细胞微囊化免疫隔离技术在移植医学中的应用

作为一种十分有效的免疫隔离技术,细胞微囊化可排除细胞移植中出现的宿主与移植物之间的双向排斥作用,从而使能分泌生物活性物质的细胞在移植后得以存活。目前报道的多种微囊材料中,以海藻酸钠一聚赖氨酸一海藻酸钠的应用最为广泛,可通过提高其生物相容性来减弱免疫排斥反应。细胞微囊化在医学治疗上正在发挥越来越大的作用,特别是基因修饰细胞日益成为研究的焦点。尽管该技术尚需改进,但它在异体和异种组织或细胞移植等方面有着广阔的应用前景。     

微囊化基因工程细胞移植的研究进展

微囊化基因工程细胞移植是将目的基因通过基因转染技术导入到靶细胞内,再将该细胞微囊化后植入受体体内,具有组织相容性好,避免了机体的排斥反应(免疫隔离),且微囊内的功能细胞可以长期存活,发挥其生物学效应。该技术使得异种组织细胞或基因工程细胞移植成为可能,在神经内分泌及代谢疾病等方面的研究取得了可喜的进展,具有广阔的应用前景。     

工业生产益生菌微囊化技术的研究进展

益生菌的微囊技术因其能显著提高益生菌的在胃肠道中的存活率而备受关注。本研究从益生菌微囊技术中所使用的包埋材料出发,深入论述了能应用于生产的微囊技术,并引出生产不同益生菌产品的常用技术。     

肝脏干细胞的研究进展及应用前景

随着干细胞生物学研究热潮的掀起,肝脏干细胞的研究也取得了巨大进展。本文综述了近几年关于肝脏干细胞的起源、基本特性和治疗潜能等热点问题,同时结合我国国情阐述了当前肝脏干细胞研究在肝病治疗中的意义及其应用前景。     

双歧杆菌微囊化的初步研究

通过对双歧杆菌微囊化的初步研究显示，微囊化的双歧杆菌在干燥过程中死亡率明显下降，在室温条件下保存其存活率比对照组有较大提高。     

成体干细胞的应用

近年来干细胞移植治疗心肌损伤、脑损伤和肝硬化等疾病已经成为研究热点,其成果令人鼓舞。胚胎干细胞（ESC）虽然具有无可非议的多向分化潜能,但如何使移植ESC在增殖能力、无致瘤性和分化潜能之间保持微妙的平衡,以及如何处理医学伦理、移植物排斥等问题都没有得到很好的解决。与ESC相比,从临床的角度成体干细胞（adult stem cell,ASC）更为大家所关注,ASC存在于骨髓、肌肉等多种器官、组织中,在器官和组织的自我修复和再生活动中发挥着重要的作用。采用自身ASC进行移植,更可完全避免移植后的免疫排斥反应。     

胚胎干细胞治疗心肌梗死的研究进展

胚胎干细胞 (ES细胞 )是一种多能细胞 ,来源于囊胚期胚胎 ,具有很强的自我更新能力 ,并能分化成很多细胞类型。体外 ,ES细胞能自发聚集形成胚胎体 (EB) ,分化成许多种细胞类型 ;ES细胞注射到免疫缺陷的小鼠体内 ,产生畸胎瘤 ,其中包含有三个胚层的细胞。添加生长因子或与其它细胞共培养等方法可以促进ES细胞体外分化为心肌细胞 ,筛选后移植到梗死的心肌 ,可以提高心脏功能 ,是治疗心肌梗死的一种很有潜力的方法     

葡萄糖传感器在微囊化动物细胞灌注培养过程中的应用

本文提出了用葡萄糖传感器监测在灌注培养微囊化动物细胞时,培液中葡萄糖量的变化。实验过程中,葡萄糖传感器的线性检测范围为１０－５００ｍｇ／１０ｍｌ．将葡萄糖氧化酶膜贮存于４℃条件下的０．０５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＰＢＳ（ｐＨ７．０）中,它的活力在４０天之内保持不变,本方法操作简便,灵敏度高,耗时少,准确可靠。     

人脐带间充质干细胞来源的微囊泡提取和鉴定

目的研究分离和提纯人脐带间充质干细胞来源的微囊泡(hUC-MSCs-MVs)并分析其理化性质。方法 (1)运用Ⅰ型胶原酶联合透明质酸酶消化Wharton's Jelly组织的方法,分离和扩增人脐带间充质干细胞(hUC-MSCs);(2)实验组:用"饥饿法"处理hUC-MSCs,分离和提纯hUC-MSCs-MVs;对照组:用未经"饥饿法"处理的hUC-MSCs来尝试提取hUCMSCs-MVs;(3)验证hUC-MSCs-MVs的理化性质和生物学特性。结果 (1)分离出的hUCMSCs状态良好,扩增后的子代hUC-MSCs数量及状态满足后续实验的要求。流式细胞术结果显示hUC-MSCs-MVs高表达CD44、CD29和CD73,而低表达α-6 integrin(CD49f)和HLAclassⅡ(HLA-DR)。(2)实验组成功分离和提纯了hUC-MSCs-MVs,而对照组未见确切hUCMSCs-MVs产生;扫描电镜观察到hUC-MSCs-MVs的囊泡样结构,直径几十到几百nm不等,均在1μm以下;透射电镜观察到hUC-MSCs-MVs的产生和胞吐作用;蛋白定量结果为1337.1μg/ml;流式细胞术结果显示其大小绝大部分在1μm以下,并能高表达CD44和CD29,而低表达CD73、α-6 integrin(CD49f)和HLA-classⅡ(HLA-DR)等表面分子。结论用"饥饿法"处理hUC-MSCs可成功获得hUC-MSCs-MVs。     

微囊化新生大鼠卵巢组织体外及异体移植

为探讨海藻酸钠-聚左赖氨酸-海藻酸钠(APA)微囊化新生大鼠卵巢组织用于治疗实验性卵巢功能丧失大鼠的可行性,应用高压静电法,用海藻酸钠-聚左赖氨酸-海藻酸钠(APA)生物膜包裹新生大鼠卵巢组织,体外培养微囊,用免疫化学分析法检测雌二醇(E2)、孕酮(P)分泌情况,透射电镜观察卵巢组织形态,并将微囊移植到去势大鼠(切除双侧卵巢的雌性大鼠)腹腔中,检测大鼠血清中雌、孕激素变化情况,同时用阴道涂片观察大鼠动情周期恢复情况,并在不同时间回收观察微囊。结果显示在相同条件下制得的微囊粒径均匀、表面光滑;体外培养条件下持续分泌E2、P;卵巢组织中颗粒细胞发育成为粒性黄体细胞;大鼠腹腔移植微囊后无异常,E2、P水平上升,动情周期未恢复;回收的微囊大部分形态完整。提示用高压静电法制备的APA微囊化新生大鼠卵巢组织能持续稳定释放E2、P,明显改善大鼠卵巢功能,在大鼠体内有良好的生物相容性。     

Progress technology in microencapsulation methods for cell therapy

Cell encapsulation in microcapsules allows the in situ delivery of secreted proteins to treat different pathological conditions. Spherical microcapsules offer optimal surface‐to‐volume ratio for protein and nutrient diffusion, and thus, cell viability. This technology permits cell survival along with protein secretion activity upon appropriate host stimuli without the deleterious effects of immunosuppressant drugs. Microcapsules can be classified in 3 categories: matrix‐core/shell microcapsules, liquid‐core/shell microcapsules, and cells‐core/shell microcapsules (or conformal coating). Many preparation techniques using natural or synthetic polymers as well as inorganic compounds have been reported. Matrix‐core/shell microcapsules in which cells are hydrogel‐embedded, exemplified by alginates capsule, is by far the most studied method. Numerous refinement of the technique have been proposed over the years such as better material characterization and purification, improvements in microbead generation methods, and new microbeads coating techniques. Other approaches, based on liquid‐core capsules showed improved protein production and increased cell survival. But aside those more traditional techniques, new techniques are emerging in response to shortcomings of existing methods. More recently, direct cell aggregate coating have been proposed to minimize membrane thickness and implants size. Microcapsule performances are largely dictated by the physicochemical properties of the materials and the preparation techniques employed. Despite numerous promising pre‐clinical results, at the present time each methods proposed need further improvements before reaching the clinical phase. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009     

神经干细胞移植的临床研究进展

神经系统损伤会导致脑内神经干细胞（neural stem cells,NSCs）的扩增以实现自我修复功能,而通过外源细胞移植的方式来加速这一进程,可能是一种更有效的治疗手段。当前,神经干细胞临床研究所面临的主要问题是如何评价细胞在移植后的行为和功能。该文综述了近几年使用神经干细胞移植治疗几种主要神经系统疾病的临床研究成果,并着重关注了干细胞移植后的示踪研究。     

果蝇干细胞研究进展

本文主要介绍了果蝇五种干细胞,包括生殖干细胞、神经干细胞、造血干细胞、小肠干细胞、肾干细胞及其微环境（niche）的组成成份;简述了五种干细胞系统对应的分子标记;最后重点介绍了调控每种干细胞系统的信号通路。     

Stem cell microencapsulation for phenotypic control,bioprocessing, and transplantation

Cell microencapsulation has been utilized for decades as a means to shield cells from the external environment while simultaneously permitting transport of oxygen, nutrients, and secretory molecules. In designing cell therapies, donor primary cells are often difficult to obtain and expand to appropriate numbers, rendering stem cells an attractive alternative due to their capacities for self‐renewal, differentiation, and trophic factor secretion. Microencapsulation of stem cells offers several benefits, namely the creation of a defined microenvironment which can be designed to modulate stem cell phenotype, protection from hydrodynamic forces and prevention of agglomeration during expansion in suspension bioreactors, and a means to transplant cells behind a semi‐permeable barrier, allowing for molecular secretion while avoiding immune reaction. This review will provide an overview of relevant microencapsulation processes and characterization in the context of maintaining stem cell potency, directing differentiation, investigating scalable production methods, and transplanting stem cells for clinically relevant disorders. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 667–682. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

人胚胎干细胞向生殖细胞分化的研究进展

小鼠胚胎干细胞体外已成功诱导分化为配子细胞,人胚胎干细胞理论上也具备分化为生殖细胞的潜能。本文从影响人胚胎干细胞体外向生殖系分化的基因调控和干细胞小生境（niche）方面进行综述,并指出胚胎干细胞在生殖医学及不孕治疗中的研究方向和应用前景。     

Emulsion strategies in the microencapsulation of cells: pathways to thin coherent membranes

Microencapsulation of cell spheroids in an immunoselective, highly biocompatible, biomembrane offers a way to create viable implantation options in the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Traditionally the encapsulation process has been achieved through the injection/extrusion of alginate/cell mixtures into a calcium chloride solution to produce calcium alginate capsules around the cells. A novel alternative is explored here through a procedure using an emulsion process to produce thin adherent calcium alginate membranes around cell spheroids. In this study, a thorough investigation has been used to establish the emulsion process parameters that are critical to the formation of a coherent alginate coat both on a model spheroid system and subsequently on cell spheroids. Optical and fluorescence microscopy are used to assess the morphology and coherence of the calcium alginate/poly-L-ornithine/alginate (APA) capsules produced.     

体细胞重编程为多能干细胞的研究进展

体细胞通过重编程转变成其他类型的细胞,在再生医学方面具有重要的应用前景。细胞重编程的方法主要有体细胞核移植、细胞融合、细胞提取物诱导、限定因子诱导等,这些方法可以不同程度地改变细胞命运。最近,限定因子诱导的多能干细胞（induced pluripotent stem cell。iPS）为重编程提供了一种崭新的方法,不仅可以避免伦理争议,还提供了一种更为便利的技术,为再生医学开辟了新的天地;同时,iPS技术为研究基因表达调控、蛋白质互作、机体生长发育等提供了一个非常重要的研究手段。本文主要论述了体细胞重编程的方法及iPS细胞的进展、面临的问题和应用前景。     

表皮干细胞研究进展

哺乳动物表皮中包含有多种不同类型的表皮干细胞, 它们共同维持了表皮组织结构的稳态并在皮肤创伤的修复中起重要作用。表皮干细胞具备干细胞两大基本特征: 自我更新和分化, 两者间平衡的破坏通常是皮肤肿瘤和其他皮肤疾病的根源。文章着重叙述了表皮干细胞存在的证据、两大基本特征、分裂模式、调节表皮干细胞的信号通路以及维持其稳态的微观和宏观环境。     

A quantitative matrigel assay for assessing repopulating capacity of prostate stem cells

Homeostasis of prostate tissue is maintained by stem cells, although such cells have not been well characterized. Here, we report establishment of such a method using matrigel. Matrigel containing a single-cell suspension from adult prostatic cells was subcutaneously grafted into the flank of nude mice. Prostatic duct-like structures derived from donor tissue were observed in the gel 2 weeks after transplantation. Luminal and basal cells observed in the gel expressed several markers characteristic of prostatic and/or epithelial cells. When a mixture with both EGFP-positive and negative prostate cells was transplanted, prostatic ducts consisted of either EGFP-positive or negative cells and chimeric patterns were rarely observed, suggesting that ducts were reconstituted from a single cell. Stem cell number and function were also evaluated by competition with control cells. Overall this method revealed that cells localized in the proximal portion in prostate ducts had higher reconstitution capacity than those in the distal portion. We conclude that prostate stem/progenitor cells exist and that our method is applicable to analysis of prostate stem cells, epithelial mesenchyme interactions, and prostate cancer stem cells.