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1.
This paper presents two analytical solutions to solute uptake and release by a root (the root exhibits efflux) when both mass and diffusive flows are considered and the water content of the soil is maintained constant. The first solution is for a constant solute concentration at some finite distance from the root, while the second is when there is no solute recharge from the soil outside a cylinder coaxle with the root.Several examples are presented to show the effect of the effluxive term. It is shown that the point where the ratio of efflux to initial ion concentration in solution is equal to the difference between root absorbing power and water flux at the root, is critical to nutrient depletion or buildup at the root surface. It is also shown for the case of no recharge that the concentration profiles when efflux is considered are markedly different than where efflux is not considered.Contribution from the Purdue Agric. Exp. Stn., West Lafayette, IN, 47907. Journal Paper Number7458.  相似文献   

2.
Summary A statistical analysis of data on oxygen uptake by submerged roots of mature tomato plants, from a nutrient solution containing sufficient oxygen, has demonstrated that variations in oxygen uptake are positively related to variations in solar radiaton, particularly at radiation levels below 2.0 MegaJoules.h−1.m−2. Above this level, however, anegative relationship is indicated, suggesting that intense solar radiation reduces the ability of plant roots to obtain sufficient oxygen for optimum growth processes. It also appears that there is atime lag of about one to two hours between the effects of solar radiation on oxygen uptake. Greenhouse air temperature is positively correlated with radiation, with little or no time lag, and variations in greenhouse air temperature effect variations in solution temperature with a time lag of 2 to 3 hours. Greenhouse air temperature affects respiration in the submerged roots indirectly, with a 1 to 2 hour lag, by effecting the nutrient solution temperature, and possibly by affecting the growth processes in thesubaerial roots, which in turn may result, in some way, in increased oxygen uptake by the submerged roots, partly bypassing the restraining effects of lagging nutrient solution temperature. Variations in nutrient solution temperature do not appear to be causally related in effecting variations in oxygen uptake in a major way, probably because a considerable time lag of around 3 hours seems to exist between variations in radiation and solution temperature, in this experiment. As such, radiation and greenhouse air temperature appear to be rather important and dominant variables, effecting changes in oxygen uptake. In addition, the results suggest thatdaytime, variable heating of the nutrient solution, in step with the variations of solar radiation, as well as shading of the tomato crop under conditions of intense solar radiation would likely be beneficial for plant growth and crop production.  相似文献   

3.
Forest soil from an experimental Norway spruce forest with four levels of wood ash addition (0, 1, 3 and 6 tonnes ha–1) was used to inoculate pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings with indigenous ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi. Uptake of 32P and 86Rb in a root bioassay was used to estimate the demand for P and K by seedlings grown in the different soils. Utilisation of P from apatite was tested in a laboratory system where uptake by the ectomycorrhizal mycelium was separated from uptake by roots. The demand for P and K in the seedlings was similar regardless of the ash treatment. Variation in EM levels, estimated as fungal biomass (ergosterol) in roots, was large in the different soils, but not related to ash addition. Uptake of P from apatite was, on average, 23% of total seedling P and was not related to EM levels. It was concluded that the improved P uptake from apatite by EM fungi found in earlier studies is probably not a general phenomenon among EM fungi. The small effect of ash addition on EM levels and P uptake suggests that addition of granulated wood ash is a forest management treatment that will have only minor influence on ectomycorrhizal symbiosis.  相似文献   

4.
Summary Models are presented in this paper for prediction of the extent to which soil aggregates in a loose seed bed can be displaced by extending roots and shoots. For roots, the maximum applied force is considered to be limited by either elastic bending, when the angle of contact with an aggregate surface is oblique, or buckling, when the root meets an aggregate perpendicularly. For emerging shoots, only the maximum forces are known. These forces are related to the known force displacement behaviour of artificially prepared beds of graded soil aggregates.It is concluded that displacement of soil aggregates which lie between 20 and 100 mm from the surface of the aggregate bed is only likely to be important for roots with diameters of 0.5 mm or less when the diameter of the aggregates in the bed is less than 1 mm. However, for plant species which have relatively large root diameters, such as pea, significant displacement of aggregates of up to 4 mm diameter may be possible. In contrast, emerging shoots are able to displace very much larger aggregates from their paths.  相似文献   

5.
This paper develops scaling laws for plant roots of any arbitrary volume and branching configuration that maximize water uptake. Water uptake can occur along any part of the root network, and thus there is no branch-to-branch fluid conservation. Maximizing water uptake, therefore, involves balancing two flows that are inversely related: axial and radial conductivity. The scaling laws are tested against the root data of 1759 plants from 77 herbaceous species, and compared with those from the WBE model. I further discuss whether the scaling laws are invariant to soil water distribution. A summary of some of the results follows. (1) The optimal radius for a single root (no branches) scales with volume as . (2) The basic allometric scaling for root radius branches (ri+1=β*ri) is of the form , where f(N)=A(N)/(nb*(1+A(N))), nb is the number of branches, and A(N) and ε(N) are functions of the number of root diameter classes (not constants as in the WBE model). (3) For large N, β converges to the β from the WBE model. For small N, the β's for the two models diverge, but are highly correlated. (4) The fractal assumption of volume filling of the WBE model are also met in the root model even though they are not explicitly incorporated into it. (5) The WBE model for rigid tubes is an asymptotic solution for large root systems (large N and biomass). (6) The optimal scaling solutions for the root network appears to be independent of soil water distribution or water demand. The data set used for testing is included in the electronic supplementary archive of the journal.  相似文献   

6.
7.
Proliferation of roots in a nutrient patch can occur either as a result of an increase in root length (morphological response) or by a change in root birth or death rates (demographic responses). In this study we attempted to distinguish between these two mechanisms of response to nutrient patches and to compare the responses of four old-field plant species (two annuals, two perennials). For all four species combined, there were significant increases in root numbers and root length in fertilized patches. Root proliferation in fertilized patches was largely due to increased birth (=branching) rates of new roots. However, there was also a significant increase in root death rates in the fertilized patches which reduced the magnitude of the increase in net root numbers. Plots for individual species suggested they differed in the magnitude and timing of root proliferation in fertilized patches due to differences in root birth and death rates. However, because of the limited sample size in this study, there was only a marginally significant difference among species in root birth rates, and no difference in death rates. Further studies are currently underway to better quantify species differences in the demographic mechanism, as well as magnitude, of response to nutrient patches and if this would affect the ability to exploit small-scale heterogeneity in soil resources.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract. Growth and geocurvature of the primary roots of maize (cv. LG 11) were analyzed by a filming technique allowing continuous recording, root by root. Typical nutations, in vertical growth and following the downward curvature of the roots, have been observed. The possible relations between these nutations, the elongation, the georeaction and the hormonal mechanisms which control georeaction, are discussed.  相似文献   

9.
Comparative in vivo 31P-NMR studies of mycorrhized and nonmycorrhized roots of Fagus sylvatica and Pinus sylvestris and of the fungus Suillus bovinus in pure culture have produced interesting new data. With respect to intracellular compartments and pH, 31P-NMR spectroscopy showed that the spectrum of the mycorrhiza results from simple superimposition of the spectra of its symbionts. A special method of cyclic phosphate supply followed by block averaging of the NMR spectra was used to determine the kinetic behaviour of phosphate uptake and storage and its incorporation into polyphosphate at a constant external pH of 5.5. Mycorrhized roots and pure fungus showed transformation of accumulated inorganic phosphate into mobile polyphosphate with a medium chain length. Transformation of mobile into immobile polyphosphate either with a long chain length or in a granular state was also observed. Thus, two different types of fungal polyphosphate could be verified. Deficiency of external phosphate initiated the mobilization of internal phosphate, transforming stored polyphosphate into phosphate. It could be shown that a high fungal mass renders mycorrhizal phosphate metabolism less sensitive to external variation in nutrient concentration. The central role of the fungus in regulating mycorrhizal phosphate metabolism is discussed.  相似文献   

10.
Important phenological activities in seasonally dry tropical forest species occur within the hot‐dry period when soil water is limiting, while the subsequent wet period is utilized for carbon accumulation. Leaf emergence and leaf area expansion in most of these tree species precedes the rainy season when the weather is very dry and hot and the soil cannot support nutrient uptake by the plants. The nutrient requirement for leaf expansion during the dry summer period, however, is substantial in these species. We tested the hypothesis that the nutrients withdrawn from the senescing leaves support the emergence and expansion of leaves in dry tropical woody species to a significant extent. We examined the leaf traits (with parameters such as leaf life span, leaf nutrient content and retranslocation of nutrients during senescence) in eight selected tree species in northern India. The concentrations of N, P and K declined in the senescing foliage while those of Na and Ca increased. Time series observations on foliar nutrients indicated a substantial amount of nutrient resorption before senescence and a ‘tight nutrient budgeting’. The resorbed N‐mass could potentially support 50 to 100% and 46 to 80% of the leaf growth in terms of area and weight, respectively, across the eight species studied. Corresponding values for P were 29 to 100% and 20 to 91%, for K 29 to 100% and 20 to 57%, for Na 3 to 100% and 1 to 54%, and for Ca 0 to 32% and 0 to 30%. The species differed significantly with respect to their efficiency in nutrient resorption. Such interspecific differences in leaf nutrient economy enhance the conservative utilization of soil nutrients by the dry forest community. This reflects an adaptational strategy of the species growing on seasonally dry, nutrient‐poor soils as they tend to depend more or less on efficient internal cycling and, thus, utilize the retranslocated nutrients for the production of new foliage biomass in summer when the availability of soil moisture and nutrients is severely limited.  相似文献   

11.
From measurements of the rates of depletion of labelled ions from solution in the low concentration range, we described the phosphate and potassium uptake characteristics of the roots of intact barley plants in terms of the kinetic parameters, K m and I max (the maximum rate of uptake). In relatively young (13 d) and older (42 d) plants, cessation of phosphate supply for 4 d or more caused a marked increase in I max (up to four times), without concomitant change in K m, which remained between 5 and 7 M. By contrast, 1 d of potassium starvation with 14-d plants caused a decline in the K m (i.e. an increased apparent affinity for potassium) from 53 M to 11 M, without alteration to I max. After longer periods of potassium starvation, I max increased (about two times) while the K m remained at the same low value. Growth of shoots and roots were unaffected by these treatments, so that concentrations of ions in the tissues declined after 1 d or more of nutrient starvation, but we could not identify a characteristic endogenous concentration for either nutrient at which changes in kinetic parameters were invariably induced. The possible mechanisms regulating carriermediated transport, and the importance of changes induced in kinetic parameters in ion uptake from solution and soil are discussed.Symbol I max the maximum rate of absorption at saturating concentrations  相似文献   

12.
13.
14.
Fungal pathogens destroy our crops and cause hazardous human infections, therefore threatening our health and food security. The ability of fungal pathogens to sense and respond to dynamic host microenvironments enables the establishment and progression of disease. Sensing nutritional cues is vital throughout fungal infection of either plants or mammals: enabling the pathogen to invade, adapt and survive in the face of host immunity. Acquiring nutrients from their host for energy, growth and repair is also essential to a fungal pathogen's success. Cell-surface proteins embedded in the fungal plasma membrane sense and transport host macro- and micronutrients, including carbon and nitrogen sources and minerals such as iron and zinc. Using examples from model crop (Fusarium graminearum, Magnaporthe oryzae and Ustilago maydis) and human (Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans) pathogens we review the nutrient sensing and transporting roles of fungal cell-surface receptor, transporter and transceptor proteins, and their importance to plant and human fungal disease. We discuss how their cellular localisation, central role in cell signalling and importance to disease makes these fungal cell-surface proteins candidates in the search for new strategies to control fungal diseases, while highlighting the areas where further research is needed to make this possible.  相似文献   

15.
16.
白洋淀水陆交错带对陆源营养物质的截留作用初步研究   总被引:56,自引:6,他引:56  
在白洋淀进行的野外实验结果表明水陆交错带中的芦苇群落和群落间的小沟都能有效地截留来自府河的陆源营养物质,其中,在植被290m长的小沟对地表径流总N和总P的截留分别为42和65%;4m芦苇根区土壤对地表下径流总N和总P的截留率分别为64和92%。被截留比率最大的是无机态的正磷酸根态磷和铵态氮。  相似文献   

17.
铅污染土壤中杂草对铅的吸收   总被引:15,自引:3,他引:12  
利用盆栽试验,研究了杂草对铅的吸收积累及铅污染土壤中杂草养分吸收和根系丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)侵染的特点.结果表明,铅污染对杂草生长没有明显影响.铅主要富集在根系中,对某些杂草吸收养分有影响.苗期除了升马唐钾含量铅处理与对照之间有显著差异外,其它差异均不显著,说明苗期铅处理对鸡眼草、苦荬菜、升马唐和无芒稗吸收养分基本没有影响;成熟期铅处理中苦荬菜和升马唐的全磷含量极显著高于对照,而无芒稗全氮含量显著低于对照.根系AMF的侵染特点是,无论是苗期还是成熟期。鸡眼草和升马唐根系的AMF侵染率变化不大;苦荬菜铅处理低于对照,苗期铅处理和对照的根系侵染率分别是45.52%和69.44%,成熟期分别是74.64%和82.21%;无芒稗铅处理根系的AMF侵染率显著高于对照,苗期铅处理和对照的根系侵染率分别是82.45%和59.19%,成熟期分别是91.36%和78.28%.  相似文献   

18.
Mechanisms of potassium absorption by higher plant roots   总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18  
Potassium, as a plant macronutrient, is accumulated in plant cells from relatively dilute soil solutions and is indispensable for many vital processes. Studies characterising potassium uptake by roots stretch back over many decades. However, it is only with the introduction of modern electrophysiological and molecular techniques that investigations have been possible at a molecular level. Such approaches have confirmed the existence of discrete high and low affinity uptake systems at the root plasma membrane and have greatly enhanced our understanding of the underlying molecular nature of these uptake systems.
High affinity K+ uptake from micromolar external K+ levels is coupled to H+ transport as demonstrated independently by patch clamping of single root protoplasts and by studying the transport system after expression in Xenopus oocytes . The measured coupling ratio between the two ions is 1:1 and is sufficient to account for an accumulation ratio in excess of 106, a value which encompasses experimental observations on K+ accumulation.
Low affinity K+ uptake activates at relatively high external K+ levels in the millimolar range and is 'passive' i.e. down the electrochemical gradient for potassium. In two higher plant species single cell inward potassium currents have been identified which are associated with low affinity potassium uptake. Furthermore, specific ion channels which underlie these potassium influxes and form a major constituent of the low affinity potassium uptake pathway have been identified and characterised.  相似文献   

19.
Kinetics of iron absorption by excised rice roots   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
Seshadri Kannan 《Planta》1971,96(3):262-270
Summary Studies on the rate of iron absorption by excised rice roots from solutions of different concentrations of FeSO4 showed the presence of two patterns, one in the low (0.005–0.5 mM) and the other in the high (1–30 mM) concentration range. The presence of CaSO4 or MnSO4 at 0.5 mM enhanced Fe++ absorption in the low concentration range, while CaSO4 at 10 mM inhibited Fe absorption in the high concentration range in a competitive manner. Fe++ absorption at both low and high concentrations was sensitive to metabolic inhibitors. The isotherm for Fe++ absorption at O° exhibited an initial absorption shoulder in both low and high concentrations and was suggestive of a latent ion-transport capacity for Fe++ in rice roots.  相似文献   

20.
Sustainability of soil-plant systems requires, among other things, good development and function of mycorrhizal symbioses. The effects of P and micronutrient levels on development of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) and uptake of Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe by maize (Zea mays L.) were studied. A pot experiment with maize either inoculated or not with Glomus intraradices was conducted in a sand:soil (3 :1) mix (pH 6.5) in a greenhouse. Our goal was to evaluate the contribution of mycorrhizae to uptake of Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe by maize as influenced by soil P and micronutrient levels. Two levels of P (10 and 40 mg kg−1 soil) and three levels of a micronutrient mixture: 0, 1X and 2X (1X contained, in mg kg−1 soil, 4.2 Fe, 1.2 Mn, 0.24 Zn, 0.06 Cu, 0.78 B and 0.036 Mo), were applied to pots. There were more extraradical hyphae at the low P level than at the high P level when no micronutrients were added to the soil. Root inoculation with mycorrhiza and application of micronutrients increased shoot biomass. Total Zn content in shoots was higher in mycorrhizal than non-mycorrhizal plants grown in soils with low P and low or no micronutrient addition. Total Cu content in shoots was increased by mycorrhizal colonization when no micronutrients were added. Mycorrhizal plants had lower Mn contents than non-mycorrhizal plants only at the highest soil micronutrient level. AMF increased total shoot Fe content when no micronutrients were added, but decreased shoot Fe when plants were grown at the high level of micronutrient addition. The effects of G. intraradices on Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe uptake varied with micronutrient and P levels added to soil. Accepted: 27 December 1999  相似文献   

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