国外微生态制剂的研究与市场概况

对国外微生态制剂的研究和市场概况作了介绍。包括：（1）关于肠道菌群研究的新手段;（2）国外使用的益生菌和益生菌剂市场;（3）益生菌的作用;（4）益生菌安全性的问题;（5）关于活菌和死菌问题;（6）关于益生元;（7）免疫增强因子。     

益生菌抗结肠癌作用及分子机制研究进展

益生菌是指一类通过改善肠内菌群平衡,对宿主起到有益作用的活性微生物,具有提高免疫力、抗过敏、缓解炎性肠道疾病、抗感染、抗癌等生物学功能.本文首先阐述益生菌、益生菌发酵液、其菌体成分、代谢成分抗结肠癌作用的研究进展;随后阐述其抗结肠癌的分子机制,主要包括;免疫调节和抗炎症作用,抑制细胞增殖和促进细胞凋亡,产生有益的代谢物和抑制致癌物活化酶与遗传解毒;最后介绍益生菌在临床医学研究中的应用情况,益生菌不仅可以在结肠癌发生过程中起到一定的保护作用,且能够很好的改善结肠术后患者的肠道相关症状.目前,益生菌菌体活性成分的分离及其功能研究也逐渐成为新的研究热点,这些将为更深入准确地了解益生菌的作用机制,更好的、更快的、更全面的利用益生菌及其制剂提供新的思路和途径.     

几株益生菌的体外抗新城疫病毒作用

【目的】探讨益生菌的抗新城疫病毒(NDV)作用并分析其可能的机制。【方法】采用NDV血凝试验和MTT比色法,分别在体外和鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)上评价益生菌对NDV血凝价和抑制率的影响。【结果】所选择的5株益生菌及其代谢产物都极显著地降低了NDV的血凝价,而2株致病菌及其代谢产物对NDV的血凝价均没有影响,这一结果说明益生菌可能对NDV具有直接破坏的作用,并且具有菌株特异性。益生菌可以显著地提高CEF对NDV的抑制率,并且这种作用具有量效关系(P0.01)。益生菌与细胞作用后再感染病毒,对NDV抑制率升高的结果反映了益生菌对NDV吸附细胞的阻断作用;从益生菌与病毒同时接入细胞后降低病毒对细胞侵害的现象,可以看出益生菌可能对病毒具有直接破坏作用;在细胞感染病毒后再接入益生菌对NDV抑制率极低的现象说明,病毒感染后益生菌再很难起作用。【结论】益生菌对NDV既具有直接破坏的作用,又可以阻断NDV对细胞的感染、抑制其在细胞内的增殖。     

益生菌对16种抗生素的耐药性分析

目的评估市场常见益生菌对临床常用抗生素的体外耐药情况,为临床预防抗生素相关性肠道菌群紊乱和抗生素相关性腹泻提供参考。方法分离培养9种益生菌制剂中的20株益生菌,采用浓度梯度试条法(E-test)测定益生菌对16种抗生素的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果细菌类益生菌对一些口服抗生素敏感,其中枯草芽胞杆菌、保加利亚乳杆菌、长双歧杆菌、婴儿双歧杆菌和嗜热链球菌对12种以上的抗生素敏感;屎肠球菌只对5种抗生素敏感,而真菌类益生菌如布拉酵母CNCM I-745则对16种抗生素均具有耐药性。结论细菌类益生菌和真菌类益生菌表现出不同的抗生素敏感性,在临床预防和治疗抗生素相关性腹泻时应注意益生菌与抗生素的合理使用。     

《国际微生物生态学会会刊》：益生菌可有效改善高脂饮食造成的肥胖

“益生菌”这个词也许你并不陌生。作为一类对宿主健康产生有益作用的活性微生物,目前市售的很多酸奶、饮料和婴儿配方奶中会添加益生菌;临床上。益生菌药物也被广泛用于治疗肠道菌群失调引起的腹泻、便秘和消化不良等症状。     

儿童医院门诊益生菌制剂使用情况的调查分析

目的了解儿科临床益生菌制剂使用现状及存在问题,为儿科医生合理使用益生菌制剂提供帮助。方法抽取重庆医科大学附属儿童医院2009年1月至12月门诊处方1627024张,并将2月、10月含益生菌制剂的处方9173张按临床诊断进行分类,统计益生菌制剂使用情况,使用制剂,用药年龄,用药科室及疾病,益生菌制剂间的联用及与抗生素联用。结果1627024张门诊处方中含益生菌制剂处方为54950张,占总处方数的3．38％。54950张含益生菌制剂处方中,含双歧杆菌四联活菌片的处方最多,为19052张,占34．67％（19052／54950）;用药患者年龄≤1岁的处方43163张,占78．33％（43163／54950）;来自感染消化科的处方31048张,占56．50％（31048／54950）;2种益生菌制剂合用的处方765张,占1．39％（765／54950）;与抗生素联用的处方13641张,占24．82％（13641／54950）。2月、10月共9173张含益生菌制剂处方中,用于消化道疾病5717张,占62．32％（5717／9173）;呼吸系统疾病2389张,占26．04％（2389／5717）;新生儿黄疸541张,占5．90％（541／5717）;过敏性疾病525张,占5．72％（525／5717）。结论儿科门诊常用双歧杆菌为主成分的益生菌制剂,主要治疗肠道疾病,1岁以下婴儿为主要施治对象,符合微生态制剂药理机制;医生对微生态制剂的成分和耐药益生菌情况不够清楚,造成益生菌制剂与抗生素联用较普遍,并存在组成菌相同或类似的益生菌制剂联用。     

益生菌的安全性

益生菌是指一类活的,摄入足够量就能够对人体产生有益作用的微生物,目前广泛应用于食品发酵、工业乳酸发酵以及医疗保健领域.随着市场上商品化益生菌的不断出现,它所带来的安全性问题也更加引起人们的关注.目前益生菌主要存在四个方面的安全问题:致病性和感染能力;有害的代谢活动:过度的免疫反应和可能的基因转移.传统的益生菌安全性评价方法具有一定的局限性.我们需要针对目前益生菌安全性存在的问题建立一套包含基因组学,代谢组学,蛋白质组学等研究内容的评估方法,对益生菌的安全性进行系统全面的评估.本文总结了一些对于益生菌安全性的研究进展和研究方法,以提示我国应尽快完善益生菌及其制品的安全性评价方法指标并建立安全性评价体系,使益生菌更好的为人们的健康服务.     

益生菌的安全性

益生菌是一类重要的微生物调节剂,对人类的营养和健康具有重大的意义。目前,益生菌具有医疗和保健作用毋庸质疑,但是对于益生菌的安全性还存在争议。本文对益生菌的安全性和不安全性研究进行综述,以利于临床正确认识、了解和使用益生菌制剂,对进一步开发利用益生菌也有积极意义。 更多还原     

益生菌黏附能力评估模型的研究进展

益生菌的黏附能力是益生菌在宿主肠道中稳定定殖的关键,也是益生菌发挥作用的前提。研究者常以益生菌的黏附能力作为筛选益生菌菌种的重要标准,因此建立稳定的益生菌黏附能力评估模型一直是该领域的研究热点。着重介绍了益生菌黏附能力评估模型的种类和检测方法,旨在为益生菌黏附能力评估模型的研究及应用提供参考。     

联合应用BB-12和LGG对极低出生体重早产儿胃肠功能的影响

目的 探讨口服双歧杆菌(BB-12)和鼠李糖乳杆菌(LGG)混合的益生菌制剂对极低出生体重早产儿胃肠功能的影响并评估其安全性.方法 对97例极低出生体重早产儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析.益生菌组45例,对照组52例;益生菌组口服BB-12和LGG的混合益生菌制剂,余治疗同对照组.结果 益生菌组静脉营养、外周置入中心静脉导管(PICC)及鼻饲时间明显长于对照组,合并症例数明显高于对照组(P＜0.05),而坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)发病率(6.7％)较对照组(23.1％)明显下降(P＜0.05),且3例NEC(Ⅲ级)均发生在对照组.益生菌组胆汁酸、碱性磷酸酶明显低于对照组(P＜0.05),体重增长速度较对照组有增加趋势;而两组喂养不耐受及胃肠外营养相关性胆汁淤积发病率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).益生菌组无益生菌相关败血症、脑膜炎、腹泻、皮疹等不良反应.结论 口服BB-12和LGG混合的益生菌制剂可改善极低出生体重早产儿胃肠功能且相对安全.     

Impact of plant derivatives on the growth of foodborne pathogens and the functionality of probiotics

Numerous studies have been published on the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of various plant components. However, there is relatively little information on the impact of such components on the enhancement of probiotics and production of antimicrobial compounds from these probiotics. Hence, this paper focuses on the influence of plant-derived components against pathogens, enhancement of cell viability and functionality of probiotics, and potential applications of such components in food safety and human health.     

分子水平上益生菌研究进展

益生菌是指能在生物体内存活 ,对生物体的健康有益的一类微生物。目前已经对益生菌的作用机理进行了深入和广泛的研究 ,获得了许多使用益生菌的经验。近些年来 ,分子生物学特别是基因工程技术的发展将益生菌的理论和应用研究推向了一个新的高度。从益生菌菌株的鉴定、菌株的遗传学修饰、益生菌功能基因组学和安全性等几个方面 ,综述了近年来国际上在分子水平上研究益生菌的技术方法、获得的主要研究成果和面临的挑战 ,并提出了益生菌研究的发展方向。     

Isolation,characterization, and evaluation of wild isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lactobacillus reuteri</Emphasis> from pig feces

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a well-used probiotics for health improvements in both humans and animals. Despite of several benefits, non-host-specific LAB showed poor probiotics effects due to difficulty in colonization and competition with normal flora. Therefore, the feasibility of porcine LAB isolates was evaluated as a probiotics. Ten of 49 Lactobacillus spp. isolates harbored 2∼10 kb plasmid DNA. Seven strains were selected based on the safety test, such as hemolytic activity, ammonia, indole, and phenylalanine production. After safety test, five strains were selected again by several tests, such as epithelial adherence, antimicrobial activity, tolerance against acid, bile, heat, and cold-drying, and production of acid and hydrogen peroxide. Then, enzyme profiles (ZYM test) and antibiotics resistance were analyzed for further characterization. Five Lactobacillus reuteri isolates from pig feces were selected by safety and functional tests. The plasmid DNA which was able to develop vector system was detected in the isolates. Together with these approaches, pig-specific Lactobacillus spp. originated from pigs were selected. These strains may be useful tools to develop oral delivery system.     

酪酸梭菌-婴儿型双歧杆菌二联活菌制剂的研究

对酪酸梭菌－婴儿型双歧杆菌二联活菌制剂的特性及功效进行研究和分析。方法：通过实验鼠进行刺激生长试验、活菌数测定、毒理试验、调节肠道菌群试验、免疫调节作用来观察制剂的作用。结果：小鼠肠道中双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、酪酸梭菌数量明显增加,高剂量能增加小鼠抗体生成细胞数。     

Safe and efficacious probiotics: what are they?

Each year, >20 billion doses of probiotics are used by healthy people and by those diagnosed with a range of medical conditions. Compared to many pharmaceutical agents, probiotics are well tolerated and extremely safe, and serious adverse effects rarely occur. Nevertheless, as many new researchers enter the field and companies launch "probiotic" products, it is essential that standards are set for naming a product "probiotic" to show that it meets an acceptable level of safety and efficacy, and to understand the strengths and limitations of its activity. In this Opinion article, recommendations are made based upon the current understanding of scientific, clinical and regulatory issues, with a special focus on safety.     

Probiotics and neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis

Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of few diseases for which probiotics have appeared to have clear benefit in clinical trials, however safety concerns persist. Clinical trials of probiotics have preceded our understanding of the effect of probiotics on the developing gut and microbial colonization patterns of the preterm infant. Colonization of the preterm intestine begins with the birthing process and is then influenced by the neonatal intensive care unit and iatrogenic manipulations. Resulting altered microbiota may have significant implications for the immature preterm gut and susceptibility to NEC.     

Pharmaceutical probiotics for the treatment of anaerobic and other infections

Pharmaceutical probiotics have been used as alternative treatments or preventative therapies for a variety of clinical diseases. The overuse of antibiotics and emergence of multiple-antibiotic resistant pathogens has refocused clinical attention on the field of probiotics. Anaerobic infections which seem to respond well to probiotics are infections which involve the disruption of normal microbial flora. Gastrointestinal infections (travelers' diarrhea, antibiotic-associated diarrhea,Clostridium difficile disease, rotavirus diarrhea) have been studied using the following pharmaceutical probiotics:Saccharomyces boulardii, Lactobacillus casei GG, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Streptococcus thermophilus and Enterococcus faecium. Vaginitis has been experimentally studied using L. acidophilus and L. casei GG. The efficacy, safety and mechanisms of action of these various probiotics are reviewed. Requirements for drug approval are similar for biologic probiotics and new drug entities and these requirements involve preclinical tolerability studies, pharmacokinetic studies and large, well-controlled blinded clinical trials.     

Probiotics and their fermented food products are beneficial for health

Probiotics are usually defined as microbial food supplements with beneficial effects on the consumers. Most probiotics fall into the group of organisms' known as lactic acid-producing bacteria and are normally consumed in the form of yogurt, fermented milks or other fermented foods. Some of the beneficial effect of lactic acid bacteria consumption include: (i) improving intestinal tract health; (ii) enhancing the immune system, synthesizing and enhancing the bioavailability of nutrients; (iii) reducing symptoms of lactose intolerance, decreasing the prevalence of allergy in susceptible individuals; and (iv) reducing risk of certain cancers. The mechanisms by which probiotics exert their effects are largely unknown, but may involve modifying gut pH, antagonizing pathogens through production of antimicrobial compounds, competing for pathogen binding and receptor sites as well as for available nutrients and growth factors, stimulating immunomodulatory cells, and producing lactase. Selection criteria, efficacy, food and supplement sources and safety issues around probiotics are reviewed. Recent scientific investigation has supported the important role of probiotics as a part of a healthy diet for human as well as for animals and may be an avenue to provide a safe, cost effective, and 'natural' approach that adds a barrier against microbial infection. This paper presents a review of probiotics in health maintenance and disease prevention.