Efficient cloning and expression of a thermostable nitrile hydratase in Escherichia coli using an auto-induction fed-batch strategy

A nitrile hydratase (NHase) gene from Aurantimonas manganoxydans was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). A downstream gene adjacent to the β-subunit was necessary for the functional expression of the recombinant NHase. The structural gene order of the Co-type NHase was α-subunit beyond β-subunit, different from the order typically reported for Co-type NHase genes. The NHase exhibited adequate thermal stability, with a half-life of 1.5 h at 50 °C. The NHase efficiently hydrated 3-cyanopyridine to produce nicotinamide. In a 1-L reaction mixture, 3.6 mol of 3-cyanopyridine was completely converted to nicotinamide in four feedings, exhibiting a productivity of 187 g nicotinamide/g dry cell weight/h. An industrial auto-induction medium was applied to produce the recombinant NHase in 10-L fermenter. A glycerol-limited feeding method was performed, and a final activity of 2170 U/mL culture was achieved. These results suggested that the recombinant NHase was efficiently cloned and produced in E. coli.     

Biodegradation of carbazole in oil/water biphasic system by a newly isolated bacterium Klebsiella sp. LSSE-H2

A novel Klebsiella sp. strain LSSE-H2 (CGMCC No. 1624) was isolated from dye-contaminated soil based on its ability to metabolize carbazole as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen. This strain efficiently degraded carbazole from either aqueous and biphasic aqueous–organic media, displaying a high denitrogenation activity and a high level of solvent tolerance. LSSE-H2 could completely degrade 12 mmol/L carbazole after 56 h of cultivation. The co-culture of LSSE-H2 and Pseudomonas delafieldii R-8 strains can degrade approximately 92% of carbazole (10 mmol/L) and 94% of dibenzothiophene (3 mmol/L) from model diesel in 12 h.     

Acrylamide biodegradation ability and plant growth-promoting properties of Variovorax boronicumulans CGMCC 4969

Species of the genus Variovorax are often isolated from nitrile or amide-containing organic compound-contaminated soil. However, there have been few biological characterizations of Variovorax and their contaminant-degrading enzymes. Previously, we reported a new soil isolate, Variovorax boronicumulans CGMCC 4969, and its nitrile hydratase that transforms the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid into an amide metabolite. In this study, we showed that CGMCC 4969 is able to degrade acrylamide, a neurotoxicant and carcinogen in animals, during cell growth in a mineral salt medium as well as in its resting state. Resting cells rapidly hydrolyzed 600 mg/L acrylamide to acrylic acid with a half-life of 2.5 min. In in vitro tests, CGMCC 4969 showed plant growth-promoting properties; it produced a siderophore, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, and the phytohormone salicylic acid. Interestingly, in soil inoculated with this strain, 200 mg/L acrylamide was completely degraded in 4 days. Gene cloning and overexpression in the Escherichia coli strain Rosetta (DE3) pLysS resulted in the production of an aliphatic amidase of 345 amino acids that hydrolyzed acrylamide into acrylic acid. The amidase contained a conserved catalytic triad, Glu59, Lys 134, and Cys166, and an “MRHGDISSS” amino acid sequence at the N-terminal region. Variovorax boronicumulans CGMCC 4969, which is able to use acrylamide for cell growth and rapidly degrade acrylamide in soil, shows promising plant growth-promoting properties. As such, it has the potential to be developed into an effective Bioaugmentation strategy to promote growth of field crops in acrylamide-contaminated soil.     

Osmoregulated trehalose-derived oligosaccharides in Sinorhizobium meliloti

Sinorhizobium meliloti is a soil bacterium accumulating glutamate, N-acetylglutaminyl glutamine amide and trehalose in hyperosmolarity. Besides these compatible solutes, we highlighted several compounds in S. meliloti Rm1021 wild-type strain. The purification and the structural characterization based on liquid chromatography evaporative light scattering detector, electrospray ionization high resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques showed they were four linear oligosaccharides composed of 3, 4, 5 and 6 glucose units all linked by α-(1 → 2) linkages except a terminal α-(1 ↔ 1) linkage. These oligosaccharides were cytoplasmic and were observed in several wild-type strains suggesting they were common features in S. meliloti strains grown in hyperosmolarity.     

Crucial factors affecting the nitrile hydratase production of Mesorhizobium sp. F28

Mesorhizobium sp. F28 contains cobalt-NHase, which effectively converts acrylonitrile into acrylamide. When urea was added to the culture medium, the NHase activity was 62.3 U ml^?1 (R2A–R2A/urea) after 22.5 h of cultivation, which was similar to that in the medium without addition (R2A–R2A, 70.0 U ml^?1). The relative activity of the purified NHase was 100%, 92%, 94%, and 92% in the medium containing, respectively, 0 mM, 2 mM, 5 mM, and 10 mM of urea. Urea had no significant effect on the purified NHase activity of Mesorhizobium sp. F28. This research did not observe the NHase production by Mesorhizobium sp. F28 when acrylonitrile was supplemented in the culture medium except that cobalt ions existed. The highest enzyme activity was 328.5 U ml^?1 as cobalt ions were added in the pre-culture and culture medium after 22.5 h of cultivation (R2A/Co-R2A/Co); compared to media without cobalt ions (R2A–R2A, 22.5 h, 70.5 U ml^?1) this is an almost five-fold enhancement. It can be concluded that culture media containing cobalt ions was beneficial for the formation of active NHase of Mesorhizobium sp. F28.     

Self-Subunit Swapping Occurs in Another Gene Type of Cobalt Nitrile Hydratase

Self-subunit swapping is one of the post-translational maturation of the cobalt-containing nitrile hydratase (Co-NHase) family of enzymes. All of these NHases possess a gene organization of <β-subunit> <α-subunit> <activator protein>, which allows the activator protein to easily form a mediatory complex with the α-subunit of the NHase after translation. Here, we discovered that the incorporation of cobalt into another type of Co-NHase, with a gene organization of <α-subunit> <β-subunit> <activator protein>, was also dependent on self-subunit swapping. We successfully isolated a recombinant NHase activator protein (P14K) of Pseudomonas putida NRRL-18668 by adding a Strep-tag N-terminal to the P14K gene. P14K was found to form a complex [α(StrepP14K)₂] with the α-subunit of the NHase. The incorporation of cobalt into the NHase of P. putida was confirmed to be dependent on the α-subunit substitution between the cobalt-containing α(StrepP14K)₂ and the cobalt-free NHase. Cobalt was inserted into cobalt-free α(StrepP14K)₂ but not into cobalt-free NHase, suggesting that P14K functions not only as a self-subunit swapping chaperone but also as a metallochaperone. In addition, NHase from P. putida was also expressed by a mutant gene that was designed with a <β-subunit> <α-subunit> <P14K> order. Our findings expand the general features of self-subunit swapping maturation.     

Optimization of the cryopreservation of African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) sperm

Cryopreservation of testicular sperm in the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, was tested using three penetrating cryoprotectants (DMSO, methanol, and glycerol) and three semen diluents (300 mmol/L glucose, 300 mmol/L sucrose, and a motility inhibiting saline [MIS] solution [150 mmol/L NaCl, 3 mmol/L KCL, 1 mmol/L Mg₂SO₄, 1 mmol/L CaCl₂, and 20 mmol/L Tris, pH 8.0]). Three freezing rates and four thawing rates were also tested, and the best freezing/thawing conditions have been determined. The responses of sperm motility, viability, and fertility were assessed. Incubation of the sperm macerates with penetrating cryoprotectants showed that DMSO was the least toxic and methanol the most toxic. Semen in cryodiluents frozen 10 cm above the surface of liquid nitrogen (freezing rate of 20 to 25 °C/min) and thawed at room temperature for 40 sec had significantly higher percentages of motile and viable sperm than that of semen frozen 5 cm or 8 cm above the surface of liquid nitrogen and thawed at 5, 25, or 30 °C for 10, 15, or 60 sec, respectively. Sperm frozen in MIS containing 5% DMSO had a higher hatching rate than that of sperm frozen in sucrose and glucose diluents containing 5% or 10% DMSO and in MIS containing 10% DMSO. Addition of 73 mmol/L sucrose to the sperm extender MIS + 5% DMSO could improve the postthaw sperm motility and fertility. In conclusion, dilution of collected sperm in MIS solution (to have a final concentration of 6.5 × 10⁶ to 8 × 10⁶/mL) containing 5% DMSO and 73 mmol/L sucrose, freezing in a vapor of liquid nitrogen at 10 cm above the surface, and thawing at room temperature for 40 sec was the best cryopreservation protocol. This protocol gave 70% hatching rate, 80% motility rate, and 75% viability rate of fresh hormonally induced sperm.     

The Fe-type nitrile hydratase from Comamonas testosteroni Ni1 does not require an activator accessory protein for expression in Escherichia coli

We report herein the functional expression of an Fe-type nitrile hydratase (NHase) without the co-expression of an activator protein or the Escherichia coli chaperone proteins GroES/EL. Soluble protein was obtained when the α- and β-subunit genes of the Fe-type NHase Comamonas testosteroni Ni1 (CtNHase) were synthesized with optimized E. coli codon usage and co-expressed. As a control, the Fe-type NHase from Rhodococcus equi TG328–2 (ReNHase) was expressed with (ReNHase^+Act) and without (ReNHase^?Act) its activator protein, establishing that expression of a fully functional, metallated ReNHase enzyme requires the co-expression of its activator protein, similar to all other Fe-type NHase enzymes reported to date, whereas the CtNHase does not. The X-ray crystal structure of CtNHase was determined to 2.4 Å resolution revealing an αβ heterodimer, similar to other Fe-type NHase enzymes, except for two important differences. First, two His residues reside in the CtNHase active site that are not observed in other Fe-type NHase enzymes and second, the active site Fe(III) ion resides at the bottom of a wide solvent exposed channel. The solvent exposed active site, along with the two active site histidine residues, are hypothesized to play a role in iron incorporation in the absence of an activator protein.     

Development of a Functional Genomics Platform for Sinorhizobium meliloti: Construction of an ORFeome

The nitrogen-fixing, symbiotic bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti reduces molecular dinitrogen to ammonia in a specific symbiotic context, supporting the nitrogen requirements of various forage legumes, including alfalfa. Determining the DNA sequence of the S. meliloti genome was an important step in plant-microbe interaction research, adding to the considerable information already available about this bacterium by suggesting possible functions for many of the >6,200 annotated open reading frames (ORFs). However, the predictive power of bioinformatic analysis is limited, and putting the role of these genes into a biological context will require more definitive functional approaches. We present here a strategy for genetic analysis of S. meliloti on a genomic scale and report the successful implementation of the first step of this strategy by constructing a set of plasmids representing 100% of the 6,317 annotated ORFs cloned into a mobilizable plasmid by using efficient PCR and recombination protocols. By using integrase recombination to insert these ORFs into other plasmids in vitro or in vivo (B. L. House et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:2806-2815, 2004), this ORFeome can be used to generate various specialized genetic materials for functional analysis of S. meliloti, such as operon fusions, mutants, and protein expression plasmids. The strategy can be generalized to many other genome projects, and the S. meliloti clones should be useful for investigators wanting an accessible source of cloned genes encoding specific enzymes.     

The role of Methanomassiliicoccales in trimethylamine metabolism in the rumen of dairy cows

A considerable amount of trimethylamine (TMA) is likely generated in the rumen; however, its metabolism is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of Methanomassiliicoccales (Mmc) in TMA metabolism in the rumen of dairy cows. Three experiments, two rumen in vitro fermentation trials and one dairy cow in vivo trial, were conducted. Four groups were set in Experiment 1: control, nitroglycerin (NG, a methanogen inhibitor), TMA (7.2 mmol/L), and TMA + NG. The methanogenic activity was completely inhibited in the NG group, and no methane production was observed in the NG and TMA + NG groups. The TMA content hardly reduced in the TMA + NG group (6.9 mmol/L) following a 2 d-incubation; in contrast, it demonstrated a significant reduction by 47.2% in the TMA group. Methanogen 16S rRNA gene sequencing and real-time PCR showed that the relative abundance of Mmc increased in the TMA group (P = 0.005). The increase was mainly attributed to two species-level taxa, Group 9 sp. ISO4-G1 and Group 10 sp. Four groups were set in Experiment 2: control, NG, choline (choline chloride, 7.2 mmol/L), and choline + NG. Choline was completely degraded in 24 h, and the TMA content reached the peak point (7.3 mmol/L) in the fermentation culture. The TMA content remained relatively stable in the choline + NG group following the peak point. However, it started to decrease after 24 h in the choline group, corresponding to the rapid increase in methane production and the abundance of Mmc. Eight mid-lactating, rumen-fistulated Holstein cows were randomly assigned to the control (n = 4) or choline (n = 4) group in Experiment 3: In the choline group, cows were gradually supplemented with 100–250 g/(cow·d) of choline chloride over 4 weeks. Compared to the control group, TMA accumulated in the rumen fluid, and the abundance of Mmc 16S rRNA gene and choline-degrading bacterial cutC gene increased in the rumen content in the choline group (P < 0.050). The trimethylamine N-oxide content in the plasma and milk of the dairy cows was approximately 10 times higher in the choline group than that in the control at the end of the experiment. These findings revealed that Mmc played an important role in the elimination of TMA in the rumen. The accumulation of TMA in the rumen would lead to a large amount of TMA absorbed into the blood stream of the dairy cows.     

Chaperone-assisted maturation of the recombinant Fe-type nitrile hydratase is insufficient for fully active expression in Escherichia coli

Nitrile hydratase (NHase) has attracted substantial attention for industrial applications to produce large-scale amides. Several NHases have been investigated for functional expression in Escherichia coli (E. coli). A Fe-type NHase was obtained from an acetamiprid-degrading bacterium, Pseudoxanthomonas sp. AAP-7 and functionally expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). No significant NHase activity was detected from the E. coli expressing either the NHase gene alone or NHase and P46K genes transcribed as one unit. Purified recombinant NHase, co-expressed with P46K on two separate plasmids, exhibited the maximal enzyme activity. Furthermore, a GST tag attached to the N-terminus of α subunit resulted in a slight increase in the solubility and stability of NHase compared with a His tag at the C-terminus of β subunit. When co-expressed with the chaperones GroEL-GroES, the yield of the soluble recombinant NHase was improved substantially, while a small decrease in NHase activity was observed. The putative activator P46K was strictly required for production of the recombinant NHase for full enzyme activity, although the chaperones GroEL-GroES appeared to assist NHase to fold properly. This study of the expression of a fully active Fe-type NHase would provide another example to enhance our understanding of NHase biosynthesis.     

High-level expression in Corynebacterium glutamicum of nitrile hydratase from Rhodococcus rhodochrous for acrylamide production

The nhhBAG gene of Rhodococcus rhodochrous M33 that encodes nitrile hydratase (NHase), converting acrylonitrile into acrylamide, was cloned and expressed in Corynebacterium glutamicum under the control of an ilvC promoter. The specific enzyme activity in recombinant C. glutamicum cells was about 13.6 μmol/min/mg dry cell weight (DCW). To overexpress the NHase, five types of plasmid variants were constructed by introducing mutations into 80 nucleotides near the translational initiation region (TIR) of nhhB. Of them, pNBM4 with seven mutations showed the highest NHase activity, exhibiting higher expression levels of NhhB and NhhA than wild-type pNBW33, mainly owing to decreased secondary-structure stability and an introduction of a conserved Shine-Dalgarno sequence in the translational initiation region. In a fed-batch culture of recombinant Corynebacterium cells harboring pNBM4, the cell density reached 53.4 g DCW/L within 18 h, and the specific and total enzyme activities were estimated to be 37.3 μmol/min/mg DCW and 1,992 μmol/min/mL, respectively. The use of recombinant Corynebacterium cells for the production of acrylamide from acrylonitrile resulted in a conversion yield of 93 % and a final acrylamide concentration of 42.5 % within 6 h when the total amount of fed acrylonitrile was 456 g.     

The functional half-life of an mRNA depends on the ribosome spacing in an early coding region

Bacterial mRNAs are translated by closely spaced ribosomes and degraded from the 5′-end, with half-lives of around 2 min at 37 °C in most cases. Ribosome-free or “naked” mRNA is known to be readily degraded, but the initial event that inactivates the mRNA functionally has not been fully described. Here, we characterize a determinant of the functional stability of an mRNA, which is located in the early coding region. Using literature values for the mRNA half-lives of variant lacZ mRNAs in Escherichia coli, we modeled how the ribosome spacing is affected by the translation rate of the individual codons. When comparing the ribosome spacing at various segments of the mRNA to its functional half-life, we found a clear correlation between the functional mRNA half-life and the ribosome spacing in the mRNA region approximately between codon 20 and codon 45. From this finding, we predicted that inserts of slowly translated codons before codon 20 or after codon 45 should shorten or prolong, respectively, the functional mRNA half-life by altering the ribosome density in the important region. These predictions were tested on eight new lacZ variants, and their experimentally determined mRNA half-lives all supported the model. We thus suggest that translation-rate-mediated differences in the spacing between ribosomes in this early coding region is a parameter that determines the mRNAs functional half-life. We present a model that is in accordance with many earlier observations and that allows a prediction of the functional half-life of a given mRNA sequence.     

Cloning and functional expression of a nitrile hydratase (NHase) from Rhodococcus equi TG328-2 in Escherichia coli, its purification and biochemical characterisation

The nitrile hydratase (NHase, EC 4.2.1.84) genes (α and β subunit) and the corresponding activator gene from Rhodococcus equi TG328-2 were cloned and sequenced. This Fe-type NHase consists of 209 amino acids (α subunit, M_r 23 kDa) and 218 amino acids (β subunit, M_r 24 kDa) and the NHase activator of 413 amino acids (M_r 46 kDa). Various combinations of promoter, NHase and activator genes were constructed to produce active NHase enzyme recombinantly in E. coli. The maximum enzyme activity (844 U/mg crude cell extract towards methacrylonitrile) was achieved when the NHase activator gene was separately co-expressed with the NHase subunit genes in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The overproduced enzyme was purified with 61% yield after French press, His-tag affinity chromatography, ultrafiltration and lyophilization and showed typical Fe-type NHase characteristics: besides aromatic and heterocyclic nitriles, aliphatic ones were hydrated preferentially. The purified enzyme had a specific activity of 6,290 U/mg towards methacrylonitrile. Enantioselectivity was observed for aromatic compounds only with E values ranging 5–17. The enzyme displayed a broad pH optimum from 6 to 8.5, was most active at 30°C and showed the highest stability at 4°C in thermal inactivation studies between 4°C and 50°C.     

Stability of phycocyanin extracted from Spirulina sp.: Influence of temperature,pH and preservatives

Temperature and pH play an important role in the stability of phycocyanin, a natural blue colorant. Systematic investigations showed the maximum stability of phycocyanin was in the pH range 5.5–6.0. Incubation at temperatures between 47 and 64 °C caused the concentration (C_R) and half-life of phycocyanin in solution to decrease rapidly. The C_R value remained at approximately 50% after incubating for 30 min at 59 °C. After heating at 60 °C for 15 min, the C_R value of phycocyanin at pH 7.0 was maintained at around 62–70% when 20–40% glucose or sucrose was added, and the half-life increased from 19 min to 30–44 min. 2.5% sodium chloride was found to be an effective preservative for phycocyanin at pH 7.0 as a C_R value of 76% was maintained and the half-life of 67 min was increased.     

The preparation and antihyperlipidaemic assay of piperlonguminine in vivo

The natural product piperlonguminine (GBN) which is extracted from Piper longum Linn., has high antihyperlipidaemic activity and low toxicity. However, the content of natural GBN in P. longum (0.20–0.25%) is low, and it is not easy to prepare enough sample of natural GBN for further studies, such as large-scale animal experiments. Therefore, in the present study, we tested and confirmed the antihyperlipidaemic activity of chemically synthesised GBN in rats for the first time. The results of the antihyperlipidaemic assay in vivo showed that synthetic GBN had significant lipid-lowering activities. Synthetic GBN not only inhibited body weight gain (66.3 ± 22.50 g vs. 83.9 ± 19.95 g) but also significantly decreased total cholesterol (TC, 9.67 ± 3.32 mmol/L vs. 22.26 ± 5.84 mmol/L), total glycerol (TG, 1.47 ± 0.08 mmol/L vs. 2.86 ± 0.75 mmol/L), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, 3.57 ± 1.15 mmol/L vs. 5.44 ± 1.42 mmol/L) while increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, 1.31 ± 0.56 mmol/L vs. 0.68 ± 0.20 mmol/L) in the serum of rats fed a high-fat diet.     

Increased Atherogenic Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Untreated Subclinical Hypothyroidism

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of physiologic doses of levothyroxine replacement on the lipoprotein profile in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH).MethodsIn a prospective, double-blind, placebo- controlled study, we enrolled 120 patients—mostly, but not exclusively, premenopausal women—with SCH. Patients were randomly assigned to either a levothyroxine- treated group (n = 60) or a placebo (control) group (n = 60). Total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) were measured before and 52 weeks after assignment to either group.ResultsIn the levothyroxine-treated group, the lipoprotein mean values before and after the 52-week study were as follows: TC, 5.05 ± 0.98 mmol/L versus 4.74 ± 0.87 mmol/L (P < .0001); LDL-C, 3.30 ± 0.90 mmol/L versus 2.89 ± 0.59 mmol/L (P < .01); TG, 1.18 ± 0.71 mmol/L versus 0.95 ± 0.53 mmol/L (P < .002); and HDL-C, 1.20 ± 0.33 mmol/L versus 1.19 ± 0.32 mmol/L (P = .29). In the control group, TC, HDL-C, and TG values remained unchanged after 52 weeks in comparison with baseline, but LDL-C mean values increased from 2.79 ± 0.60 mmol/L to 3.11 ± 0.77 mmol/L, a change that was statistically significant (P < .001). At the end of the study, the lipid profile changes between levothyroxine- treated and control groups were compared. Total cholesterol and LDL-C were significantly lower in the levothyroxine-receiving group (P < .029 and P < .0001, respectively) in comparison with the control group. The difference did not reach statistical significance for TG and HDL-C values.ConclusionIn premenopausal women, SCH has a negative effect on the lipoprotein profile and may translate into a sizable cardiovascular risk if left untreated. (Endocr Pract. 2008;14:570-575)     

Characterization of a copper-resistant symbiotic bacterium isolated from Medicago lupulina growing in mine tailings

A root nodule bacterium, Sinorhizobium meliloti CCNWSX0020, resistant to 1.4 mM Cu²⁺ was isolated from Medicago lupulina growing in mine tailings. In medium supplied with copper, this bacterium showed cell deformation and aggregation due to precipitation of copper on the cell surface. Genes similar to the copper-resistant genes, pcoR and pcoA from Escherichia coli, were amplified by PCR from a 1.4-Mb megaplasmid. Inoculation with S. meliloti CCNWSX0020 increased the biomass of M. lupulina grown in medium added 0 and 100 mg Cu²⁺ kg⁻¹ by 45.8% and 78.2%, respectively, and increased the copper concentration inside the plant tissues grown in medium supplied with 100 μM Cu²⁺ by 39.3%, demonstrating that it is a prospective symbiotic system for bioremediation purposes.     

The KIT Gene Is Associated with the English Spotting Coat Color Locus and Congenital Megacolon in Checkered Giant Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

The English spotting coat color locus in rabbits, also known as Dominant white spotting locus, is determined by an incompletely dominant allele (En). Rabbits homozygous for the recessive wild-type allele (en/en) are self-colored, heterozygous En/en rabbits are normally spotted, and homozygous En/En animals are almost completely white. Compared to vital en/en and En/en rabbits, En/En animals are subvital because of a dilated (“mega”) cecum and ascending colon. In this study, we investigated the role of the KIT gene as a candidate for the English spotting locus in Checkered Giant rabbits and characterized the abnormalities affecting enteric neurons and c-kit positive interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in the megacolon of En/En rabbits. Twenty-one litters were obtained by crossing three Checkered Giant bucks (En/en) with nine Checkered Giant (En/en) and two en/en does, producing a total of 138 F1 and backcrossed rabbits. Resequencing all coding exons and portions of non-coding regions of the KIT gene in 28 rabbits of different breeds identified 98 polymorphisms. A single nucleotide polymorphism genotyped in all F1 families showed complete cosegregation with the English spotting coat color phenotype (θ = 0.00 LOD  = 75.56). KIT gene expression in cecum and colon specimens of En/En (pathological) rabbits was 5–10% of that of en/en (control) rabbits. En/En rabbits showed reduced and altered c-kit immunolabelled ICC compared to en/en controls. Morphometric data on whole mounts of the ascending colon showed a significant decrease of HuC/D (P<0.05) and substance P (P<0.01) immunoreactive neurons in En/En vs. en/en. Electron microscopy analysis showed neuronal and ICC abnormalities in En/En tissues. The En/En rabbit model shows neuro-ICC changes reminiscent of the human non-aganglionic megacolon. This rabbit model may provide a better understanding of the molecular abnormalities underlying conditions associated with non-aganglionic megacolon.     

Optimization and kinetic study on the synthesis of palm oil ester using Lipozyme TL IM

Enzymatic synthesis of palm oil esters (POE) was carried out via alcoholysis of palm oil (PO) and oleyl alcohol (OA) catalyzed by Lipozyme TL IM. The optimum reaction conditions were: temperature: 60 °C; enzyme load: 24.7 wt%; substrate ratio: 1:3 (PO/OA), impeller speed: 275 rpm and reaction time: 3 h. At the optimum condition, the conversion of POE was 79.54%. Reusability study showed that Lipozyme TL IM could be used for 5 cycles with conversion above 50%. The alcoholysis reaction kinetic follows the Ping-Pong Bi-Bi mechanism characterized by the V_max, K_m(PO), and K_m(OA) values of 32.7 mmol/min, 0.3147 mmol/ml and 0.9483 mmol/ml, respectively. The relationship between initial reaction rate and temperature was also established based on the Arrhenius law.