one high in carvone (49.53-80.65%) and the other in pulegone (44.9-49.23%). Agronomic and essential oil properties of cultivated landraces ofM. spicata were also investigated under field conditions during the 1999 vegetation period. The examined spearmint landraces showed a great variability for each character studied, including yield and essential oil components. The crop was harvested twice during the vegetation period, and the essential oil content of the landraces varied from 0.90 to 2.70% in the first harvest and from 1.00 to 3.00% in the second one. Carvone was constantly present as the predominant essential oil in landraces, except for one sample, which was high in linalool (82.80%). Superior landraces with carvone contents were discovered; their maximum content reached 79.70% in the first cutting and 82.97% at the second cutting. The superior landraces were assayed for future improvement studies.     

Variation of Salvia fruticosa Essential Oils on the Island of Crete (Greece)

The essential oil content and composition of Salvia fruticosa (Greek sage) plants growing wild in 20 localities scattered on the island of Crete are studied. The results of our analyses have shown a noticeable variation in the essential oil content (ranging from 1.1 up to 5.1 %) and the amount of the four main oil components: 1,8-cineole (22.7 ? 64.2% of total oil), α-thujone (1.0 ? 19.2%) β-thujone (0.9 ? 25.6%) and camphor (0.8 ? 30.3%). Discriminant analysis revealed that the variation pattern of the essential oil content and the amount of the four main oil components is geographically related, following a W → E direction. Plants grown in Western Crete show a lower essential oil content and their oils are characterised by the predominance of 1,8-cineole. On the other hand, those collected from Eastern Crete exhibit higher values in essential oil content and their oils, besides 1,8-cineole, are rich in α- and β-thujone or camphor. Our findings are further discussed in relation to literature data.     

兴安杜鹃叶中挥发性成分的GC-MS分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法对兴安杜鹃叶中的挥发性成分进行提取,并运用气相色谱—质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对其挥发性成分进行了系统的分离和鉴定。从兴安杜鹃叶中共鉴定出54种挥发性成分,占总馏出成分的97.84%。兴安杜鹃叶主要挥发性成分为桉叶醇(eduesmol),相对含量10.95%;β-愈创木烯(β-guaiene),相对含量10.21%;长叶醛(longifolenaldehyde),相对含量7.88%;1,5,9,9-四甲基-1,4,7-环十一碳三烯(1,5,9,9-tetramethyl-1,4,7-cy-cloundecatriene),相对含量7.80%;杜鹃酮(germacrone),相对含量5.91%;(-)-葎草烯环氧化物Ⅱ((-)-HumuleneepoxideⅡ),相对含量5.52%;2-庚基-1,3-二氧戊环(2-heptyl-1,3-dioxolane),相对含量4.99%;石竹烯(caryo-phyllene),相对含量3.70%;(+)-γ-古芸烯((+)-γ-gurjunene),相对含量3.44%。     

密花香薷挥发油化学成分及其抗菌、抗病毒活性的研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取密花香薷挥发油,测得密花香薷挥发油的得率为0.12％.利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对密花香薷挥发油的化学成分进行了分析研究,鉴定了26种化合物,占挥发油总量的76.04％.体外抗菌试验和抗病毒试验的结果表明:密花香薷挥发油具有抗菌和抗病毒作用.     

三种桉叶油化学成分研究

通过水蒸汽蒸油试验,发现已贮藏半年多的风干桉叶,仍有较高的含油量。云南省弥勒产的直杆桉(Eucalyptus maidenii)得油率为4.14％,蓝桉(E.globulus)为3.5％,福建省惠安产的窿缘桉(E.exserta)为1.2％,桉叶油生产厂也可以通过贮藏的风干桉叶生产桉叶油。通过气相色谱和质谱分析,从直杆桉叶油中鉴定出44个组份,蓝桉叶油中鉴定出35个组份,窿缘桉叶油中鉴定出26个组份。三种桉叶油单萜部分的组份基本一致,只是相对含量各有不同。桉油素含量,以直杆桉最高为68.02％,其次是蓝桉为67.54％,窿缘桉最低为34.33％。直杆桉、蓝桉可以怍材、油两用树种,窿缘桉不宜作油用树种。     

贮存年份对北艾和蕲艾精油成分与抑菌活性的影响研究

本文采用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取了贮存0、1、2年的北艾和蕲艾精油,采用GC-MS检测精油化学成分,选取10种常见细菌,检测了其抗菌谱和最小杀菌浓度。结果发现:0、1年份北艾精油中小分子挥发性物质较多,随着贮存年份的增加,大分子挥发性物质随之增加;侧柏酮为蕲艾的特有成分。0年份艾叶精油的抑菌活性较高,对沙门菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、沙门菌耐药菌、绿脓杆菌均具有抑制作用。综上,不同贮存年份和品种的艾叶精油在化学成分、抗菌谱和抑菌活性方面均存在差异,综合考虑精油含量和抑菌活性,以0年份的北艾为原料提取精油最佳。     

大蒜化学成分的气-质联用分析

本文采用环己烷、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇对大蒜（Allium sativum L.）新鲜鳞茎的95%乙醇提取物进行萃取,并与水蒸气蒸馏法提取的挥发油成分进行比较,用GC-MS对其成分进行定性和定量分析.在环己烷萃取物中共检出112个成分,鉴定了38个化合物,占环己烷萃取物总量的80.08%;在乙酸乙酯萃取物中检出86个成分,鉴定了26个化合物,占乙酸乙酯萃取物总量的56.70%;在正丁醇萃取物中未检出挥发性成分.在水蒸气蒸馏法提取的挥发油中共检出109个成分,鉴定了29个化合物,占挥发油总量的83.58%.大蒜95%乙醇提取物的环己烷和乙酸乙酯萃取物及大蒜挥发油中皆以含硫化合物为主.在环己烷和乙酸乙酯萃取物中,阿霍烯的含量分别为生药的0.00395%和0.00145%,大蒜中阿霍烯含量达0.00540%.     

Essential oil variation and antioxidant capacity of Mentha pulegium populations and their relation to ecological factors

Mentha pulegium L. is an aromatic herb belonging to the Lamiaceae family, a wild plant which is distributed in different areas of Iran. In this research, we evaluated the variability of essential oil content and compositions of 12 M. pulegium populations. Essential oils were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) methods. The essential oils content varied from 0.22 to 1.63% w/w within different populations. Twenty-nine compounds were identified which represent 83.4–98.7% of the total essential oil. The most significant essential oil compounds among the studied population were identified using the principal components analysis (PCA-biplot). According to the PCA-biplot, the major compounds were pulegone (2.5–51.7%), menthone (0.2–25.3%), limonene (0.0–35.4%), 1,8-cineol (0.0–33.4%), piperitenone oxide (0.2–55.2%), and trans-piperitone epoxide (0.0–28.5%). Besides, hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that the studied populations were classified into two main clusters based on the essential oil components. The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that some environmental factors could influence the phytochemical constituents as well as the antioxidant activity. The temperature and altitude were effective environmental factors with regards to 1–8 cineol, limonene and menthone content, while average rainfall was the most effective factor with respect to trans-piperitone epoxide, piperitenone oxide, and pulegone content. Our results consequently showed that environmental factors had a significant effect on the essential oil content and its antioxidant activity in M. pulegium populations.     

Effect of oregano essential oil on the engraftment and development of Lewis carcinoma in F1 DBA C57 black hybrid mice

The effect of a low uptake dose of oregano essential oil with drinking water for three months (Origanum vulgare L.) on the degree of Lewis carcinoma engraftment and some parameters of oxidative stress has been studied in vivo using F1 DBA C57 Black hybrid mice. Oregano essential oil has been established to possess an anticancer activity. The degree of tumor engraftment decreased by 1.8 times, its size decreased by 1.5 times, and the development of tumor was significantly suppressed in sick mice under the effect of oregano essential oil. It was found that the uptake of essential oil did not affect the intensity of lipid peroxidation in the brain of mice and resulted in a significantly (by 36%) decreased content of secondary lipid oxidation products in the liver as shown in a reaction with thiobarbituric acid as compared to control subjects. The activity of antioxidant enzymes was found to increase after three months of essential oil uptake (by 1.5–3 times) as compared to the control group. This effect of essential oil supports the presence of bioantioxidant properties in this essential oil.     

柚皮干制前后精油香气成分分析

为明确干制对柚皮中精油香气成分的影响,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取干制前后柚皮中精油,通过气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）对精油进行成分分析.结果表明,从鲜柚皮中共检出74种香气成分,占精油总质量分数的99.61%;从干柚皮中共检出45种香气成分,占精油总质量分数的99.45%;两者共有香气成分44种,相对质量分数分别为98.16%和99.41%.干制后柚皮香气成分中烯烃类化合物的相对质量分数增加;醇类、酯类和酮类化合物的相对质量分数减少.干制对柚皮主体香气成分影响不大.     

Changes in volatile constituents of Zingiber officinale rhizomes during storage and cultivation

The essential oil from the fresh rhizome of Zingiber officinale was characterized by the presence of acyclic oxygenated monoterpenes mainly composed of neral, geraniol, geranial and geranyl acetate. During storage the content of neral and geranial in the rhizome increased to ca 60% of the essential oil, while the content of geraniol and geranyl acetate decreased to an undetectable amount. The change resulted from the conversion of geranyl acetate into geraniol, geranial and neral, successively. The content of geranial and neral decreased to a small extent through cultivation of the stored rhizome, whereas a large quantity of geraniol and geranyl acetate occurred in the newly propagated fresh rhizome.     

Influence of the Duration and Conditions of Storage on the Composition of the Essential Oil from Coriander Seeds

The composition of volatile components of the essential oil extracted from seeds of coriander (Coriandrum sativumL.) grown in different years in either Russia or Georgia was studied by capillary gas chromatography. Climatic conditions had a weaker effect on the essential oil composition than the region of growth. After one-year storage in the dark, minor changes were observed in the oil composition, and its organoleptic properties were virtually unchanged. However, the essential oil underwent significant chemical transformation of monoterpenes when stored in the light.     

Analysis of the essential oil from the roots of Eupatorium cannabinum subsp. corsicum (L.) by GC, GC-MS and 13C-NMR

Eupatorium cannabinum subsp. corsicum (L.) is an endemic subspecies from the island of Corsica. The essential oil from the roots of this aromatic plant has been studied by GC, GC-MS and by 13C-NMR. In contrast to the essential oil from the aerial parts, which is dominated by hydrocarbon compounds (76.9%) and particularly by sesquiterpene components (43.3%), the essential oil from the roots was characterized by a high content of oxygenated compounds (61.0%), particularly oxygenated monoterpenes (54.0%). In the root oil, 106 components were identified representing 96.1% of the total amount. This oil was dominated by the monoterpenes esters (33%), the major components of which were neryl isobutyrate (17.6%), thymyl methyl oxide (15.1%), delta-2-carene (14.5%) and beta-pinene (5.7%). Aromatic esters, nerol derivatives (esters and diesters) and a benzofuran were investigated by GC-MS using different ionization modes including electron impact ionization, and positive- and negative-chemical ionization. These components have not previously been reported in the essential oil of aerial parts of E. cannabinum from Corsica island.     

野生蜂窝草籽中挥发油的研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法从野生蜂窝草籽中提取挥发油,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对其挥发油中的化学组分进行分离和结构鉴定,运用气相色谱面积归一化法确定各个组分的相对百分含量。从蜂窝草籽挥发油中鉴出56种成分,主要组分是油酸(12.57%),棕榈酸(10.36%),1-辛烯-3-醇(7.96%),石竹烯(5.98%),2,4,6-三甲基-1,3,6-庚三烯(5.63%)等。对蜂窝草籽挥发油进行了抗氧化实验和抗菌实验,结果表明蜂窝草籽挥发油对.OH有明显的清除作用,蜂窝草籽挥发油对实验菌株均有明显的抑制和灭活作用特别是对大肠杆菌ATCC25922株和肠炎沙门菌50040株的抗菌活性表现得更为显著。