Effects of Eleutherococcus on the biorhythm of indices of peripheral blood in dogs

The circadian rhythms of the erythrocytes, hemoglobin and leucocytes concentration in the peripheral blood in dogs in winter and the effect of the eleutherococcus multi-injected at different periods of the day, were studied. The changes in the parameters of the studied biorhythms indices were observed only in the after dinner-injected animals, they being marked by the evident increase of the mesor and amplitude, acrophase shift by 1-2 hours by the beginning of the twenty-four hours.     

龙洞山溪鲵的血细胞组成及血红蛋白含量检测

血液学指标不仅可以反映动物生理和病理变化,也能体现动物对环境的适应。本文利用血液学方法检测了27尾龙洞山溪鲵(Batrachuperus londongensis)个体的血细胞组成和血红蛋白含量,龙洞山溪鲵血红蛋白平均含量为4.16×10~(-2) g/ml;红细胞卵圆形,细胞核椭圆形位于中央或亚中央,红细胞平均含量为6.04×10~4个/mm3;白细胞数量较少,多为圆形或近圆形,平均含量为2.90×10~3个/mm3;白细胞中淋巴细胞最多,其次为单核细胞、嗜碱性细胞和中性细胞,嗜酸性细胞最少。血液参数中仅中性细胞和嗜碱性细胞的百分比在雌雄之间存在显著差异;头体长、体重和各血液参数的相关性均不显著。同时,将研究结果与其他小鲵科动物的数据进行了比较。本文报道的龙洞山溪鲵血细胞组成和血红蛋白含量的基础数据为其后续的健康监测和诊断以及适应进化的研究提供了基础资料。     

Effects of 4-nonylphenol on blood cells of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

In the present work, the destructive effects of the 4-nonylphenol on one of the most economically important Nile fishes, namely African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were studied. Apoptosis, erythrocytes alterations, micronucleus test and blood parameters count were used as biological indicators to detect those effects. After exposure to sublethal concentrations of 4-nonylphenol (0, 0.05, 0.08 and 0.1 mg/l), apoptotic red blood cells with many malformations and micronucleated erythrocytes were recorded. Decrease in the blood parameters such as red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), package cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), platelets, white blood cells (WBCs), lymphocytes, basophils, monocytes and increase in mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), neutrophils, eosinophils indicated the negative effects of 4-nonylphenol. It was concluded that, the 4-nonylphenol caused genotoxicity in erythrocytes with many malformations in shape and number indicated with other blood parameters.     

电磁水对血白细胞、红细胞、血小板及血管内皮细胞影响的研究

血管中白细胞等的粘附、聚集问题能够影响微循环的血流速度,是损伤血管内皮细胞乃至形成血栓的主要因素之一。在内毒素注射大白鼠的随机、对照实验中,发现电磁水能够减轻内毒素所致的炎症刺激,并能够降低白、红细胞和血小板的粘附、聚集,能降低白细胞的渗出,能提高红细胞的电泳率,能抑制血流速度的减慢和能够减轻血管内皮细胞的损伤。t检验,差异显著(P<0.01)以及差异明显(P<0.05)。揭示电磁水能够提高血细胞和血管内皮细胞的表面负电荷密度,并可以减轻外因(如,内毒素)对体内细胞和血管的损伤。说明电磁水能够改善微循环,维系正常血流和防止血栓形成。     

Effect of Temperature on the Morphometrical and Physical Parameters of Erythrocytes and Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Carassius gibelio</Emphasis> (Bloch)

Dynamics of the morphometric and physical properties of hemocytes of the Prussian carp Carassius gibelio (Bloch) under the influence of a temperature factor has been studied with atomic force microscopy in experiments in vitro. It is found that, at a low incubation temperature (5°C), as opposed to room temperature (20°C), morphometric parameters change in erythrocytes; at a high temperature (40°C) they change in polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The low incubation temperature reduces the adhesion and elasticity of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and erythrocytes of C. gibelio, whereas a high incubation temperature leads to a decrease in adhesion in polymorphonuclear white blood cells.     

AMP-deaminase activity of circulating leukocytes in the human

It is shown that the AMP-deaminase activity in leucocytes of the human peripheric blood in contrast with the enzyme from erythrocytes manifests its activity only if it is isolated in the presence of K+ or Na+ ions. Pi and GTP being inhibitors of the enzyme in different tissues including erythrocytes do not alter the AMP-deaminase activity in leucocytes. 3,3',5-triiodothyracetic acid markedly decreasing the AMP-deaminase activity of leucocytes does not affect the enzyme activity in the hemolyzate of erythrocytes. The results obtained have shown that the AMP-deaminase activity in leucocytes of the human peripheric blood possesses some regulatory properties differing from those of the enzyme in erythrocytes.     

Vogelblut — eine allometrische übersicht der Bestandteile

Zusammenfassung Die Übersicht behandelt die allometrische Abhängigkeit verschiedener Blutparameter bei Vögeln von der Körpermasse. Folgende Bestandteile und Eigenschaften werden dargestellt: generelle physikalische und chemische Eigenschaften des Blutes, Leukozyten (Zahl, Differentialblutbild, Arneth-Zählung, Ontogenie), Erythrozyten (Zahl, Länge, Breite, Volumen, Hämoglobin-Inhalt, Ontogenie, verschiedene Formen während der Embryogenie, Reifung u. a.), Blutglukose, Hämatokrit, Hämoglobin, MCV, MCH, MCHC, Plasma-Protein-Konzentration, Thrombozyten (Zahl, Ontogenie) und Blutgruppen. Der Einfluß von verschiedenen endogenen (Geschlecht, Hormone, Alter, Größe, Fortbewegungsform, Legeperiode, Brut, Mauser usw.) und exogenen Faktoren (Temperatur, Aktivität, Tagesperiodik, Höhenlage, Klima usw.) wird diskutiert. Die mögliche Veränderung der Blutbestandteile in ihrem Gehalt bzw. in ihrer Zusammensetzung in verschiedenen systematischen Ordnungen innerhalb der Klasse Aves wird dargelegt. Verglichen mit den Säugern (Mammalia) sind es nur sehr wenige Unterschiede, die das Blut der Vögel charakterisieren: Die ovalen Erythrozyten haben alle einen Zellkern, der Blutglukose-Spiegel ist knapp zweimal so hoch, der Plasmaprotein-Gehalt beträchtlich geringer und die kernhaltigen Thrombozyten sind so groß wie die anderen Leukozyten.

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Blood of birds — an allometric review of its components

In this review the allometric relations of different blood parameters to body mass in birds are given. The following parameters are treated: physical and chemical properties, leucocytes (number, differential blood count, Arneth counts, ontogeny), erythrocytes (number, length, width, volume, hemoglobin content, ontogeny, different forms during embryogeny, maturation), blood glucose, hematocrit, hemoglobin, MCV, MCH, MCHC, plasma protein concentration, thrombocytes (number, ontogeny) and blood groups. The influence of different endogenous (sex, hormones, age, laying cycle, breeding, etc.) and exogenous factors (temperature, activity, diurnal cycle, geographical altitude, climate, etc.) is discussed. The taxonomic differentiation in different systematic orders within the birds is presented. Compared to mammalia only very few differences characterize bird blood: The oval erythrocytes are nucleated, blood glucose level is twice as high, plasma protein content is considerably lower and the (nucleated) thrombocytes are as big as the other leucocytes.

     

Role of adenylate kinase, AMP deaminase and 5'-nucleotidase in the metabolism of adenylic nucleotides

The activities of adenylate kinase, AMP-deaminase and 5'-nucleotidase in various tissues of the rat were studied. The activity of the forward adenylate kinase reaction (ATP + AMP----2 ADP) against the back one (2 ADP----ATP + AMP) was predominant. The liver was shown to contain two, while the blood serum--three adenylate kinase isoenzymes. In the skeletal muscles, the catabolism of adenylic acid involving AMP-deaminase and 5'-nucleotidase predominantly occurred via deamination, in the liver--via dephosphorylation, while in the leucocytes, erythrocytes and blood serum the activity of these processes was essentially the same. In vitro, ATP enhanced the activity of AMP-deaminase in the liver, leucocytes and erythrocytes and decreased it in the blood serum. Under effects of ATP, the activity of 5'-nucleotidase in the leucocytes and blood serum was markedly elevated, that in the liver and erythrocytes was unaffected.     

Differences between breeds of rabbits in their susceptibility to the effect of foschlor

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of foschlor on erythrocytes and leucocytes in two breeds of rabbits--Belgian and black-and-tan. Administration of the pesticide caused a considerable drop in the number of erythrocytes, haemoglobin level and haematocrit value in both breeds. Changes in the values of red blood cell indices, characterized by an increase in mean erythrocyte volume and haemoglobin content in blood cells, were observed in the black-and-tan breed only. The pesticide used caused changes in leucocytes in both breeds, expressed as a distinct neutrophilic leucocytosis with lymphopaenia and eosinopaenia. Changes in the leucogram were reflected in the increase in the leucocyte index. The degree of intensity of the changes in both erythrocytes and leucocytes points to the greater resistance of the Belgian breed to intoxication by foschlor than the black-and-tan breed.     

Studies on blood components of an air-breathing siluroid fish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) in relation to body weight.

Different haematological parameters have been studied in relation to the body weight of Heteropneustes fossil (Bloch). The erythrocytes and leucocytes number and haemoglobin concentration increases from lower to higher weight groups. The heart weight also increases along with other blood components. With the unit increase in the body weight of this fish, the heart weight, erythrocytes, leucocytes and haemoglobin increase by a fractional power of 0.85700, 0.13480, 0.13215 and 0.22876, respectively. This shows that haemoglobin increases at a higher rate than erythrocyte number. The coefficient of correlation between body weight and erythrocyte (r = 0.70015), leucocytes (r = 0.95861), haemoglobin (r = 0.96615) and heart weight (0.97577) indicate high degree of correlation. The erythrocytes and leucocytes count and haemoglobin concentration per gram body weight is higher in younger fishes and decrease as the animal grows in size. The haematocrit values and mean corpucsular volumes decrease from lower to higher weight groups, whereas mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration increases with body weight. The erythrocyte cell surface has a decreasing trend from lower to higher weight group. Due to difference in the rate of decrease of greatest and least diameter of erythrocytes, the elliptical shape of R.B.C. which is common in younger animals, becomes circular in higher weight group. The non-granulocytes increase constantly while the percentage of granulocytes decreases from lower to higher weight groups. The lymphocytes constitute the main bulk of all the leucocytes. The total lymphocytes also increase with the body weight. Spindle cells and monocytes are relatively less in numbers. The percentage of eosinophils, basophils and neutrophils also decrease from lower to higher weight groups.     

Assessment of hematologic indices and their correlation to hemoglobin A1c among Bosnian children with type 1 diabetes mellitus and their healthy peers

BackgroundAltered levels of many hematological parameters have been directly associated with diabetes in adults, while studies on children with type 1 diabetes mellitus are lacking. The aim of this study was to determine hematological indices in diabetic Bosnian children in comparison to healthy controls as well as to correlate their levels to blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c.Methods100 healthy and 100 children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (age 1-18) were included in this study. Complete blood count, hemoglobin A1c, and glucose were tested. Results were analysed by IBM SPSS Statistics version 23.ResultsSignificant differences (p<0.05) between healthy and diabetic children were found in relation to HbA1c, glucose, mean platelet volume, the number of white blood cells and erythrocytes, hematocrit, hemoglobin and MCH values. No gender differences or significant age differences were seen for hemoglobin, hematocrit, and MCV, while platelets, MPV, and MCH differed by age only in healthy children. When diabetic children were classified according to HbA1c levels, significant differences were seen for erythrocyte count and hematocrit value (p=0.013 and 0.019, respectively). The number of erythrocytes and white blood cells correlated significantly with HbA1c (p=0.037 and 0.027, respectively).ConclusionsLower levels of erythrocytes, hematocrit, and hemoglobin in diabetic compared to healthy children indicate possible development of anemia, while higher MCV, MCH, and MPV values indicate an alteration in erythrocyte morphology. Hematological indices could be a useful inexpensive tool in the diagnosis and follow up of type 1 diabetes in children.     

Hemoglobin system of golden mullet (Liza aurata,Risso) at adaptation to conditions of outer hypoxia

Under conditions of experiment, effect of outer hypoxia on the hemoglobin heterogeneous system and respiratory blood characteristics were studied in the golden mullet Lisa aurata R. The control fish group was maintained at oxygen pressure of 158–162 gPa, the experimental group at 54–55 gPa. The exposure was 15 days, the water temperature—15°C. Under conditions of oxygen deficit in the mullet body there is noted development of a complex of compensatory reactions directed to maintenance of the oxygen blood capacity. Initially (the 1st–2nd day), the release of erythrocytes from spleen is noted, which increases the number of red blood cells and the hemoglobin concentration in blood (the emergency adaptation). Subsequently (the 10–15th day), there occur quantitative readjustments at the level of the hemoglobin system, which lead to an increase in the blood affinity to oxygen and to a decrease in its sensitivity to pH (the long-term adaptation). The revealed changes take place on the background of a decrease in volume of circulating erythrocytes, which reflects the character of change of erythrocytic parameters (MCV, MCHC) and seems to be a consequence of partial dehydration of blood plasma.     

Ultrastructure of erythrocytes and leucocytes of Priapulus caudatus (de Lamarck) (Priapulida)

The marine priapulid Priapulus caudatus has a voluminous body cavity filled with a blood-like fluid containing erythrocytes and leucocytes (amoebocytes). The hematocrit of animals weighing 0.5–14 gm was 2–10%. The erythrocytes contain a hemerythrin blood pigment. The structure of the coelomocytes was studied by light and electron microscopy. The erythrocytes are nucleated and contain marginal bands, vacuoles and occasionally crystals. The cytoplasm has few organelles. The leucocytes are amoeboid motile cells, the cytoplasm of which contains numerous organelles. The most conspicuous of these are oval particles, probably representing developmental stages of lysosomes. Most of these organelles contain tubules stretching from one pole to another. In the hind part of the animal, certain tissues, primarily the posterior warts contain large numbers of coelomocytes. The histological picture is complicated, showing some resemblance to the lymphoepithelial tissues of vertebrates.     

Luminol assay for microdetermination of superoxide dismutase activity: its application to human fetal blood

A microtechnique for determining the superoxide dismutase activity in erythrocytes is described. This technique involves the inhibition of luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence of superoxide anion generated by xanthine-xanthine oxidase. Measurements required a steady-state chemiluminescence whether superoxide dismutase was present or absent; the level of luminescence was correlated to enzyme activity. Superoxide dismutase activity measured by this technique was 836 +/- 112 micrograms/g of hemoglobin for whole blood and 834 +/- 109 micrograms/g of hemoglobin for erythrocytes. When the reference technique was applied to larger amounts of blood, the results were 862 +/- 58 and 858 +/- 116 micrograms/g of hemoglobin for whole blood and washed erythrocytes, respectively. The enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase from fetal blood (obtained by venipuncture in utero and of 19-26 weeks gestational age) was similar to that of adult blood, when measured by the new technique.     

Haematological observations on a hibernating tuatara,Sphenodon punctatus

Abstract

Quantitative and biochemical observations were made on the peripheral blood of a hibernating female tuatara. The packed red cell volume (haematocrit) was 30%. There were about 260 000 erythrocytes and 5000 leucocytes per mm³ blood. Lymphocytes and neutrophils were the predominant leucocytes, followed by monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Haemoglobin, plasma protein, glucose, sodium, potassium, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were determined. These haematological data are compared with data from the same animal obtained during the active summer period.     

The cellular composition of the blood and haematopoietic organs of turbot Scophthalmus maximus L.

The cellular composition of the blood, anterior kidney, spleen and thymus of turbot Scophrhalmus maximus L., aged 1 + was determined. Ninety-four per cent of blood cells belonged to the erythrocyte lineage of which 82% were mature erythrocytes. The leucocytes, which represented 4.5% of the blood cells, were mainly lymphocytes (50%). The presence of crythroblasts in the anterior kidney and the spleen demonstrated an erythropoietic activity in both organs. However, this activity appeared to be prevalent in the spleen which also appeared to act as a storage zone for erythrocytes and as the centre point for thrombopoiesis. Although 96% of the anterior kidney cells were leucocytes, the number of white cells per gram of organ was higher in the spleen.     

Membrane-bound enzymes: III. Protease activity in leucocytes in relation to erythrocyte membranes

Protease activity was detected in membranes of human and bovine erythrocytes prepared by the conventional procedures which include washing and removal of the “buffy layer”. The enzyme was extracted by 0.75 M KCNS or (NH₄)₂SO₄ and was activated by 0.4 to 0.5 M of the same salts. Colored, particulate hide powder-azure, membrane fractions and soluble proteins such as hemoglobin, casein or albumin were susceptible to hydrolysis by the membraneous protease.Partial purification of the enzyme was accomplished through disc-gel electrophoresis on polyacrylamide in the presence of 0.25% positively charged detergents like cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. An alkaline protease (pH 7.4) with properties similar to those of the erythrocyte enzyme was found in leucocytes. The similarity between the properties of the leucocytic and erythrocytic proteases and the correlation of the activity in erythrocyte membranes with the content of white cells in these preparations, suggest that enzymatic activities in the contaminating leucocytes are responsible for the activity of membraneous proteases in erythrocytes.     

Unchanged in vivo P50 at high altitude despite decreased erythrocyte age and elevated 2,3-diphosphoglycerate

We measured hematological and erythrocyte O2 transport parameters in whole blood and density-separated erythrocytes in 11 mountaineers before and during 5 days of exposure to high altitude (4,559 m). We determined the in vivo (arterial pHblood and PCO2) and standard (pHblood = 7.4, PCO2 = 40 Torr) O2 tension at 50% O2 saturation of hemoglobin and (P50,vv and P50,st) and Bohr coefficients (BC) for fixed acid (H+) and CO2 and examined the contribution of the altered average age of circulating erythrocytes due to the stimulation of erythropoiesis on whole blood 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and P50,st. At altitude, whole blood P50,vv remained almost unchanged, whereas P50,st and 2,3-DPG increased significantly (+4 Torr; 3.5 mumol/g hemoglobin). BCCO2 was elevated significantly at altitude. Serum erythropoietin increased transiently fourfold, iron utilization increased, and serum iron decreased by 66%. Reticulocyte counts increased, but other hematological parameters were unchanged. In density-separated erythrocytes, P50,st and 2,3-DPG increased with decreasing cell density but were higher in fractions with comparable reticulocyte counts in cells prepared at altitude than in those from control studies. Our data show that, despite the increase in 2,3-DPG and the decrease in average erythrocyte age, the in vivo hemoglobin-O2 affinity remains unchanged. P50,st values reflect the elevation of 2,3-DPG, and approximately 50% of the increase in both parameters can be ascribed to the increase in the number of reticulocytes and young erythrocytes.     

Adaptation mechanisms of respiratory blood function in Teleostei

Analysis of osmotic resistance of erythrocytes identified the similarity between marine and freshwater Teleostei and inclination of erythrocytes from freshwater fish to intravascular haemolysis. Structural resistance of hemoglobin was significantly higher in marine species and resistance to dehydration was significantly higher in freshwater fish. The resistance of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in freshwater fish widely varyies depending on species’ inhabitation conditions. Several strategies for stabilization of respiratory function in the blood of Teleostei were formulated as following: (1) a strategy of compensatory type in the fish ontogenesis, (2) formation of different quality resistance to haemolysis of young and mature erythrocytes; (3) variability resistance of hemoglobin to dehydration and (4) transformation of homeostasis of an organism in extreme conditions.     

Membrane-bound enzymes. III. Protease activity in leucocytes in relation to erythrocyte membranes.

Protease activity was detected in membranes of human bovine erythrocytes prepared by the conventional procedures which include washing and removal of the "buffy layer". The enzyme was extracted by 0.75 M KCNS or (NH4)2SO4 and was activated by 0.4 to 0.5 M of the same salts. Colored, particulate hide powder-azure, membrane fractions and soluble proteins such as hemoglobin, casein or albumin were susceptible to hydrolysis by the membraneous protease. Partial purification of the enzyme was accomplished through disc-gel electrophoresis on polyacrylamide in the presence of 0.25% positively charged detergents like cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. An alkaline protease (pH 7.4) with properties similar to those of the erythrocyte enzyme was found in leucocytes. The similarity between the properties of the leucocytic and erythrocytic proteases and the correlation of the activity in erythrocyte membranes with content of white cells in these preparations, suggest that enzymatic activities in the contaminating leucocytes are responsible for the activity of membraneous proteases in erythrocytes.