营养条件对光滑球拟酵母积累α-酮戊二酸的影响

以光滑拟球酵母为研究模型,研究α-酮戊二酸的浓度情况。通过单因素实验得到α-酮戊二酸积累最佳浓度的各单因素条件为：葡萄糖浓度140g／L,NH4Cl浓度5g／L。在碳源（30g/L葡萄糖初始浓度）匮乏条件下加入丙酮酸30g／L,在此条件下丙酮酸转化为α－酮戊二酸的转化率最高达53．7％。以30g／L丙酮酸为唯一碳源时在7L发酵罐中光滑拟球酵母可生成浓度为10．7g/Lα-酮戊二酸,外源丙酮酸的转化率可达66．9％。这一结果表明,T．glabrata具有将丙酮酸转化为α-KG的能力。     

丙酮酸高产菌株的选育及中试研究

对T.glabrata WSH-IP12进行EMS诱变,挑选以NH4Cl为唯一氮源的平板上透明圈较大的菌株,经初筛和复筛后,发现T.glabrata WSH-IP303生产丙酮酸的能力强且稳定。以NH4Cl为唯一氮源摇瓶培养48h,其丙酮酸产量（35．1g/L）比出发菌株（21．4g/L)提高了64％。采用该菌株在300L罐上进行了4批发酵试验,丙酮酸产量最高可达58．4g/L,对葡萄糖产率0．562g/g。     

生物技术法生产丙酮酸的研究进展

丙酮酸是一种重要的有机酸,广泛应用于制药、日化、农用化学品和食品等工业中。相对于化工法生产的丙酮酸而言,生物技术法生产的丙酮酸具有低成本、高质量等优势。生物技术法生产丙酮酸主要包括发酵法和酶法,前者又包括直接发酵法和休止细胞法。在对比各种生产方法的基础上,考虑到球拟酵母属的多重维生素营养缺陷型菌株是目前最具竞争力的丙酮酸生产菌,因此重点介绍了发酵法生产丙酮酸在菌种、发酵条件优化等方面的研究进展,并给出了生物技术法将来可能的发展方向。     

丙酮酸发酵过程中光滑球拟酵母过程功能的强化

对不同葡萄糖浓度下光滑球拟酵母分批发酵生产丙酮酸的动力学模型分析发现, 葡萄糖浓度是影响光滑球拟酵母发酵生产丙酮酸过程功能的关键因素。在发酵初始阶段, 低浓度葡萄糖可维持较高的菌体比生长速率; 对数生长中前期, 葡萄糖快速进料使菌体浓度接近最大值, 并实现碳流从菌体生长转向丙酮酸积累; 对数生长后期葡萄糖浓度控制在33.4 g/L以维持高丙酮酸对葡萄糖产率系数 (0.71 g/g)。采用奇异控制的葡萄糖流加方式, 在7 L发酵罐上控制不同发酵阶段葡萄糖浓度处于最佳水平以强化光滑球拟酵母过程功能, 丙酮酸产量 (83.1 g/L)、产率 (0.621 g/g)、生产强度[1.00 g/(L·h)]与分批发酵对比, 分别提高了21.3%、21.6%和29.9%。     

乙酸渗漏型丙酮酸高产菌的选育

对Torulopsis glabrata WSH-IP303进行NTG诱变,挑选以乙酸为补充碳源的平板上透明圈较大的菌落,经初筛和复筛,发现T.glabrataWSH-LQ307生产丙酮酸能力强且稳定。以乙酸为补充碳源摇瓶培养48h,其丙酮酸产量（46.2g/L)比出发菌株（38.3g/L)提高21%,采用该菌株在5L发酵罐上进行4批发酵实验,丙酮酸产量在64h最高可达68.7g/L,对葡萄糖的转化率为0.651g/g。     

添加TCA循环中间产物加速光滑球拟酵母积累丙酮酸

在维生素限制的条件下,研究了添加TCA循环中间产物对光滑球拟酵母多重维生素营养缺陷型菌株CCTCC M202019生长和积累丙酮酸的影响。该菌株能以TCA循环中间产物为唯一碳源进行生长,且在以葡萄糖、乙酸和TCA循环中间产物为复合碳源的平板上菌落数高于分别以葡萄糖和乙酸或TCA循环中间产物为唯一碳源时的菌落数。与其它TCA循环中间产物相比,草酰乙酸更能促进细胞的生长、提高丙酮酸产量和对葡萄糖的得率。草酰乙酸能够促进细胞生长,是因为T. glabrata CCTCC M202019菌株能够利用乙酸作为乙酰辅酶A供体。在含有100 g/L葡萄糖和6 g/L乙酸钠的培养基中再添加10 g/L草酰乙酸进行分批发酵实验,可使菌体浓度从11.8 g/L提高到 13.6 g/L,增长幅度为15%;丙酮酸对葡萄糖的得率(0.66 g/g)以及生产强度(1.19 g·L^{-1<、sup>·h-1<、sup>)分别高出6%和24%,使发酵结束时间提前8～12h。}     

Manipulating the pyruvate dehydrogenase bypass of a multi-vitamin auxotrophic yeast Torulopsis glabrata enhanced pyruvate production

AIMS: To investigate the relationship between the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) bypass and the production of pyruvate of a multi-vitamin auxotrophic yeast Torulopsis glabrata. METHODS AND RESULTS: Torulopsis glabrata CCTCC M202019, a multi-vitamin auxotrophic yeast that requires acetate for complete growth on glucose minimum medium, was selected after nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis of the parent strain T. glabrata WSH-IP303 screened in previous study [Li et al. (2001) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 55, 680-685]. Strain CCTCC M202019 produced 21% higher pyruvate than the parent strain and was genetically stable in flask cultures. The activities of the pyruvate metabolism-related enzymes in parent and mutant strains were measured. Compared with the parent strain, the activity of pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) of the mutant strain CCTCC M202019 decreased by roughly 40%, while the activity of acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) of the mutant increased by 103.5 or 57.4%, respectively, in the presence or absence of acetate. Pyruvate production by the mutant strain CCTCC M202019 reached 68.7 g l(-1) at 62 h (yield on glucose of 0.651 g g(-1)) in a 7-l jar fermentor. CONCLUSIONS: The increased pyruvate yield in T. glabrata CCTCC M202019 was due to a balanced manipulation of the PDH bypass, where the shortage of cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA caused by the decreased activity of PDC was properly compensated by the increased activity of ACS. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Manipulating the PDH bypass may provide an alternative approach to enhance the production of glycolysis-related metabolites.     

光滑球拟酵母中α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶系生理作用解析

[目的]研究α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶系在光滑球拟酵母碳代谢流、能量代谢和氨基酸代谢中的生理作用.[方法]通过敲除光滑球拟酵母中编码α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶系中E1酶的基因kgd1,构建α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶活性缺失菌株T.glabrata kgd1::kan,并考察KGDH缺失引起TCA循环关键酶活性,碳代谢流量以及胞内氨基酸和能荷水平等方面的变化.[结果]光滑球拟酵母中α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶活性的缺失导致:(1)细胞启动乙醛酸途径,通过形成TCA-乙醛酸循环实现TCA循环的正常代谢;(2)胞内NADH/NAD+水平下降33.7%,ATP/ADP水平下降31.8%,而与NADH代谢相关的丙酮酸脱氢酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶和苹果酸脱氢酶的活性分别提高58.1%、33.3%和32.5%;(3)胞内丙酮酸含量下降50.1%,而胞内琥珀酸、苹果酸和α-酮戊二酸含量则分别增加了172.7%、66.1%和41.1%;(4)丙酮酸族氨基酸含量下降29.3%,而胞内谷氨酸族氨基酸和天冬氨酸族氨基酸含量则提高了34.7%和26.8%.[结论]上述研究结果表明,α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶系在微生物细胞中心碳代谢、能量代谢和氨基酸代谢中发挥着重要作用.     

Improved ATP supply enhances acid tolerance of Candida glabrata during pyruvic acid production

Aims: A major problem in industrial fermentation of organic acids with micro‐organisms is to ensure a suitable pH in the culture broth. To circumvent this problem, we investigated the effect of citrate, which is a widely used auxiliary energy co‐substrate, on cell growth, organic acid production and pH homeostasis among extracellular environment, cytoplasm and vacuole, in the pyruvic acid production by Candida glabrata CCTCC M202019 under different pH conditions. Methods and Results: Analysis of intracellular ATP regeneration, cytoplasmic and vacuolar pH values under different culture conditions points towards a relief of stress when C. glabrata is exposed to lower pH, if citrate is added. When 50 mmol l^?1 citrate was added to the culture medium, the intracellular ATP concentrations increased by 20·5% (pH 5·5), 20·4% (pH 5·0) and 39·3% (pH 4·5), and higher pH gradients among the culture broth, cell cytoplasm and vacuoles resulted. As a consequence, the cell growth and pyruvic acid production of C. glabrata CCTCC M202019 were significantly improved under pH 5·0 and 4·5. Conclusions: The acid tolerance of yeast can be improved by enhancing the ATP supply, which helps to maintain higher pH gradients in the system. Significance and Impact of the Study: The results presented here expand our understanding of the physiological characteristics in eukaryotic micro‐organisms under low pH conditions and provide a potential route for the further improvement of organic acids production process by process optimization or metabolic engineering.     

提高光滑球拟酵母乙酰辅酶A水平促进a-酮戊二酸合成

【目的】为了了解光滑球拟酵母中乙酰辅酶A含量对其碳代谢及其通量的影响。【方法】将来源于酿酒酵母中编码乙酰辅酶A合成酶ACS2基因过量表达于发酵法生产丙酮酸的生产菌株Torulopsis glabrata中,获得了一株乙酰辅酶A合成酶活性提高9.2倍(1.20 U/mg protein)的重组菌T. glabrata ACS2-1。【结果】与出发菌株WSH-IP303相比,重组菌T. glabrata ACS2-1：(1)能以乙酸为唯一碳源在胞内积累0.94 mmol/(L·g DCW)的乙酰辅酶A;(2)以葡萄糖为唯一碳源时胞内乙酰辅酶A浓度、a-酮戊二酸产量和Ca-KG/Cpyr是出发菌株WSH-IP303 的3.22、2.05和2.52倍;(3)在葡萄糖培养基中添加4 g/L乙酸,使乙酰辅酶A浓度、a-酮戊二酸产量和Ca-KG/Cpyr是出发菌株WSH-IP303的4.55、2.47和3.75倍,a-酮戊二酸浓度达到17.8 g/L。【结论】这一结果表明,改变细胞内关键辅因子的浓度能使碳代谢流的流向与通量发生改变,从积累丙酮酸转向过量积累a-酮戊二酸。     

Significant increase of glycolytic flux in Torulopsis glabrata by inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation

This study was aimed at increasing the glycolytic flux of the multivitamin-auxotrophic yeast Torulopsis glabrata by disturbing oxidative phosphorylation. We examined two different strategies to impede oxidative phosphorylation. The first strategy was disruption of the activity of the electron transfer chain (ETC), by either of two approaches. One was separately adding, at 10 mg L1, specific inhibitors of complex I (rotenone) or of the bc1 complex (antimycin A) to the culture broth of T. glabrata CCTCC M202019, which resulted in significantly decreased intracellular ATP levels (43% and 27.7%) and significantly increased rates of glucose consumption (qs) and pyruvate production (qp); another approach was breeding a respiratory-deficient mutant RD-16, in which cytochromes aa3 and b in the ETC were deleted after ethidium bromide mutagenesis, to reduce the ETC activity constitutively. The second strategy was inhibiting F0F1-ATP synthase with 0.05 mM oligomycin. Also, a neomycin-resistant mutant with 65% decreased F0F1-ATPase activity was studied. With the two strategies, the specific activity of phosphofructokinase (R2=0.9971), the average specific glucose consumption rate (R2=0.9967) and the average specific pyruvate production rate (R2=0.965) were closely correlated with the intracellular ATP level, all of them being increased at a lower intracellular ATP level.     

一株耐受低pH光滑球拟酵母RT-6的生理特性

摘要：【目的】 研究一株耐受pH 1.91的光滑球拟酵母 (Torulopsis glabrata) RT-6的生理特性。【方法】在不同的pH条件下,对比分析原菌CCTCC M202019和突变株RT-6胞内pH、胞内ATP水平、H+-ATPase酶活、膜脂肪酸组成和聚磷酸盐含量等生理学特性的差异。【结果】与原菌比较,突变株RT-6：(1)生物量和丙酮酸产量分别提高了60.6 %和85.4 % (56 h);(2) 在胞外pH5.0、4.5、4.0时,胞内pH极显著高于原菌;(3)胞内ATP、H+-ATP     

异源表达NADH选择性氧化酶提高光滑球拟酵母酵解速率及丙酮酸生产强度

摘要：【目的】为进一步提高光滑球拟酵母(Torulopsis glabrata)葡萄糖代谢速率及丙酮酸生产强度。【方法】将源于荚膜胞浆菌(Histoplasma capsulatum)的编码选择性氧化酶的AOX1基因过量表达于T. glabrata中,获得了一株线粒体内NADH氧化途径发生改变且胞内总NADH 氧化酶活性提高1.8倍的重组菌株AOX。【结果】与出发菌株CON比较,细胞浓度以及发酵周期降低了20.3%和10.7%,而平均比葡萄糖消耗速率和丙酮酸合成速率分别提高了34.7%和54.1%。其原因     

维生素在丙酮酸过量合成中的重要作用

研究了烟酸、硫胺素、吡哆醇、生物素和核黄素对一株光滑球拟酵母(%Torulopsis glabrata%) WSH|IP303以葡萄糖为碳源、以氯化铵为唯一氮源生产丙酮酸的影响。利用正交试验方法,确证了硫胺素是影响WSH|IP303生产丙酮酸的最重要因素。在硫胺素浓度一定(0.01～0.015mg/L)的前提下,提高烟酸浓度有助于加快耗糖速度。当烟酸、硫胺素、吡哆醇、生物素和核黄素的浓度分别为8、0.015、0.4、0.04和01mg/L时,摇瓶发酵48h,丙酮酸产量和产率可分别达到52.4g/L和0525g/g。采用优化的维生素组合方式,进行2.5L罐分批发酵,在初糖浓度120g/L的条件下发酵57.5h,丙酮酸产量和产率分别达到69.4g/L和0593g/g,分别比摇瓶培养的最好结果提高了32.%和13%。     

Accelerating glycolytic flux of Torulopsis glabrata CCTCC M202019 at high oxidoreduction potential created using potassium ferricyanide

This study aimed to increase the glycolytic flux of the multivitamin auxotrophic yeast Torulopsis glabrata by redirecting NADH oxidation from oxidative phosphorylation to membrane-bound ferric reductase. We added potassium ferricyanide as electron acceptor to T. glabrata culture broth at 20% dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, which resulted in: (1) decreases in the NADH content, NADH/NAD(+) ratio, and ATP level of 45.3%, 60.3%, and 15.2%, respectively; (2) high activities of the key glycolytic enzymes hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase, as well as high expression levels of the genes encoding these enzymes; and (3) increases in the specific glucose consumption rate and pyruvate yield of T. glabrata was by 45.5% and 23.1%, respectively. Our results showed that membrane-bound ferric reductase offers an alternative and efficient NADH oxidation pathway at lower DO concentration, which increases the glycolytic flux of T. glabrata.     

光滑球拟酵母新霉素抗性株加速葡萄糖代谢

为进一步提高光滑球拟酵母发酵生产丙酮酸的生产强度,在能量代谢分析的基础上提出了降低ATP合成酶活性、但不影响NADH氧化的育种策略。通过亚硝基胍诱变,获得一株新霉素抗性突变株N07,该菌株F1ATPase活性降低65%、丙酮酸产量高于48gL且单位细胞消耗葡萄糖能力提高38%。添加双环己基碳二亚胺(DCCD)、叠氮钠(NaN3)、新霉素显著降低出发株F1ATPase活性但不影响突变株F1ATPase活性。突变菌株胞内ATP含量下降23.7%导致生长速率和最终菌体浓度(为出发菌株的76%)均低于出发菌株,但葡萄糖消耗速度和丙酮酸生产速度分别提高34%和42.9%,发酵周期缩短12h。进一步研究发现,突变株糖酵解途径中关键酶磷酸果糖激酶、丙酮酸激酶和磷酸甘油醛激酶的活性提高了63.7%、28.8%和14.4%,电子传递链关键酶活性提高10%。结果表明降低真核微生物F1ATPase活性有效地提高了糖酵解关键酶活性而加速葡萄糖代谢。     

丙酮酸野生酵母菌的筛选及其生理生化特性研究

利用各种方法从来自苏锡地区的多种样品中广泛分离出200种野生酵母,然后借助纸上层析,获得13株具有纯丙酮酸生产能力的菌株.对其中2株的生理生化特性展开了进一步研究,初步认为其中1株性状类似南极洲假丝酵母(Candida antarctica),另1株属光滑球拟酵母(Torulopsis glabrata).     

降低光滑球拟酵母电子传递链活性加速丙酮酸合成

光滑球拟酵母CCTCCM2 0 2 0 19经溴化乙锭诱变 ,挑选假阳性呼吸缺陷型菌株共 4 0株。对其中 7株丙酮酸产量提高的突变株进行发酵性底物 (葡萄糖 )和非发酵性底物 (甘油、乙酸 )的利用能力测试 ,鉴定得到 3株呼吸缺陷型突变株RD 16、RD 17和RD 18。相对于出发菌株 ,呼吸缺陷型突变株生长速率下降 ,最终菌体浓度降低 2 1%～2 9% ,胞内ATP含量下降 15 %～ 2 1% ,但单位细胞耗葡萄糖能力和单位细胞产丙酮酸能力分别提高了 2 0 7%～30 7%和 30 7%～ 5 5 5 %。进一步研究发现 ,呼吸缺陷型突变株线粒体复合体Ⅰ、Ⅰ Ⅲ、Ⅱ Ⅲ和Ⅳ的活性分别下降了 34%～ 4 1%、38 6 %～ 5 2 6 %、2 1%～ 2 5 %、15 0 %～ 6 30 % ,表明线粒体电子传递链氧化NADH的功能受到抑制。为使酵解产生的NADH正常氧化 ,在RD 18菌株的对数生长期流加 2 1mmol L外源电子受体乙醛。发现细胞合成丙酮酸能力提高 2 1 6 % ,且葡萄糖消耗速度明显加快 ,发酵周期缩短 14h。结果表明适当削弱能量代谢能够提高真核微生物中心代谢途径的速度