The effect of reducing growth in winter wheat on the population dynamics of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae (F.)

1 The effect of reducing the growth of winter wheat on population size and development of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae was studied. 2 Automatic, mobile, crop shading devices, which reduced radiation comparable to levels found on a cloudy day, whilst minimizing other climatic changes, were used to reduce crop growth. Shading was applied between either GS 31 and 39 (1st node detectable → flag leaf ligule just visible) or GS 39 and 55 (flag leaf just visible → 50% of inflorescence emerged). 3 Sitobion avenae populations were initiated at GS 55 and highest populations were subsequently observed on plants shaded between GS 31 and 39. 4 Individual aphids confined within clip cages were observed to measure development from birth to adult moult, adult lifespan and fecundity. Results indicated that adult lifespan was shortest on plants shaded between GS31 and 39, whilst there were no differences in development time or fecundity. 5 Possible explanations for these observations are discussed.     

The spatial and temporal distribution of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae in winter wheat

The spatial and temporal distribution of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae F. (Homoptera: Aphididae) was studied within a field of winter wheat during the summer of 1996. Sampling was done using four nested grids comprising 133 locations. Analysis by Taylor's power law gave results typical for insect populations. Analysis by SADIE (Spatial Analysis by Distance Indices) showed spatial pattern due to edge effects and sampling scale, and positive but mild spatial association, although spatial patterns were ephemeral. Reasons for these findings and the implications for integrated crop management are discussed.     

小麦不同品种上麦蚜及其天敌的数量变动

试验结果表明小麦品种 (系 )的抗性对麦蚜种群数量影响很大 ,百株蚜量随着小麦品种抗性增强而下降。而同一小麦品种对不同种蚜虫的抗性存在质的差异 ,铭贤 1 69品种 ,蚜高峰期百株蚜量麦长管蚜 63 0头 ,禾谷缢管蚜只有 1 1 5头 ,两者相差 5 5倍。另一方面 ,小麦品种抗性对麦田天敌的种群数量影响不大 ,而对天敌的发生期有些影响。因此 ,小麦品种抗性、天敌对麦蚜的自然控制能力 ,可把小麦中后期的蚜虫虫口密度控制在经济损失允许水平之下。     

A field evaluation of different criteria for determiningthe need to treat winter wheat against the grain aphid Sitobion avenae and the rose-grain aphid Metopolophium dirhodum

The economics of control of grain aphid (Sitobion avenae) and rose-grain aphid (Metopolophium dirhodum) were investigated in a series of experiments carried out across England in 1988 and 1989. Sprays of pirimicarb or dimethoate were applied at three growth stages and yield effects measured. Aphid infestations were determined by a range of different methods, to evaluate the value of each for decision making. Aphids overwintered in crops in mild conditions in both seasons, resulting in early population build-up and decline in many cases. Aphicide sprays applied during the booting stage increased average yields by 0.26 t/ha. Profitability of the treatment strategies considered was not greatly enhanced by selective spray application related to aphid assessment at this stage. Delaying decision making to the flowering or grain-filling stages resulted in reduced profitability. A poor correlation between aphid numbers and crop yield response to sprays was found. This was shown to be due to differences in subsequent aphid population development and in aphicide efficacy. Grain quality was affected only by high aphid infestations which caused large yield reductions.     

Expression of the insecticidal lectin from snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin; GNA) in transgenic wheat plants: effects on predation by the grain aphid Sitobion avenae

Transgenic wheat plants containing the gene encoding snowdrop lectin (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin; GNA) under the control of constitutive and phloem-specific promoters were generated through the particle bombardment method. Thirty-two independently derived plants were subjected to molecular and biochemical analyses. Transgene integration varied from one to twelve estimated copies per haploid genome, and levels of GNA expression from 0 to ca. 0.2% of total soluble protein were observed in different transgenic plants. Seven transgenic plants were selected for further study. Progeny plants from these parental transformants were selected for transgene expression, and tested for enhanced resistance to the grain aphid (Sitobion avenae) by exposing the plants to nymphal insects under glasshouse conditions. Bioassay results show that transgenic wheat plants from lines expressing GNA at levels greater than ca. 0.04% of total soluble protein decrease the fecundity, but not the survival, of grain aphids. We propose that transgenic approaches using insecticidal genes such as gna in combination with integrated pest management present promising opportunities for the control of damaging wheat pests.     

Determination the population trends of cereal aphids and associated parasitoids by yellow sticky traps with reference to aphid management on wheat

Population trends of cereal aphids and their associated parasitoids inhabiting wheat plantations were monitored by yellow sticky traps. The identified aphids exhibited one seasonal peak for each and were found to be active during the first half of March. Data revealed that, Rhopalosiphum padi L peak occurred one week later than both of Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) and Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch). The numbers of aphid complex was recorded more at 90 than at 30 and 60 cm height. Hymenopterous parasitoids activity is synchronised with aphid species, whereas they appeared in small numbers at early and late wheat season and showed their peak on March, with a positive correlation coefficient with aphid populations. The tested compounds (Karate, Biscaya, Match 5% EC, Tracer 24% SC and Neem Azal T/S) showed 100% reduction in aphid numbers after 24 h post application. However, the general reduction percentages indicated 99.31 > 98.32 > 97.97 > 97.06 > 95.66%, by using the abovementioned compounds, respectively.     

Biochemical basis of winter wheat resistance to the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae

Six winter wheat cultivars with differing degrees of resistance to the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.), were studied under field conditions. Resistance was measured in terms of non-preference and antibiosis on plants at seven growth stages. The varieties Saga and Grana were most resistant in terms of both non-preference and antibiosis to S. avenae at all growth stages examined. The varieties Liwilla and Dana were relatively susceptible to aphid attack. The number of aphids was directly proportional to the total content of free and essential amino acids. The level of resistance showed a similar, but not identical, relationship with the observed concentration of soluble proteins. A higher degree of cultivar resistance was associated with a higher value on a toxicity index, which is the ratio between the free-phenols and free-amino acids content. Obtained results suggest that the resistance of winter wheat cultivars to the grain aphid was based mainly on the mechanism of antibiosis.

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Résumé Six cultivars de blé d'hiver, présentant différents degrés de résistance au puceron des grains, S. avenae, ont été étudiés dans la nature. La résistance a été évaluée en fonction de l'antibiose et de l'absence de préférence de plantes à 7 stades de développement. Les variétés Saga et Grana ont été les plus résistantes, suivant ces deux critères, pour tous les stades de puceron étudiés. Les variétés Liwilla et Dana ont été relativement sensibles. Les effectifs de pucerons étaient proportionnels à la teneur totale en acides aminés libres essentiels. Les concentrations en protéines solubles présentent une relation de même type, mais pas identique, avec le niveau de résistance. Un haut degré de résistance a été associé à une valeur élevée de l'indice de toxicité, rapport entre les phénols libres et la teneur en acides aminés libres. Ces résultats suggèrent une résistance des cultivars de blé d'hiver à S. avenae liée principalement aux mécanismes d'antibiose.

     

Predation of the cereal aphid Sitobion avenae by polyphagous predators on the ground

Abstract. 1. Polyphagous predator densities were manipulated in a wheat crop using polythene exclusion barriers.
2. The rates at which aphids fell to the ground and subsequently climbed and returned to the crop canopy were measured.
3. Peak aphid density was highest when polyphagous predator density was lowest.
4. Similar rates of aphid fall-off were measured in each plot, but aphid climbing rate was highest when predator densities were lowest.
5. It was concluded that ground-zone predators reduced the rate at which aphids return to the crop canopy.     

Short-term forecasting of peak population density of the grain aphid (Sitobion avenae) on wheat

The trends in population density of Sitobion avenae in wheat fields were analysed for a total of 32 sites over the period 1975 to 1983 in eastern England and the Netherlands. The peak population density on each field was positively correlated with the population densities at the end of ear emergence, mid-anthesis and the end of anthesis. It was also positively correlated with the observed rates of increase of the aphids on the crop immediately before these stages. Both parameters were incorporated in multiple regressions to forecast peak population density, and data from a further nine populations monitored in 1984 was used to validate the model. The accuracy of these forecasts, based on two counts on the crop, increased from ear emergence to the end of anthesis, the forecast at mid-anthesis of peak density being much more accurate than any other published method.     

三种杀虫剂对麦田蚜虫和天敌的影响

通过对施用杀虫剂吡虫啉、抗蚜威、广谱性杀虫剂氧化乐果对麦田蚜虫和天敌的影响进行分析 ,结果表明 ,施用杀虫剂对麦田蚜虫防效高 ,对其天敌有保护作用 ,且瓢蚜比降低。使用 1 0 %吡虫啉( 1 0g 667m2 )后 5～ 2 5天瓢蚜比为 1∶34～ 1∶1 70 ;用 50 %抗蚜威 ( 5g 667m2 )后 1 0～ 2 0天瓢蚜比为 1∶31～1∶1 95;而广谱性杀虫剂氧化乐果 ( 50mL 667m2 )对麦田蚜虫防效好 ,对天敌杀伤力大 ,药后 1 5天瓢蚜比为1∶2 65。施用化学农药可使蚜茧蜂寄生率提高。     

田间不同防治方法对麦蚜种群动态的影响

【目的】从保护生态环境兼顾防治害虫的角度出发,研究不同防治方法对麦蚜种群动态的影响,为麦蚜的田间防治提供理论依据。【方法】本试验分别设置不同的麦蚜防治田(空白对照田、黄板田、糖醋液田、诱芯田、诱虫灯田、综合防治田),在小麦生长期观察不同的防治田内麦蚜的种群动态的变化。【结果】诱虫灯对有翅蚜的防治效果要好于黄板和糖醋液,但对禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi(Linnaeus)有翅蚜的诱捕效果不明显,黄板和糖醋液对有翅蚜和无翅蚜均有防治效果,多种防治方法共同利用对麦蚜种群数量有一定的防治效果。【结论】多种防治方法共同使用的防治效果优于单一防治方法,诱虫灯、糖醋液、黄板、诱芯对不同种类麦蚜的防治效果不同。在田间使用时应注意不同时期采用不同的防治方法。     

The influence of nitrogen fertiliser on the population development of the cereal aphids Sitobion avenae (F.) and Metopolophium dirhodum (Wlk.) on field grown winter wheat

The effect of nitrogen fertiliser on populations of the cereal aphids Sitobion avenae and Metopolophium dirhodum on winter wheat was investigated in a three year field experiment. Naturally occurring aphid populations were monitored on three nitrogen treatments; none, nitrogen application using Canopy Management guidelines (130–210 kg ha^-1) and conventional practice (190 kg ha^-1). Inoculations of laboratory reared S. avenae were used to enhance field populations on half the plots. Natural populations of M. dirhodum remained below the current UK spray threshold level of two-thirds of shoots infested at the start of flowering, or five aphids per shoot in all years, whilst populations of S. avenae exceeded the threshold in all years. The response of the two species to nitrogen differed. Significantly higher populations of M. dirhodum were recorded in both treatments which received nitrogen in all years, whilst the response of S. avenae varied between years. In 1994 and 1995 when environmental conditions favoured aphid development, higher populations were recorded in the two treatments which received nitrogen. In 1993 when high rainfall created unfavourable conditions, higher populations were recorded in the plots receiving no nitrogen. Differences in peak density and cumulative aphid index of S. avenae resulted from differences in the rate of population increase between ear emergence and peak density on the different treatments. Populations prior to ear emergence were higher in the plots which received nitrogen but the differences were not statistically significant. There was no evidence of a difference in the timing of population decline in the different treatments. In 1993 higher levels of infection by entomopathogenic fungi were observed in all treatments. Significantly higher levels of infection were recorded in the treatments receiving nitrogen, which may have accounted for the lower S. avenae populations recorded. It is possible that the larger canopies recorded in these treatments produced conditions which favoured infection by fungi, thereby limiting aphid population growth. The results indicate that application of nitrogen increases natural populations of M. dirhodum, and under favourable conditions, populations of S. avenae. However, in suboptimal climatic conditions, the application of nitrogen fertiliser can lead to lower populations of 5. avenae. The data also suggest that there is no consistent difference between a conventional and Canopy Managed approach to nitrogen fertiliser use in terms of the risk of infestation by cereal aphids.     

The effects of nitrogen and fungicide on cereal aphid population development and the consequences for the aphid-yield relationship in winter wheat

In a field trial, done over two seasons, nitrogen and fungicide inputs to winter wheat were varied to obtain a range of yields to study the effects on aphid population development and the aphid-yield loss relationship. In the first year, the maximum density of Metopolophium dirhodum and total aphid index were significantly higher in the plots receiving the largest amount of nitrogen but there were few other consistent effects on aphid population development. In the second year there were no significant effects of either nitrogen or fungicide on aphid population development. Mean yields were high in 1987 and 1988 (7.0 and 8.5 t/ha respectively) with less than a 2 t/ha range in either year. There were no significant effects of aphids on yield in the first year but in the second, aphids caused a significant reduction. Damage per aphid unit did not change with increase in yield. The use of this approach in determining pest-yield loss relationships is discussed.     

四种类型杀虫剂对麦长管蚜的温度效应及其与主要解毒酶的关系

为了明确杀虫剂毒力受温度的影响及其程度,本文测定了4大类8种药剂在10～25℃下对麦长管蚜的毒力;并测定了麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(Fabricius)在不同温度下2个解毒酶和1个靶标酶的活性差异。结果表明,高效氯氰菊酯对麦长管蚜表现不规则负温度系数,啶虫脒表现不规则正温度系数,高效氟氯氰菊酯对麦长管蚜的毒力不受温度影响,其他药剂(辛硫磷、毒死蜱、灭多威、丁硫克百威、吡虫啉)均表现为明显的正温度系数效应,以有机磷类杀虫剂表现最为明显,毒死蜱温度系数高达57.70。酶活性实验表明:麦长管蚜在高温下GST活性增强,羧酸酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性降低。它们的变化规律表明:GST活性与负温度系数密切相关,正温度系数与羧酸酯酶活性和靶标酶乙酰胆碱酯酶活性有关。     

Pattern of growth in weight of alate and apterous nymphs of the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae

Daily increase in fresh weight was recorded for apterous and alate nymphs of S. avenae at 20°C. Comparison with a control group indicated that daily disturbance and weighing of nymphs did not affect significantly their growth, developmental time or survival. The increase in fresh weight of apterous and alate virginoparae at 20°C was best described by logistic equations. Alate virginoparae were significantly heavier than apterous virginoparae at birth and throughout most of their nymphal life, but they experienced a weight loss at the final ecdysis. The relative growth rate did not remain constant, but declined during development. The decline is associated with a decline in honeydew production per unit body weight. The implications of an inconstant relative growth rate and the marked loss in weight at the adult moult in alates are discussed.

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Résumé L'enregistrement de l'augmentation quotidienne du poids frais à 20°C des larves ailées et aptères de S. avenae a montré que des perturbations quotidiennes n'affectent pas significativement la croissance, la durée du développement et la survie. Les équations logistiques décrivent plus exactement l'augmentation de poids frais des aptères et des ailés virginipares à 20°C. Les virginipares ailés étaient significativement plus lourds que les virginipares aptères à la naissance et pendant la plus grande partie de la vie larvaire, mais présentaient une perte de poids à la mue finale. Le taux de croissance relative ne restait pas constant, mais diminuait au cours du développement. La diminution était associée à une diminution de la production de miellat par unité de poids du corps. La discussion porte sur les conséquences de la variation de l'augmentation du poids relatif et de la perte marquée de poids à la mue imaginale.

     

Northern Atlantic Oscillation effects on the temporal and spatial dynamics of green spruce aphid populations in the UK

1. The role of climate variability in determining the spatial and temporal patterns of numerical fluctuations is a central problem in ecology. The influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index on the population dynamics and spatial synchrony of the green spruce aphid Elatobium abietinum across the UK was shown. 2. Fifteen overlapping time series within the UK were analysed; we used nonparametric models for determining the feedback nonlinear structure and the climatic effects. The spatial synchrony of these populations and the relationship between synchrony and NAO was estimated. 3. From the 15 time series across the UK, 11 showed positive and significant NAO effects. In most of the cases the NAO effects were nonlinear showing strong negative effects of low values. The NAO variation improve the explained variance of the first-order feedback models in 14.5%; ranging from 0% to 48%. All data showed strong-nonlinear (concave) feedback structure. In most of the localities the explained variance by the first-order feedback was about 50-60%. 4. The spatial synchrony of the per capita growth rates and residuals is high across long distances for those populations affected by NAO. The correlation function predicts a spatial scale of synchrony of about 350-400 km for NAO influenced populations. 5. We think that simple population theoretical models describing the link between NAO fluctuations and green spruce aphid dynamics may be fundamental for predicting and simulating the consequences of different climatic scenarios of the future.     

Effects of brief exposures to low temperature on the development, longevity and fecundity of the grain aphid Sitobion auenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

First instar nymphs and adults of the grain aphid Sirobion auenae that had been reared at 10°C and 20°C over a number of generations, were cooled to -5°C and -10°C for 1 h and 6 h and returned to 20°C to assess the effects of brief exposures to low temperatures (cold-pulses) on their survival. rate of development, longevity and fecundity. A strong acclimation response was observed in first instar nymphs, with significantly less mortality in groups reared to 10°C compared to 20°C. Mean development time from first instar to adult was not significantly affected by low temperature exposure at the first nymphal stage. Longevity in all groups cooled as first instars was reduced by the sub-zero cold-pulses, and was also dependent on temperature and exposure time. Acclimated aphids survived longer than non-acclimated individuals. Reproductive rate, in terms of the number of nymphs born per aphid per day, was unaffected by cold stress applied at the first instar stage. Total fecundity was however reduced, being a function of the number and longevity of the survivors. Adult aphids were less cold hardy than nymphs; mortality was higher at -10°C than -5°C increasing with duration of exposure from 1 h to 6 h. Mean fecundity was reduced significantly in aphids cooled at the adult stage, the number of aphids born per day decreasing as the exposure period of the cold-pulse increased, suggesting that low temperature had affected embryogenesis. All the nymphs born to adults surviving exposure to -5°C for 6 h died within 48 h of birth, indicating that low temperature has a pre-natal effect on mortality.     

Evidence for gene flow and local clonal selection in field populations of the grain aphid (Sitobion avenae) in Britain revealed using microsatellites

Samples of the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.), a major European pest of cereals, were collected in June and July 1997 from fields sown with winter wheat in a rough transect south-west of Rothamsted, UK. These aphids were genotyped at four microsatellite loci known from previous studies to be highly polymorphic. Allelic frequencies were similar between samples collected in the fields and in the 12.2 m high suction trap at Rothamsted, and there were many widespread genotypes (clones), providing evidence that the species is highly migratory. However, field samples were found to display a high level of genotypic heterogeneity (= variable clonal composition), most probably the result of clonal selection. The suction trap genotypes sample were slightly different from the field samples, indicative of the inclusion of genotypes from plant hosts (cereals and grasses, Poaceae) other than winter wheat and/or genotype-biased emigration from the field. The relevance of these data to modelling of aphid outbreaks is briefly discussed.     

大豆田中大豆蚜天敌昆虫群落结构分析

为了明确大豆田中大豆蚜Aphis glycines Matsumura天敌昆虫的群落结构特点,采用系统调查法对大豆蚜天敌的种类及数量进行调查。结果表明,大豆蚜天敌昆虫主要有5目11科19种,另外还有一些捕食性蜘蛛。主要优势种为小花蝽Orius minutus、龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica、中华草蛉Chrysopa sinica以及蚜小蜂Aphelinus sp.和异色瓢虫Leis axyridis,捕食性蜘蛛其中小花蝽的相对丰盛度达到0.26以上。小花蝽和龟纹瓢虫发生较早,是大豆蚜发生初期的主要控制因素。物种多样性、均匀度、丰富度、物种数和个体数整体趋势表现为先增加后降低,在7、8月达最大;而优势集中性和优势度则表现为先降低后增加的趋势,群落较稳定。     

大豆蚜自然天敌种群动态及其控蚜作用研究

2008-2010年间,分别在辽东山区和辽西半干旱丘陵地区设置试验田,采用系统调查的方法,对大豆蚜Aphis glycines Matsumura自然天敌种群动态及控蚜作用进行研究。共鉴定辽宁地区大豆蚜天敌7目、16科、44种,其中优势天敌异色瓢虫Leis axyridis(Pallas)居首位。田间试验结果表明,大豆蚜天敌田间消长表现连续6个阶段,即初见期、波动期、上升期、盛期、下降期和消退期;田间3年平均大豆蚜数量与天敌(天敌单位)总体呈极显著的相关关系,各年度百株蚜量与天敌单位也均呈极显著相关关系。辽东地区天敌跟随紧密并随蚜虫数量变化波动,具有明显的自然控蚜作用。其中,7月11-21日天敌发生盛期与蚜虫高峰期吻合,蚜虫急剧下降;7月下旬后,受高温、多雨、蚜霉菌作用、植株老化等影响,蚜虫种群逐步下降、消退,天敌也陆续迁出豆田。辽西地区天敌迁入豆田比蚜虫晚10～15d,对前期蚜虫控制弱,且天敌峰期滞后蚜虫5d左右,一般年份蚜虫发生较重。