围术期手术麻醉安全体系的构建

麻醉安全性在增加,但围术期仍存有诸多挑战。“外科手术的围术期医疗模式 新策略的提出,期望有助于提高医疗质量、降低医疗成本。麻醉医师应该主动迎接时代挑战,承担起学科发展的历史使命,通过调整专业定位、规范医疗行为、加强病人安全管理建设,来构建起围术期手术麻醉的安全体系。     

右美托咪定在产科麻醉中的应用进展

正我国产科手术量大,手术方式多,由于产科手术涉及母子安全,因此产科麻醉围术期的安全性与舒适性显得尤为重要。而在无痛人流、剖宫产术中和无痛分娩以及产后镇痛中,均需不断探索一种安全、舒适、经济的,能满足产科麻醉和镇痛需要的药物。右美托咪定作为一种临床上的新药,已逐渐在产科麻醉中使用,本文就右美托咪定在产科麻醉的应用作一综述如下。1无痛人流人工流产术作为一类有创性终止妊娠的方法,患者常会     

术后认知功能障碍发病机制的研究进展

术后认知功能障碍(POCD)是术前无精神障碍的患者受围术期各种因素的影响,在术后出现的神经并发症,表现为焦虑、认识障碍、记忆受损和人格改变。随着医疗技术水平的不断提高,围术期死亡率及手术和麻醉并发症大大降低,但POCD发病率未见明显改善,严重影响患者预后康复及远期生存质量,引起很多学者的关注。认识和分析POCD,成为当今麻醉管理的重要课题。POCD是多种影响因素共同作用的结果,评估方法较多且相对主观,没有标准统一的评估、预防、诊断及治疗方法,目前虽已有大量动物实验及临床研究,但其发病机制仍不明确。因此全面认识和分析POCD发病机制的进展情况,进一步探讨其预防和治疗方法,具有重要的临床和社会意义。     

颈椎手术围手术期麻醉处理特点

颈椎手术部位常涉及颈髓及延髓等重要区域,故对手术和麻醉技术要求较高,特别是对颈椎稳定性差、头颈部活动受限、脊髓受到不同程度压迫的患者,麻醉和手术操作均可能引起一些严重的并发症,这些并发症可在术中或术后危及患者生命.颈椎手术围手术期麻醉处理对减少颈椎手术并发症至关重要.现对颈椎手术围手术期麻醉的处理特点作一综述.     

先天性食管闭锁和气管食管瘘麻醉及围手术期管理

目的:探讨先天性食管闭锁和气管食管瘘(EA/TEF)的麻醉及围手术期管理方法.方法:回顾性分析40例手术治疗的新生儿EA/TEF的临床资料.总结麻醉及围手术期管理及转归情况.结果:40例麻醉过程较平稳顺利完成手术,3例术后拔管,37例继续呼吸支持.术后死亡7例,其中4例术后死亡,3例术后监护人放弃治疗出院后死亡.活33例中重症肺炎7例,低体温8例,吻合口瘘5例,切口感染2例,均经治疗后痊愈出院.结论:良好的麻醉及围术期管理是EA/TEF手术治疗的重要组成部分,是手术顺利进行及术后成功的关键.     

高血压病人围手术期的麻醉处理

高血压是常见病,在外科领域围手术期尤为多见,发生率约占30～60%.也有报道术前高血压占30%以上.我院1996年7253例麻醉病人中有原发或继发高血压595人,占8.2%.高血压是手术和麻醉的重要危险因素之一.因此,麻醉医师做好高血压病人围术期的诊断、监测和麻醉管理是一项重要任务.     

麻醉对免疫抑制与肿瘤复发的影响

术后肿瘤复发是导致患者死亡的主要原因。大量研究表明:围手术期患者的免疫功能与肿瘤复发密切相关,而麻醉药物或方法对机体免疫功能的抑制是导致肿瘤复发的重要因素。因此,本文拟就麻醉药物或方法对围手术期免疫功能和肿瘤复发的影响进行综述。     

围手术期低体温预防的护理概况

随着医疗技术的发展,越来越多复杂手术在临床开展,围手术期“低体温”的发生率也越来越高。有文献报道,术中低体温发生率为50％～70％。低体温可影响凝血功能、药物代谢、肾脏功能和心肌收缩力,增加术后并发症的发生率,对手术病人的危害较大。即使是轻度低体温（临床上将中心温度34～36℃称为轻度低体温）也可以导致很多并发症。现对围手术期低体温发生的原因、低体温对机体的危害及预防低体温发生的各种方法和护理措施综述如下,旨在有效的预防和减少围手术期低体温的发生,降低术后并发症,提高围手术期的护理质量。     

全麻复合硬膜外麻醉对胃癌根治术围术期纤溶功能的影响

目的:探讨全身麻醉复合连续硬膜外麻醉对胃癌根治患者围术期纤溶功能的影响。方法:选择2013年4月到2015年6月在我院进行胃癌根治手术的患者80例,根据随机数字表法分为治疗组40例与对照组40例,对照组给予全身麻醉,治疗组给予全身麻醉复合连续硬膜外麻醉,对两组患者血流动力学指标,纤溶功能以及下肢深静脉血栓发生情况进行观察与比较。结果:所有患者都完成手术,诱导后患者的MAP与HR值与诱导前比较差异都有统计学意义(P0.05),不过组间对比无显著性差异(P0.05),术毕MAP与HR值在组内与组间比较均无显著性差异(P0.05)。治疗组诱导后5 min与术毕的血清D-二聚体和纤维蛋白原值都明显低于对照组,且与诱导前对比差异也有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗组术后下肢深静脉血栓发生率明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:全身麻醉复合连续硬膜外麻醉能改善胃癌根治患者围术期纤溶功能,从而减轻患者高凝状态,安全性好,有效预防下肢深静脉血栓的形成。     

老年骨关节置换术围术期发生脑梗死的危险因素分析及预防对策研究

目的:分析老年骨关节置换术围术期发生脑梗死的危险因素并研究其预防对策。方法:选择2015年1月-2016年6月我院收治的200例行关节置换术患者,对所有患者的性别、年龄、体重、身高、患病情况、置入假体类型、手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、切口长度、住院时间、下地时间及高血压、糖尿病、冠心病等合并症情况进行回归分析,明确患者围术期发生脑梗死的危险因素,并提出针对性预防措施。结果:入组200例行骨关节置换术患者,围术期发生脑梗死患者53例。单因素分析结果显示年龄是否超过65岁、吸烟与否、疾病类型、麻醉方式、有无冠心病、糖尿病、高血压等合并症的骨关节置换术患者围术期脑梗死的发生率存在显著性差异(P0.05)。而进一步logistics回归分析显示年龄超过65岁、吸烟、患者股骨颈骨折、手术麻醉为全麻、有冠心病、糖尿病、高血压等合并症是影响行骨关节置换术患者围术期发生脑梗死的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论:年龄超过65岁、吸烟、患者股骨颈骨折、手术麻醉为全麻、有冠心病、糖尿病、高血压等合并症的骨关节置换术患者围术期更易发生脑梗死,对有上述特点患者应密切注意预后情况,给予精细的护理措施,防止脑梗死的发生。     

Best Practice Updates for Nursing Care in Weight Loss Surger

The objective of this study is to update evidence‐based best practice guidelines for nursing in weight loss surgery (WLS). We performed a systematic search of English‐language literature on WLS and perioperative nursing, postoperative, anesthesia, and discharge published between April 2004 and May 2007 in MEDLINE, CINHAL and the Cochrane Library. Key words were used to narrow the search for a selective review of abstracts, retrieval of full articles, and grading of evidence according to systems used in established evidence‐based models. From these, we developed evidence‐based best practice recommendations from the most recent literature on nursing in WLS. We identified >54 papers; the most relevant were reviewed in detail. Regular updates of evidence‐based recommendations for best practices in WLS nursing are required to address advances in surgery and anesthesiology, as well as changes in the demographics and levels of obesity in WLS patients. Key factors in patient safety include staff education, comprehensive admission assessment, patient education, careful preoperative surveillance and postoperative care, and long‐term discharge follow‐up.     

糖尿病患者外科手术麻醉的相关多态性及Logistic 分析

目的:研究与探讨糖尿病患者外科手术麻醉的安全性和有效性。方法:糖尿病外科手术患者262例,采用腰-硬联合麻醉146例,全身麻醉116例。结果:表明腰-硬联合麻醉组在术中血糖均值水平、胰岛素的平均使用剂量均少于全身麻醉组,有统计学意义(P<0.05)。腰-硬联合麻醉组麻醉后空腹血糖、餐后血糖、糖化血红蛋白水平增高幅度均小于全身麻醉组,(P<0.05)。通过用Logistic回归方程分析影响糖尿病患者麻醉效果的因素除性别无显著相关性,年龄、糖尿病病程、吸烟、饮酒、体重指数均与麻醉效果有高度相关性(正相关)。结论:糖尿病手术患者采用腰-硬联合麻醉效果较好。     

Sheep: a model for testing spinal and epidural anesthetic agents.

The sheep was utilized as a model to study local anesthetic agents used for subarachnoid and epidural anesthesia in human beings. Employing injection and evaluation technics similar to those used in human anesthesiology, the onset of anesthesia, development of maximum sensory anesthesia, regression of sensory anesthesia, and complete return of sensation and motor function were measured. Subarachnoid injection with 0.25% tetracaine and epidural injection with 0.25% bupivacaine produced regional anesthesia similar to that observed in humans.     

糖尿病患者外科手术麻醉的相关多态性及Logistic分析

目的：研究与探讨糖尿病患者外科手术麻醉的安全性和有效性。方法：糖尿病外科手术患堵262例,采用腰一硬联合麻醉146例,全身麻醉116例。结果：表明腰一硬联合麻醉组在术中血糖均值水平、胰岛素的平均使用剂量均少于全身麻醉组,有统计学意义（p〈0．05）。腰．硬联合麻醉组麻醉后空腹血糖、餐后血糖、糖化血红蛋白水平增高幅度均小于全身麻醉组,（P〈0．05）。通过用Logistic回归方程分析影响糖尿病患者麻醉效果的因素除性别无显著相关性,年龄、糖尿病病程、吸烟、饮酒、体重指数均与麻醉效果有高度相关性（正相关）。结论：糖尿病手术患者采用腰．硬联合麻醉效果较好。     

Perioperative management of cosmetic liposuction

Recent qualms about the safety of aesthetic lipoplasty may be attributable more to support system flaws than to technical process deficiencies. The authors here focus on perfunctory patient monitoring when sedative or analgesic drugs are given, cavalier infiltration of mega-dose lidocaine, cursory intraoperative patient observation by team members with conflicting responsibilities, anesthesia providers unfamiliar with the unique surgical physiology of liposuction, hurried-discharge policies that virtually ignore the residual depressant effects of sedatives and analgesics, and compressive dressings that impair postoperative chest-wall expansion and venous return. Whereas pulmonary embolism remains the leading process cause of morbidity from liposuction, complications from austere resource allocation to dedicated patient monitoring should be largely preventable. Not all lipoplasties require an anesthesia provider but-when heavy sedation, mega-dose lidocaine, or both, are projected-a trained team member dedicated exclusively to patient safety and comfort should be a minimum patient care standard. The potential role of lidocaine cardiotoxicity in tumescent anesthesia is widely underappreciated and that of hypothermia goes mostly unrecognized. These, plus largely preventable or potentially correctable perioperative events such as pulmonary edema, fluid imbalance, or improperly administered sedative and analgesic drugs, demand upgrading and expansion of monitoring, resuscitative, and recuperative facilities in physician offices. In fact, ASPS guidelines urge that anesthesia services be engaged for dedicated patient care whenever "major" liposuction or conscious sedation is projected, because liposuction is neither as benign nor as simple a procedure as heretofore reputed. To assess objectively the operative and anesthetic risk of obesity, document body mass index for the preoperative record; morbid obesity (body mass index >/= 35.0), for instance, is a known risk multiplier for sedatives and analgesics. Other system issues such as the dynamic profile of high-dose lidocaine pharmacokinetics, the deportation of fat globules in the bloodstream, and the incidence of intraoperative hypothermia remain as unresolved topics for interdisciplinary, multi-institutional clinical research.     

Anaphylaxis due to thiopental sodium anesthesia.

Anaphylaxis due to an anesthetic is one type of cardiovascular emergency that can occur during general anesthesia. Anaphylactic reactions to muscle relaxants have been documented. Barbiturates, used as sedatives, are well known to produce cutaneous reactions, but anaphylaxis after their ingestion seems to be rare. Generalized allergic reactions to thiopental sodium during anesthesia are mentioned in the product monograph for Penthothal sodium, and rare case reports of anaphylactic reactions to infused thiopental have appeared, generally in the anesthesiology literature. Documentation of the immunologic responses to thiopental sodium has been limited to the demonstration of an allergic reaction to thiopental by skin testing in some cases. This report describes a woman who, after having tolerated thiopental sodium and other general anesthetics, became sensitive to this agent and had a severe acute reaction at the time of induction of general anesthesia.     

Best Practice Recommendations for Anesthetic Perioperative Care and Pain Management in Weight Loss Surgery

Objective: To develop evidence‐based recommendations that optimize the safety and efficacy of perioperative anesthetic care and pain management in weight loss surgery (WLS) patients. Research Methods and Procedures: This Task Group examined the scientific literature on anesthetic perioperative care and pain management published in MEDLINE from January 1994 to March 2004. We also reviewed additional data from other sources (e.g., book chapters). The search yielded 195 abstracts, of which 35 references were reviewed in detail. Task Group consensus was used to provide recommendations when evidence in the literature was insufficient. Results: We developed anesthesia practice and patient safety advisory recommendations for preoperative evaluation, intraoperative management, and postoperative care and pain management of WLS patients. We also provided suggestions related to medical error reduction and systems improvements, credentialing, and future research. Discussion: Obesity‐related comorbidities including obstructive sleep apnea place WLS patients at increased risk for complications perioperatively. Regarding perioperative safety and outcomes, conclusive evidence beyond the accepted standard of care in the reviewed literature is limited. Few reports specifically address the perioperative needs of severely obese patients. In this advisory, we synthesize current knowledge and make best practice recommendations for perioperative care and pain management in WLS patients. These recommendations require periodic review as further medical knowledge and evidence evolve.     

Criteria for Patient Selection and Multidisciplinary Evaluation and Treatment of the Weight Loss Surgery Patient

Objective: To provide evidence‐based guidelines for patient selection and to recommend the medical and nutritional aspects of multidisciplinary care required to minimize perioperative and postoperative risks in patients with severe obesity who undergo weight loss surgery (WLS). Research Methods and Procedures: Members of the Multidisciplinary Care Task Group conducted searches of MEDLINE and PubMed for articles related to WLS in general and medical and nutritional care in particular. Pertinent abstracts and literature were reviewed for references. Multiple searches were carried out for various aspects of multidisciplinary care published between 1980 and 2004. A total of 3000 abstracts were identified; 242 were reviewed in detail. Results: We recommended multidisciplinary screening of WLS patients to ensure appropriate selection; preoperative assessment for cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, endocrine, and other obesity‐related diseases associated with increased risk for complications or mortality; preoperative weight loss and cessation of smoking; perioperative prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism (PE); preoperative and postoperative education and counseling by a registered dietitian; and a well‐defined postsurgical diet progression. Discussion: Obesity‐related diseases are often undiagnosed before WLS, putting patients at increased risk for complications and/or early mortality. Multidisciplinary assessment and care to minimize short‐ and long‐term risks include: comprehensive medical screening; appropriate pre‐, peri‐, and postoperative preparation; collaboration with multiple patient care disciplines (e.g., anesthesiology, pulmonary medicine, cardiology, and psychology); and long‐term nutrition education/counseling.     

Patient safety in plastic surgery

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After reading this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Recognize risk factors for venous thromboembolism and identify patients who would benefit from prophylactic anticoagulation; 2. Describe the effects of hypothermia in the perioperative period. 3. Understand the importance of blood pressure control in the plastic surgery patient. SUMMARY: This article provides a summary of important factors that contribute to improved patient safety in plastic surgery. The identification of patients and procedures that have an increased risk of complications enables the physician to carry out prophylactic measures to reduce the rate of these complications. Venous thromboembolism, hypothermia, bleeding diathesis, and perioperative hypertension are identifiable risks of plastic surgery, which can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. An evidence-based system and individual practice measures can help to decrease these risks. Thorough preoperative patient evaluation, detailed informed consent, and perioperative care delivered in a safe environment can contribute to improved safety in plastic surgery.