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1.
Climate change has the potential to increase the threat of water-borne diseases, through rises in temperature and sea-level, and precipitation variability. Cholera poses a particular threat, and the need to develop better intervention tools is imminent. Cholera infections are particularly severe for blood group O individuals, who are less protected by the current vaccines. Here we derive a hypothesis as to the molecular origins of blood-group dependence of this disease, based on relevant epidemiological, clinical and molecular data, and give suggestions on how to plan prevention strategies, and develop novel and improved pharmaceuticals. 相似文献
2.
新型猪瘟疫苗研究进展 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
猪瘟是由猪瘟病毒引起猪的一种急性、热性和高度接触性传染病.该病呈世界性分布,给世界养猪业造成了巨大的经济损失.目前,疫苗接种仍然是防控猪瘟的主要手段.虽然传统的猪瘟弱毒疫苗(如C株)安全有效,但猪瘟的临床表现发生了很大变化,呈现典型猪瘟和非典型猪瘟共存、隐性感染和持续感染并现,免疫失败的现象时有报道,且不能区分野毒感染和免疫接种.因此,研制安全、高效、能区分野毒感染和疫苗免疫动物(DIVA)的新型猪瘟疫苗极为必要.文中就近年来开发的核酸疫苗、病毒活载体疫苗、基于蛋白/肽的疫苗、基因缺失疫苗、嵌合瘟病毒疫苗等新型DIVA猪瘟疫苗作一综述. 相似文献
3.
Fungal infections are emerging as a major problem in part due to high mortality
associated with systemic infections, especially in the case of immunocompromised
patients. With the development of new treatments for diseases such as cancer and the
acquired immune deficiency syndrome pandemic, the number of immunosuppressed patients
has increased and, as a consequence, also the number of invasive fungal infections
has increased. Several studies have proposed new strategies for the development of
effective fungal vaccines. In addition, better understanding of how the immune system
works against fungal pathogens has improved the further development of these new
vaccination strategies. As a result, some fungal vaccines have advanced through
clinical trials. However, there are still many challenges that prevent the clinical
development of fungal vaccines that can efficiently immunise subjects at risk of
developing invasive fungal infections. In this review, we will discuss these new
vaccination strategies and the challenges that they present. In the future with
proper investments, fungal vaccines may soon become a reality. 相似文献
4.
Deborah M. Brown 《Cellular immunology》2010,262(2):89-551
CD4 T cells have traditionally been regarded as helpers and regulators of adaptive immune responses; however, a novel role for CD4 T cells as direct mediators of protection against viral infections has emerged. CD4 T cells with cytolytic potential have been described for almost 40 years, but their role in host protection against infectious disease is only beginning to be realized. In this review, we describe the current literature identifying these cells in patients with various infections, mouse models of viral infection and our own work investigating the development of cytolytic CD4 cells in vivo and in vitro. CD4 CTL are no longer considered an artefact of cell culture and may play a physiological role in viral infections such as EBV, CMV, HIV and influenza. Therefore, vaccine strategies aimed at targeting CD4 CTL should be developed in conjunction with vaccines incorporating B cell and CD8 CTL epitopes. 相似文献
5.
During the past year considerable progress has been made in developing an in vitro system for growing large numbers of merozoites (the disease-causing stages) of Sarcocystis species that infect livestock. This system provides researchers with a means to study mechanisms of immunity and pathogenesis; and may eventually be used to develop effective diagnostic tests and vaccines against these economically important parasites. In this article, Carl Speer and Don Burgess discuss their in vitro system and show how preliminary antigen analysis has helped to deduce a possible mechanism for the vascular damage commonly observed in Sarcocystis infections. 相似文献
6.
《Microbes and infection / Institut Pasteur》2015,17(2):155-162
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by multiple enterovirus infections is a serious health threat to children in the Asia–Pacific region. This article reviews progresses in the development of vaccines for HFMD and discusses the need for polyvalent HFMD vaccines for conferring broad-spectrum protection. 相似文献
7.
BACKGROUND: Herpesviruses are widespread viruses, causing severe infections in both humans and animals. Eradication of herpesviruses is extremely difficult because of their ability to establish latent and life-long infections. However, latency is only one tool that has evolved in herpesviruses to successfully infect their hosts; such viruses display a wide (and still incompletely known) panoply of genes and proteins that are able to counteract immune responses of their hosts. Envelope glycoproteins and cytokine inhibitors are two examples of such weapons. All of these factors make it difficult to develop diagnostics and vaccines, unless they are based on molecular techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Animal herpesviruses, because of their striking similarity to human ones, are suitable models to study the molecular biology of herpesviruses and develop strategies aimed at designing neurotropic live vectors for gene therapy as well as engineered attenuated vaccines. RESULTS: BHV-1 is a neurotropic herpesvirus causing infectious rhinotracheitis (IBR) in cattle. It is a major plague in zootechnics and commercial trade, because of its ability to spread through asymptomatic carrier animals, frozen semen, and embryos. Such portals of infections are also important for human herpesviruses, which mainly cause systemic, eye, and genital tract infections, leading even to the development of cancer. CONCLUSIONS: This review covers both the genetics and molecular biology of BHV-1 and its related herpesviruses. Epidemiology and diagnostic approaches to herpesvirus infections are presented. The role of herpesviruses in gene therapy and a broad introduction to classic and engineered vaccines against herpesviruses are also provided. http://link.springer-ny. com/link/service/journals/00020/bibs/5n5p261.html 相似文献
8.
Malaria is one of the leading causes of death among infectious diseases in the world, claiming over one million lives every year. By these standards, this highly complex parasite is extremely successful at generating new infections. Somewhat surprisingly, however, many malaria species seem to invest relatively little in gametocytes, converting only a small percentage of circulating asexual parasite forms into this transmissible form. In this article, we use mathematical models to explore three of the hypotheses that have been proposed to explain this apparent 'reproductive restraint' and develop a novel, fourth hypothesis. We find that only one of the previous three hypotheses we explore can explain such low gametocyte conversion rates, and this hypothesis involves a very specific form of density-dependent transmission-blocking immunity. Our fourth hypothesis also provides a potential explanation and is based on the occurrence of multiple infections and the resultant within-host competition between malaria strains that this entails. Further experimental work is needed to determine which of these two hypotheses provides the most likely explanation. 相似文献
9.
Dendritic cell‐targeting DNA‐based nasal adjuvants for protective mucosal immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae
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Kosuke Kataoka Yoshiko Fukuyama David E. Briles Tatsuro Miyake Kohtaro Fujihashi 《Microbiology and immunology》2017,61(6):195-205
10.
Strategies in cancer vaccines development 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cunto-Amesty G Monzavi-Karbassi B Luo P Jousheghany F Kieber-Emmons T 《International journal for parasitology》2003,33(5-6):597-613
The recent definition of tumour-specific immunity in cancer patients and the identification of tumour-associated antigens have generated renewed enthusiasm for the application of immune-based therapies for the treatment of malignancies. Recent developments in cancer vaccines have also been based on an improved understanding of the cellular interactions required to induce a specific anti-tumour immune response. Consequently, a number of cancer vaccines have entered clinical trials. Targeting broad-spectrum tumour-associated antigens has emerged as a strategy to lower the risk of tumour escape due to the loss of specific nominal antigen. Amongst the most challenging of tumour-associated antigens to which to target in active specific immunotherapy applications are carbohydrate antigens. As carbohydrates are intrinsically T-cell-independent antigens, more novel approaches are perhaps needed to drive specific-T-cell-dependent immune responses to carbohydrate antigens. In this context peptide mimetics of core structures of tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens might be developed to augment immune responses to these broad-spectrum antigens. 相似文献
11.
Influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes: a correlate of protection and a basis for vaccine development 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Since influenza A viruses of the H5N1 subtype continue to circulate in wild and domestic birds and cause an ever increasing number of human cases, it is feared that H5N1 viruses may cause the next influenza pandemic. Therefore, there is considerable interest in the development of vaccines that confer protection against infections with these viruses or ideally, protection against influenza viruses of different subtypes. For the development of broad-protective vaccines the induction of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) may be an important target, since it has been demonstrated that CTL contribute to protective immunity and are largely directed to epitopes shared by influenza viruses of various subtypes. In the present paper, the possibility to develop (cross-reactive) CTL-inducing vaccines is discussed. 相似文献
12.
Sadoulet MO Franceschi C Aubert M Silvy F Bernard JP Lombardo D Mas E 《Glycobiology》2007,17(6):620-630
In human pancreatic adenocarcinoma, alterations of glycosylation processes leads to the expression of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens, representing potential targets for cancer immunotherapy. Among these pancreatic tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens, the J28 glycotope located within the O-glycosylated mucin-like C-terminal domain of the fetoacinar pancreatic protein (FAPP) and expressed at the surface of human tumoral tissues, can be a good target for anticancer therapeutic vaccines. However, the oncodevelopmental self character of the J28 glycotope associated with the low immunogenicity of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens may be a major obstacle to effective anti-tumor vaccine therapy. In this study, we have investigated a method to increase the immunogenicity of the recombinant pancreatic oncofetal J28 glycotope by glycoengineering Galalpha1,3Galss1,4GlcNAc-R (alphaGal epitope) which may be recognized by natural anti-alphaGal antibody present in humans. For this purpose, we have developed a stable Chinese hamster ovary cell clone expressing the alphaGal epitope by transfecting the cDNA encoding the alpha1,3galactosyltransferase. These cells have been previously equipped to produce the recombinant O-glycosylated C-terminal domain of FAPP carrying the J28 glycotope. As a consequence, the C-terminal domain of FAPP produced by these cells carries the alphaGal epitope on oligosaccharide structures associated with the J28 glycotope. Furthermore, we show that this recombinant "alpha1,3galactosyl and J28 glycotope" may not only be targeted by human natural anti-alphaGal antibodies but also by the mAbJ28, suggesting that the J28 glycotope remains accessible to the immune system as vaccinating agent. This approach may be used for many identified tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens which can be glycoengineered to carry a alphaGal epitope to increase their immunogenicity and to develop therapeutic vaccines. 相似文献
13.
Brian Greenwood 《Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences》2014,369(1645)
Vaccination has made an enormous contribution to global health. Two major infections, smallpox and rinderpest, have been eradicated. Global coverage of vaccination against many important infectious diseases of childhood has been enhanced dramatically since the creation of WHO''s Expanded Programme of Immunization in 1974 and of the Global Alliance for Vaccination and Immunization in 2000. Polio has almost been eradicated and success in controlling measles makes this infection another potential target for eradication. Despite these successes, approximately 6.6 million children still die each year and about a half of these deaths are caused by infections, including pneumonia and diarrhoea, which could be prevented by vaccination. Enhanced deployment of recently developed pneumococcal conjugate and rotavirus vaccines should, therefore, result in a further decline in childhood mortality. Development of vaccines against more complex infections, such as malaria, tuberculosis and HIV, has been challenging and achievements so far have been modest. Final success against these infections may require combination vaccinations, each component stimulating a different arm of the immune system. In the longer term, vaccines are likely to be used to prevent or modulate the course of some non-infectious diseases. Progress has already been made with therapeutic cancer vaccines and future potential targets include addiction, diabetes, hypertension and Alzheimer''s disease. 相似文献
14.
Govindaswami Ragupathi 《Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII》1996,43(3):152-157
Carbohydrate antigens such as GM2, GD2 and GD3 (gangliosides), Lewisy and globo-H (neutral glycolipids and glycoproteins), and Tn, TF and sTn (glycoproteins) are overexpressed in a variety of
cancers. Antibodies against several of these carbohydrate antigens have been detected in sera from patients treated with cancer
vaccines, and have been associated with a more favorable prognosis. Clinical responses have been reported after treatment
with monoclonal antibodies against some of these antigens. Hence cell-surface carbohydrate antigens have been identified as
suitable targets for immune attack by both active and passive immunotherapies. Different approaches have been adopted to induce
immune responses against these carbohydrate antigens. These includes vaccination with whole or lysed tumor cells, purified
or synthetic carbohydrates, immunogenic carbohydrate derivatives, or carbohydrates conjugated with immunogenic carriers and
administered with immunological adjuvants. In the case of gangliosides, immunization with either whole tumor cells or cell
lysates has only occasionally induced responses against carbohydrate antigens, and the antibodies were generally IgM antibodies
of low titer. Compared with other methods of vaccination, conjugate vaccines have consistently induced the highest titer of
IgM and IgG antibodies against gangliosides and other carbohydrate antigens. Preclinical and clinical studies with conjugate
carbohydrate vaccines have induced IgM and IgG antibody responses capable of inducing complement-mediated cytotoxicity of
tumor cells in vitro and associated with prolonged disease-free and overall survival in patients.
Received: 6 August 1996 / Accepted: 20 September 1996 相似文献
15.
Ada G 《Molecular biotechnology》2005,29(3):255-271
Of the 80-plus known infectious agents pathogenic for humans, there are now more than 30 vaccines against 26 mainly viral
and bacterial infections and these greatly minimize subsequent disease and prevent death after exposure to those agents. This
article describes the nature of the vaccines, from live attenuated agents to subunits, their efficacy and safety, and the
kind of the immune responses generated by those vaccines, which are so effective. To date, all licensed vaccines generate
especially specific antibodies, which attach to the infectious agent and therefore can very largely prevent infection. These
vaccines have been so effective in developed countries in preventing mortality after a subsequent infection that attempts
are being made to develop vaccines against many of the remaining infectious agents. Many of the latter are difficult to manipulate;
they can cause persisting infections or show great antigenic variation. A range of new approaches to improve selected immune
responses, such as immunization with DNA or chimeric live vectors, viral or bacterial, are under intense scrutiny, as well
as genomic analysis of the agent. 相似文献
16.
With the continuing advancement of carbohydrate chemical synthesis, bacterial glycomes have become increasingly attractive and accessible synthetic targets. Although bacteria also produce carbohydrate-containing secondary metabolites, our review here will cover recent chemical synthetic efforts on bacterial surface glycans. The obtained compounds are excellent candidates for the development of improved structurally defined glycoconjugate vaccines to combat bacterial infections. They are also important probes for investigating glycan–protein interactions. Glycosylation strategies applied for the formation of some challenging glycosidic bonds of various uncommon sugars in a number of recently synthesized bacterial surface glycans are highlighted. 相似文献
17.
Live attenuated malaria vaccines are more potent than the recombinant protein, bacterial or viral platform vaccines that have been tested, and an attenuated sporozoite vaccine against falciparum malaria is being developed for humans. In mice, attenuated malaria sporozoite vaccines induce CD8(+) T cells that kill parasites developing in the liver. We were curious to know if CD8(+) T cells were also important in protecting primates against malaria. We immunized 9 rhesus monkeys with radiation attenuated Plasmodium knowlesi sporozoites, and found that 5 did not develop blood stage infections after challenge with live sporozoites. We then injected 4 of these protected monkeys with cM-T807, a monoclonal antibody to the CD8 molecule which depletes T cells. The fifth monkey received equivalent doses of normal IgG. In 3 of the 4 monkeys receiving cM-T807 circulating CD8(+) T cells were profoundly depleted. When re-challenged with live sporozoites all 3 of these depleted animals developed blood stage malaria. The fourth monkey receiving cM-T807 retained many circulating CD8(+) T cells. This monkey, and the vaccinated monkey receiving normal IgG, did not develop blood stage malaria at re-challenge with live sporozoites. Animals were treated with antimalarial drugs and rested for 4 months. During this interval CD8(+) T cells re-appeared in the circulation of the depleted monkeys. When all vaccinated animals received a third challenge with live sporozoites, all 5 monkeys were once again protected and did not develop blood stage malaria infections. These data indicate that CD8(+) T cells are important effector cells protecting monkeys against malaria sporozoite infection. We believe that malaria vaccines which induce effector CD8+ T cells in humans will have the best chance of protecting against malaria. 相似文献
18.
The availability of effective vaccines has had the most profound positive effect on improving the quality of public health
by preventing infectious diseases. Despite many successful vaccines, there are still old and new emerging pathogens against
which there is no vaccine available. A better understanding of how vaccines work for providing protection will help to improve
current vaccines as well as to develop effective vaccines against pathogens for which we do not have a proper means to control.
Recent studies have focused on innate immunity as the first line of host defense and its role in inducing adaptive immunity;
such studies have been an intense area of research, which will reveal the immunological mechanisms how vaccines work for protection.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a family of receptors for pathogen-associated molecular patterns on cells of the innate immune
system, play a critical role in detecting and responding to microbial infections. Importantly, the innate immune system modulates
the quantity and quality of longterm T and B cell memory and protective immune responses to pathogens. Limited studies suggest
that vaccines which mimic natural infection and/or the structure of pathogens seem to be effective in inducing long-term protective
immunity. A better understanding of the similarities and differences of the molecular and cellular events in host responses
to vaccination and pathogen infection would enable the rationale for design of novel preventive measures against many challenging
pathogens. 相似文献
19.
Adjuvants for anti-parasite vaccines 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bomford R 《Parasitology today (Personal ed.)》1989,5(2):41-46
To date the most successful human vaccines use attenuated living pathogens, but the advent of techniques in genetic engineering has meant that pure antigen can be provided in quantity. This has allowed the development of combined vaccines that use only the parasite antigens that convey protective immunity. However, isolated antigens lose immunogenicity so to regain potency, living attenuated carriers like Vaccinia or Salmonella can be used. To avoid the attendant drawbacks of carriers as immunopotentiating agents, adjuvants are under investigation as alternatives for use in vaccines against parasitic infections. In this review, Robert Bomford describes the adjuvants currently being examined for use in vaccines for both protozoan and helminth infections including Leishmania, malaria and Schistosoma. He also points out the drawbacks of using adjuvants and the dilemma of needing to stimulate cell'-mediated immunity while avoiding the immunopathological consequences of doing so. 相似文献
20.
For two centuries, vaccination has been the dominating approach to develop prophylaxis against viral infections through immunological prevention. However, vaccines are not always possible to make, are ineffective for many viral infections, and also carry certain risk for a small, yet significant portion of the population. In the recent years, FDA's approval and subsequent market acceptance of Synagis, a monoclonal antibody indicated for prevention and treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has heralded a new era for viral infection prevention and treatment. This emerging paradigm, herein designated "Biochemical Prevention and Treatment", currently involves two aspects: (1) preventing viral entry via passive transfer of specific protein-based anti-viral molecules or host cell receptor blockers; (2) inhibiting viral amplification by targeting the viral mRNA with anti-sense DNA, ribozyme, or RNA interference (RNAi). This article summarizes the current status of this field. 相似文献