Type specimens and identity of the described species of Conus VII. The species described 1810–1820

During the second decade of the 19th century, eight authors described 24 recent and 26 fossil species of Conus , bringing to 486 the number of proposed species-group names in the genus through 1820. This study analyses these nominal species, as well as three described by Perry in 1810, and evaluates the status of each. Most of the European Tertiary species described by Brocchi in 1814 and some of those described by Borson and Schlotheim in 1820 are valid. Megerle von Mühlfeld in 1816 and Dillwyn in 1817 each described a valid recent species. All other Conus species names introduced during the period are synonyms of previously or contemporaneously described species or nomina dubia. Type specimens of 23 species, including one neotype, are known to exist today. At the present time 148 valid species of Conus are recognized from the species-group names introduced between 1758 and 1820. Of these, 131 are extant and 17 are known only as Tertiary fossils. In addition, six otherwise valid species, three recent and three fossil, were described but were given preoccupied names.     

Phylogenetic analysis of newly described Neosartorya species

Isolates representing newly described Neosartorya species, and isolates with abnormal morphologies from Aspergillus section Fumigati were examined by phylogenetic analysis of sequences of part of their -tubulin gene. Phylogenetic analyses supported the earlier suggestions that heterothallism is a derived character, and that sexuality was lost several times during the evolution of Aspergillus section Fumigati. The heterothallic N. fennelliae and N. udagawae strains were found to be closely related to the homothallic Neosartorya sp. NRRL 4179 and N. aureola, respectively. Aspergillus sp. FRR 1266, which was earlier described as a variant of A. fumigatus, was found to be closely related to A. viridinutans. Another abnormal asexual isolate was found to be closely related to A. fumigatus and N. fischeri. Phylogenetic relationships among newly described Neosartorya species and other taxa were successfully established based on phylogenetic analysis of -tubulin sequences.     

Eight newRubus species described from Czech Republic

Eight newRubus species are described from the area of Czech Republic (western Czechoslovakia), four of them belonging to ser.Discolores, and one by one to subsect.Rubus, ser.Rhamnifolii, ser.Micantes and ser.Hystrices. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** AAY02002 00005     

Type specimens and identity of the described species of Conus.

During the third decade of the 19th century, 21 authors described 35 Recent and 11 fossil species of Conus , in 26 separate publications. This brought to 532 the number of species-group names in the genus introduced up to 1830. Only five fossil and seven Recent species are now considered valid. Two additional valid Recent species were described but were given preoccupied names. The remaining nominal species are concluded to be junior or contemporaneous synonyms (19), nomina dubia (11), of infrasubspecific rank (1), or not now considered Conus (1). At present 160 valid species of Conus are recognized from the species-group names described between 1758 and 1830. Of these, 138 are extant and 22 are known only as Tertiary fossils. Nine otherwise valid species, six Recent and three fossil, were described but were given preoccupied names.     

Type Specimens and identity of the described species of Conus II. The species described by Solander, Chemnitz, Born, and Lightfoot between 1766 and 1786

Twenty-three species of Conus were described by authors other than Linnaeus between 1766 and 1786. Of these, 3 are Eocene species from England described by Solander in Brander (1766), and the remainder are Recent. Chemnitz (1777) described one valid species. Of the 10 species described by Born (1778), 7 are valid, 2 are junior synonyms of Linnaean species, and 1 is a nomen dubium. Solander in [Lightfoot] (1786) described 5 species, of which 3 are valid and 2 are junior synonyms of Linnaean species. Lightfoot (1786) described 4 species, of which 1 is valid and 3 are junior synonyms of Linnaean species.
Holotypes of 7 species and lectotypes of 3 species exist, and representatives of lecto-types of 10 species have been selected. All of these types are illustrated photographically.
Between 1758 and 1786, 60 species of Conus were described, of which 45 are now considered valid. Of these, 42 are Recent.     

A catalogue of described genera and species of microsporidians parasitic in fish

A complete list of microsporidians parasitic in fish is presented; in each species, the host(s), site of infection and the known geographical distribution is given. Species of a total of 14 genera can be found in fish hosts. These genera do not occur in other hosts and include 80 named species plus 29 records only designated as `sp.' The collective group Microsporidium includes 15 species plus 30 records only designated as `sp.' Described species with incorrect generic assigment number seven species and there are six hyperparasitic species infecting other fish parasites. Thus the total number of microsporidians which may be encountered in fish is 108 named and 59 innominate species.     

Index to the genera and species of Hepaticae described by William Mitten

William Mitten (1819–1906) described 373 species of Hepaticae in 25 publications between 1851 and 1889. Most of Mitten's types are at NY, but original material of some species may be found at BM, FH, and G. This paper provides an index to the species and genera described by Mitten and a bibliography of papers in which his new hepatics were described. The index to species includes information on lectotypification, location of original or type material, and synonymy.     

A new species of Ptilomymar (Hymenoptera,Mymaridae) and a key to the described species

Ptilomymar dianensis sp. n. (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) from southwest China is described and illustrated. A key to the six described species is given. The type specimens are deposited in the insect collections of Northeast Forestry University, China.     

Biogeography,autecology, and phylogeny of Percolomonads based on newly described species

Percolomonads (Heterolobosea) are aquatic heterotrophic flagellates frequently found in saline waters up to hypersaline environments. We isolated and cultivated seven strains of percolomonad flagellates from marine waters and sediments as well as from a hypersaline inland lake in the Atacama Desert. Morphological characterizations, comprising light and scanning electron microscopy, revealed only slight differences between the strains mainly limited to the cell shape, length of flagella, and length of the ventral feeding groove. Phylogenetic analyses of the 18S and 28S rDNA genes showed the formation of three fully supported clades within the Percolomonadida: the Percolomonadidae, the Barbeliidae fam. nov. and the Lulaidae fam. nov. We describe two new families (Barbeliidae fam. nov., Lulaidae fam. nov.), a new genus (Nonamonas gen. nov.), and five new species (Percolomonas adaptabilis sp. nov., Lula levis sp. nov., Barbelia pacifica sp. nov., Nonamonas montiensis gen. et sp. nov., Nonamonas santamariensis gen. et sp. nov.). Salinity experiments showed that P. adaptabilis sp. nov. from the Atlantic was better adapted to high salinities than all other investigated strains. Moreover, comparisons of our cultivation-based approach with environmental sequencing studies showed that P. adaptabilis sp. nov. seems to be globally distributed in marine surface waters while other species seem to be more locally restricted.     

The carnivorous plant described as Sarracenia alata contains two cryptic species

Modern methods for species delimitation provide biologists with the power to detect cryptic diversity in nearly any system. To illustrate the application of such methods, we collected data (21 sequence loci) from a carnivorous plant in southeastern North America and applied several recently developed methods (Gaussian clustering, Structurama, BPP, spedeSTEM). The pale pitcher plant Sarracenia alata inhabits the southeastern USA along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Sarracenia alata populations are separated by the Mississippi River and Atchafalaya Basin, a known biogeographical barrier in this region, but the cohesiveness of S. alata as currently classified has not been tested rigorously. Multiple analytical approaches (including allelic clustering and species trees methods) suggest that S. alata comprises two cryptic lineages that correspond to the eastern and western portions of the plant's distribution. That such clear genetic evidence for cryptic diversity exists within S. alata and is in conflict with other sources of data (e.g. morphology, environmental differentiation) illustrates a conundrum faced by those who investigate species boundaries: genetic data are often the first type of data to accumulate evidence of differentiation, but most existing taxonomic treatments are based on nongenetic data. Our results suggest that S. alata as currently described contains two cryptic species, and we recommend the elevation of the western populations to species status. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 109 , 737–746.