Volatile constituents of the fruit and leaf oils of Thuja orientalis L. grown in Iran

The composition of the hydrodistilled essential oils from the fruits and leaves of Thuja orientalis L. grown in Iran was analyzed by GC/MS. Nineteen and twenty-eight compounds have been identified in the volatile oils of the fruit and leaf, respectively. While the fruit oil contained alpha-pinene (52.4%), delta-3-carene (14.2%), alpha-cedrol (6.5%) and beta-phellandrene (5.1%), the leaf oil contained alpha-pinene (21.9%), alpha-cedrol (20.3%), delta-3-carene (10.5%) and limonen (7.2%) as the main components.     

夜间低温后日间光照对海桐和榕树叶片的光抑制以及光系统II功能的影响

夜间低温导致海桐和榕树叶片光系统II(PSII)最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSII光合电子传递量子效率(ΦPSII)、天线转化效率(Fv'/Fm')、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)降低,其后日间光照先引起海桐叶片Fv/Fm、ΦPSII、Fv'/Fm'稍微降低,其后又逐渐得到恢复,但NPQ却表现出相反趋势;夜间低温及随后的日间光照并未对海桐叶片光化学猝灭系数(qP)和初始荧光强度(Fo)产生影响。夜间低温后日间光照进一步引起榕树叶片Fv/Fm、ΦPSII、Fv'/Fm'、qP、NPQ下降,在午后光照减弱后仍不能得到恢复。     

Floral morphology and anatomy of Pittosporum tobira (Pittosporaceae)

Comparative studies are made on floral morphology and anatomy of female and male flowers of Pittosporum tobira. The two types of flower differ little from each other in structure at the early stage of floral development, but appear dimorphic towards anthesis. The male flower becomes cryptically bisexual, although its pistil is slender compared to that of the female flower. The stigmas of the male flower are receptive and can induce pollen germination. The structure of the style in the male flower is identical to that in the female flower. Ovules are produced on the protruded parietal placenta in the male flower, but their development is arrested at the stage of the 4–nucleate embryo sac. The female flower is clearly unisexual, with obviously aborted and sagittate anthers. Its pistil is rather plump and can produce darkish red seeds immersed in sticky pulp. The male and female flowers are similar in vascular anatomy. A conspicuous difference between the two types of flower lies in the stamens. Variation of sexual organs in the genus Pittosporum is reviewed. We assume that the flowers of Pittosporum are derived from the hermaphrodite-flowered ancestor and the female flower has become unisexual through partial reduction of sexual organs at a faster rate than the male flower.     

灌木海桐(Pittosporum tobira)对土壤动物群落结构及多样性影响

为了研究单株植物通过影响微环境对土壤动物群落产生的影响,本文比较了绿化灌木海桐(Pittosporum tobira)树冠内外土壤动物群落及多样性的差异性.结果表明:海桐树冠下的大型土壤动物类群较多,群落密度较大;中小型土壤动物群落密度在树冠内外差异不明显,但树冠下中小型土壤动物稀有类群更多,群落结构更复杂.线虫密度在树冠外较大,蜱螨类密度在树冠内较大,其他类群差异不显著.结合环境因子分析,海桐树冠外土壤湿度较高有利于湿生类群生存,但受人为干扰较强,因而稀有类群较少;树冠下土壤湿度较小,旱生类群密度较大,受人为干扰较弱,因而稀有类群更丰富.研究表明,海桐树冠通过影响土壤环境对土壤动物群落组成和分布影响显著.     

Mycorrhizal colonisation improves fruit yield and water use efficiency in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.) grown under well-watered and water-stressed conditions

The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonisation by Glomus clarum on fruit yield and water use efficiency (WUE) was evaluated in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) cv. Crimson Sweet F1 under field conditions. Treatments were: (1) well-watered plants without mycorrhizae (WW-M), (2) well-watered plants with mycorrhizae (WW+M), (3) water- stressed plants without mycorrhizae (WS-M) and (4) water-stressed plants with mycorrhizae (WS+M). When soil water tension readings reached –20 and –50 kPa for well-watered (WW) and water-stressed (WS) treatments, respectively, irrigation was initiated to restore the top soil to near field capacity. Water stress reduced watermelon shoot and root dry matter, fruit yield, water use efficiency but not total soluble solids (TSS) in the fruit, compared with the non-stressed treatments. Mycorrhizal plants had significantly higher biomass and fruit yield compared to nonmycorrhizal plants, whether plants were water stressed or not. AM colonisation increased WUE in both WW and WS plants. Macro- (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) and micro- (Zn, Fe and Mn) nutrient concentrations in the leaves were significantly reduced by water stress. Mycorrhizal colonisation of WS plants restored leaf nutrient concentrations to levels in WW plants in most cases. This is the first report of the mitigation of the adverse effect of water stress on yield and quality of a fruit crop.     

Volatile components of developing tomato fruit grown under field and greenhouse conditions

Volatile components of field- and glass greenhouse-grown tomatoes(Lycopersicon esculentum MILL., variety, V. R. Moscow) of differentmaturities were studied by gas-liquid and thin-layer chromatography.The following components were separated and identified: isobutylalcohol, isopentyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, 2-methyl-3-hexanol,isovaleraldehyde, caproaldehyde, benzaldehyde, furfural, isopentylacetate, isopentyl butyrate, isopentyl isovalerate, butyl hexanoate,hexyl hexanoate, methyl salicylate and -pinene. Chromatogramswere consistent for both field- and greenhouse-grown tomatoesat all stages of maturity. Except for isovaleraldehyde and hexylalcohol, the biosynthesis of volatile components increased alongwith the growth of fruit. Isovaleraldehyde and hexyl alcohol,presumed to give the "green leafy" aroma of tomatoes, were foundto be in their highest concentrations at the breaker and thelarge-green stages, respectively. ¹This research was supported by a research grant—UI 00449—fromthe National Center for Urban and Industrial Health, U. S. PublicHealth Service.     

蝴蝶果花、叶挥发油的化学成分

采用水蒸汽蒸馏法从大戟科蝴蝶果花、叶中提取挥发油,用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对挥发油化学成分进行分析,并应用面积归一化法测定各成分的相对百分含量。从花中鉴定出10种化合物,占总油量的96.90%,其主要成分为十六烷酸(59.89%)、(Z,Z)-9,12-十八碳二烯酸(13.82%)、(Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-十八碳三烯-1-醇(6.58%)及双(2-乙基)邻苯二甲酸酯(5.59%)。从叶中鉴定出10种化合物,占总油量的45.26%,主要成分为邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(19.64%)、二丁基羟基甲苯(10.58%)、十六烷酸(3.70%)及苯甲酸(3.46%)。     

Phytochemical attributes of endemic endangered primrose (Primula heterochroma Stapf.) accessions grown in Iran

Primula heterochroma is indigenous to Caspian coast forests in the north of Iran. Total phenols, total flavnoids, total carotenoids and antioxidant capacity of 50 P. heterochroma accessions were investigated. The highest total phenol (1272.31 mg GA equivalent/100 g fresh weight) and total flavonoids (615 mg catechin/100 g fresh weight) were observed in G5 accession from Saravan. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in G14 accession (73.03 %) from Kacha, followed by G2 accession (69.75 %) and G5 accession (66.84 %) from Saravan. The results of HPLC analysis showed that quercetin-3-glucoside was the major phenolic compound widely found in these accessions followed by chlorogenic acid. There was a linear relationship between the antioxidant capacities and the total phenols and total flavonoid. Inversely, there was no statistically significant correlation between total carotenoid and antioxidant activity. Based on the path coefficient analysis, the maximum direct effect on antioxidant was observed in total phenols (0.908). In addition, the cluster analysis based on Euclidean distance with Unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic average (UPGMA) method separated the accessions into four main groups. Our results supported that Iranian wild primrose accessions possess valuable antioxidant properties for therapeutic and potential medicinal use.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12298-015-0328-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

青荚叶〔Helwingia japonica(Thunb.)Dietr.〕种下新组合

青荚叶〔Ｈｅｌｗｉｎｇｉａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ (Ｔｈｕｎｂ .)Ｄｉｅｔｒ.〕为山茱萸科(Ｃｏｒｎａｃｅａｅ)青荚叶属 (ＨｅｌｗｉｎｇｉａＷｉｌｌｄ .)植物 ,我国民间常将其髓部、叶及果实作为药用。该种主要特征为叶片纸质 ,卵形、卵圆形、长卵形或卵状披针形 ,背面粉白或淡绿色等[1 ] 。作者在对馆藏的青荚叶标本进行整理时 ,发现《中国植物志》中的个别变种描述与该变种原始文献的描述有出入 ,而且该种种内的一些分类依据不明确。为此作者查阅了有关标本及文献 ,对该种的这些问题进行了分析和讨论。青荚叶Ｈｅｌｗｉｎｇｉａｊａｐｏｎ…     

女贞果实及种子的化学成分

女贞子为木犀科植物女贞 (ＬｉｇｕｓｔｒｕｍｌｕｃｉｄｕｍＡｉｔ.)的果实 ,有滋补肝肾、明目乌发等功效 ,主治眩晕耳鸣、腰膝酸软、须发早白和目暗不明等症 ,女贞子主产江苏、浙江、福建、湖南、广东、广西、江西和四川等省区 ,资源丰富。女贞的化学成分已有报道[1,2 ] ,作者对其全果及种子的化学成分进行较全面分析 ,旨在为其综合开发利用提供科学依据。1　材料和方法1 1　材料和仪器女贞子 2 0 0 0年 11月至 2 0 0 1年 3月分批采自福建省福州市建新郊区、仓山长安山和永泰方广岩。石油醚 (30～6 0℃ )和乙醇等均为分析纯 (上海生化制品…     

Genetics of seed-coat colour in Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Mansf.

Summary Intervarietal crosses in watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Mansf., involving six parents with black (J18-1 and J 75), brown (J56-1 and N.H. Midget), red (Bykovski-199) or light cream (Red Nectar) seed-coat colour were made. Parents, F₁, F₂ and backcross populations were evaluated for their phenotypic expressions with regard to the seed-coat colours involved. Black colour was monogenically dominant over brown light cream and red colour of seed-coat separately or independently. Red colour was dominant over light cream colour of seed-coat by a single pair of genes. The light cream colour was recessive to the brown seed-coat colour of watermelon where a single pair of genes was involved.     

百两金的化学成分

从百两金(Ardisia crispa(Thunb.)A.DC.)的根及茎乙醇提取物中分离得到了8个化合物,通过MS和NMR等方法鉴定为(7S,7′R)-双(3,4-亚甲二氧苯基)-rel-(8R,8′R)-二甲基四氢呋喃(1),(-)-襄五脂素(2),(7S,8S,7′R,8′R)-3,4-亚甲二氧基-3′,4′-二甲氧基-7,7′-环氧脂素(3),异安五脂素(4),α-菠甾醇(5),26-羟基二十六烷酸甘油酸酯(6),百两金皂苷B(7),岩白菜素(8)。其中有化合物1~6为首次从该种植物中分离得到。     

海金沙胚胎发育的研究

利用石蜡切片法研究了海金沙胚胎发育过程。合子的第一次分裂面垂直于颈卵器的长轴,产生两个相等的子细胞,靠近颈卵器颈部的营养器官原始细胞和远离颈部的基足原始细胞。前者发育成子代孢子体的营养器官,后者发育成基足。胚胎在32细胞阶段后,第一叶顶端细胞与第一根顶端细胞几乎同时发生。第一叶突出帽状体之后,由第一叶基部保留下来的茎干顶端细胞产生第二叶。据营养器官的形态结构判断,在海金沙胚胎发育中最早出现的营养器官是叶和根。     

Isolation and characterization of a Laccase gene potentially involved in proanthocyanidin polymerization in oriental persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) fruit

Proanthocyanidins (PAs, condensed tannins) are important health-promoting phytochemicals that are abundant in many plants. Oriental persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) is an excellent source of PAs because of its unique ability to accumulate large quantities of these compounds in its young fruit. There are two different spontaneous mutant phenotypes of oriental persimmons which lose their astringent taste naturally on the tree; while plants without these mutations remain rich in soluble PAs until the fruit fully ripened. The mutations are referred to as pollination-constant non-astringent genotypes named J-PCNA and C-PCNA, and are from Japan and China respectively. In this work we speculated that the loss of astringency in C-PCNA fruit is due to the soluble PAs transferred into insoluble upon polymerization, which was quite different from that of the J-PCNA. A DkLAC1 gene was isolated by the homology-based clone method. The predicted protein product of this gene showed that the DkLAC1 is a plant laccase which is phylogenetically related to the known enzyme AtLAC15 involved in the polymerization of PAs. Expression patterns of PAs biosynthetic genes associated with soluble PAs contents in three types of Oriental persimmons. Expression levels of DkLAC1 in C-PCNA type plants were linked with the reduction of soluble PAs in the flesh of the fruit. In addition the cis-elements in the DkLAC1 promoter regions indicated that the gene might also be regulated by the DkMYB4 as is seen with other well-known structural genes in Oriental persimmon. We conclude that DkLAC1 is potentially involved in PA polymerization in C-PCNA during normal ripening in C-PCNA persimmon.     

刺楸中酚性成分研究

采用常压柱色谱、半制备型高效液相色谱以及制备型薄层色谱等色谱技术结合重结晶等分离纯化手段,从刺楸根中分离得到6个酚性化学成分,通过理化性质和波谱分析鉴定所得化合物分别为苔色酸乙酯(1),2-羟基-4-甲氧基-3,6-二甲基苯甲酸(2),香草醛(3),原儿茶醛(4),原儿茶酸(5)和3-甲氧基苯甲醛(6).所有化合物均为首次从该属植物中获得.     

Developmental anatomy of the three-dimensional leaf ofBotrychium ternatum (Thunb.) Sw.

The ophioglossaceous leaf exhibits a unique morphology, three-dimensional constitution. This examination clarified the developmental manner of the leaf ofBotrychium ternatum (Thunb.) Sw. The leaf primordium develops as an ordinary appendicular leaf which shows a typical hyponastic growth curvature, though it soon takes a conical shape with a tetrahedral apical cell. The leaf primordium forms a sporophyll primordium first, then forms vegetative primary pinnae acting as the trophophyll primordium. The sporophyll primordium also forms sporogenous primary pinnae. The sporophyll initiation begins with establishment of a new apical cell (sporophyll apical cell) near the original leaf apical cell. Through activity of the sporophyll apical cell most of the sporophyll primordium is formed later. In contrast, the vegetative or sporogenous primary pinna begins to develop as a low mound of surface cells on the trophophyll or sporophyll primordium respectively. The apical cell is later established on the summit of each pinna primordium. In the developmental point of view, the sporophyll primordium is not equivalent to the primary pinnae on the trophophyll primordium. The sporophyll may not represent two fused basal pinnae of a leaf, but represents an organ independent of and equivalent to the trophophyll.     

福州大叶榕隐头果内榕小蜂的分类

通过对福州两个样地大叶榕雄花期隐头果进行定时、定点采集,观察与鉴定,从546个花序果内共收集到榕小蜂33641头,隶属于小蜂总科中的7个科(亚科)7个属的11个种,其中传粉小蜂为榕小蜂科的Platyscapa coronata,其余10种非传粉小蜂分别隶属于隐针榕小蜂亚科Epichrysomallinae,金小蜂科Pteromalidae的锥尾榕小蜂亚科Otitesellinae和延腹榕小蜂亚科Sycoryctinae,广肩小蜂科Eurytomidae,刻腹小蜂科Ormyridae和姬小蜂科Eulophidae。传粉小蜂和非传粉小蜂的种类和数量呈现明显的季节性。冬-春季(12-翌年5月)榕果内小蜂的种类和数量较多,传粉榕小蜂是优势种;夏-秋季(6-11月间)小蜂种类和数量略少,Camarothorax bismasculinus和Sycophila sp.1是优势种。在非传粉小蜂中,Camarothorax、Sycophila、Otitesella、Sycoscapter等4个属的榕小蜂为常见种,而Ormyrus和Aprostocetus等2个属的榕小蜂为偶见种。根据小蜂的形态特征制定大叶榕隐头果中榕小蜂种类检索表,本实验为榕小蜂分类、榕-蜂协同进化研究,以及非传粉小蜂对榕-蜂共生体系的影响等研究提供科学依据。     

Development of laticifer cells in callus cultures of Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br.

Tissue cultures were established from stem explants of Calotropis procera, a hydrocarbon yielding desert shrub on Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with 1.5 mg. 1^–01 2,4-D + 0.5 mg.1^–1 kinetin and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Laticifer cells were not present in young callus but were observed after 4 weeks of callus growth when examined histochemically. These young laticifers were detected in the 5th week of culture and were distinguished from surrounding cells by the presence of characteristic cytoplasm and thin walls. A group of cells with extensive branching was developed after 8 weeks of growth of the callus cultures. These cells were thick walled and contained latex particles in coagulated masses. Positive Liebermann-Burchard test proved the presence of terpenoids in these laticifers.Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - KIN Kinetin - PVP Polyvinylpyrrolidone - HHS Heidenhain's Haematoxylin and safranin