医药分开试点改革对公立医院运行影响的初步研究

实施医药分开是北京市开展公立医院改革的重要举措。提取医院实施医药分开改革后3个月的经济指标和服务量指标与2012年上半年均值、2011年同期相关数据进行比较分析，结果表明，推行医药分开政策初步实现了“平移转换”的改革目标，患者个人负担减轻，专家号难挂等问题得到有效缓解。通过分析得出改变医院传统运营模式、加强专科特色建设将成为公立医院改革今后的发展方向。     

北京市医药分开改革对临床医师用药行为的影响研究

目的 探讨北京市“医药分开”改革对临床医师用药行为的影响。方法 以北京市试行“医药分开”的部分医院为研究现场,随机抽取800名临床医师进行问卷调查,分析该项改革对临床医师用药行为的影响。结果 临床医师对“医药分开”改革的知晓率为99.5%。“医院宣传”、“专项培训”、“电视广播”为临床医师了解政策的三大主要途径。改革后,92.1%的临床医师更加重视规范诊疗、合理用药;94.4%的临床医师控制大处方,减少开方用药的数量、金额;89.9%临床医师受开药收入、提成、回扣的影响降低。结论 “医药分开”改革对试点医院临床医师的用药行为产生积极影响,规范医师处方行为,加强合理用药,基本实现了改革预期目标。     

以药补医历史、现状及后以药补医时代的政府责任

实行医药分开、破除以药补医无疑是公立医院改革的关键领域,不仅有着复杂的历史背景,而且涉及多个利益相关者。在此项改革推进过程中,政府有关部门出台相关政策,探索出了改革支付方式、降低或取消药品加成、实行收支两条线管理、设立独立于医院外的药品管理中心等4种医药分开的实现形式。后以药补医时代,政府责任主要在：通过约束公立医院的逐利性缓解“看病贵”;促使医疗技术服务价格回归价值以改善“看病难”;通过合理财政投入、有力政策保障,主导公立医院落实公益性。     

公立医院管办分开改革的本质与路径分析

公立医院管办分开的起源来自改革开放初期非医疗行业影响市场效率的政企不分、政事不分等现象。文章逐一分析、辩驳了目前学界对公立医院需要进行管办分开改革的三种主要说法,认为公立医院的“管办分开”改革本质上是一种管理手段,是为了实现公立医院效率与公益并重所提出的可能性最佳管理形式,并非最终目的。在指出目前各地公立医院“管办分开”改革普遍存在的致命缺陷后,给出实现公立医院改革政策正价值的路径。     

医药分开政策对深圳市公立医院经营效益的影响

目的 探讨医药分开政策对医院经营效益所产生的影响。方法 运用对比研究及半结构式访谈法对广东省深圳市6家试点公立医院的经营效益状况进行分析。结果 医药分开政策实施后深圳市试点城市公立医院药品收入减少,医院业务收入增加;大型三甲医院及专科医院门急诊人次及住院人次、收支结余率均增加,基层医院则减少;试点城市公立医院次均门诊费用及次均住院费用均上升。结论 医药分开政策在一定程度上优化收入结构,但医疗费用过高问题仍然突出,仍需完善补偿机制。     

我国医药分开政策目的及其策略分析

目的 进一步明确医药分开政策目的及策略。方法 采用文献回顾性研究法,对医药利益链条及其形成原因,以及解决策略进行系统性地总结和分析。结果 现有研究一是认为医疗服务提供方拥有垄断地位造成利益链条存在,因而提出消除垄断;二是认为扭曲的“白色”或不良的“灰色”激励机制造成利益链条存在,因而提出完善“白色”或消除“灰色”激励机制的综合策略。结论 医药利益链条产生更深层次的原因是,非营利性的公立医疗机构不合理地追求经济利益,医生采用不合理方式追求部分合理经济利益。因此,医药分开目的应是让公立医疗机构真正成为非营利机构,使医生依靠技术获得合理的经济回报,让公立医疗机构、医生、政府、患者、药品企业及流通商间激励相容。建议采用外部补偿和内部薪酬制度为重点的综合改革策略,形成各利益相关方激励相容的良好局面,自然消除公立医疗机构、医生与药品销售间利益链条。     

某三甲医院实施药品零加成对患者负担的影响分析

为了切实评估上海在推进医药分开改革过程中采取的药品零加成政策对患者负担的影响,收集了实行药品零加成政策的某三甲医院及其母体医院2013—2014年的费用数据,对比分析了次均费、次均药费、次均个人自负费用、复诊率及药占比等指标,结果显示：患者负担相关指标下降明显,同时提出需要政府加大补偿、继续调整医疗服务价格和发挥医保支持力度等配套政策建议。     

“医药分开”下医技科室绩效管理改革的探索

在北京市“医药分开”改革的背景下,医院作为改革试点医院,探索建立基于医疗成果的岗位管理绩效考核与分配新机制。文章主要介绍了新的绩效管理方案在医院医技科室的实践应用。新的方案探索将医技工作的操作难度、风险大小、工作时长等方面作为考核因素,力求通过新机制的建立,合理地提高医技科室的工作量与工作质量,调动医技工作人员积极性,真正体现医务人员的价值。     

公立医院管办分开改革试点情况对比分析

随着《关于公立医院改革试点的指导意见》的出台,探索管办分开的有效形式成为公立医院改革的一项重要任务。北京的“管办分开不分家”和上海的“管办分开又分家”两种管办分开改革试点有诸多相同点和不同点,各有优势、劣势、机遇、挑战。通过SWOT法,对比分析北京、上海两地的管办分开改革举措,以期为公立医院改革试点提供理论支持与决策参考。

     

建立面向医药分开的医学信息服务模式

在北京市医药分开改革试点工作中,信息系统是不可或缺的组成部分,重新规划IT架构、完善原有信息系统是试点工作的一个迫切问题。从现有医院信息系统如何升级才能支撑医药分开落地出发,分别论述了试点医院信息系统升级的原则、具体策略,并在此基础上提出了具体的改造策略。

     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.