Interactive effects of local and landscape factors on farmland carabids

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Crop–noncrop spillover: arable fields affect trophic interactions on wild plants in surrounding habitats

Ecosystem processes in agricultural landscapes are often triggered by resource availability in crop and noncrop habitats. We investigated how oilseed rape (OSR; Brassica napus, Brassicaceae) affects noncrop plants in managed systems and semi-natural habitat, using trophic interactions among wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis, Brassicaceae), rape pollen beetles (Meligethes aeneus, Nitidulidae) and their parasitoids (Tersilochus heterocerus, Ichneumonidae). We exposed wild mustard as phytometer plants in two cropland habitat types (wheat field, field margin) and three noncrop habitat types (fallow, grassland, wood margin) across eight landscapes along a gradient from simple to complex (quantified as % arable land). Both landscape and local factors affected the abundance of rape pollen beetles and parasitoids. Rape pollen beetle infestation and parasitism rates on these plants were lower in noncrop habitats and higher in wheat fields and field margins, whereas beetles and parasitoids responded differently to landscape scale parameters. We found the hypothesized spillover from OSR crop onto wild plants in surrounding habitats only for parasitoids, but not for pollen beetles. Parasitism rates were not related to landscape simplification, but benefited from increasing proportions of OSR. In contrast, rape pollen beetles benefited from simple landscape structures, presumably due to multi-annual population build-ups resulting from long-term OSR planting (as part of the crop rotation). In conclusion, we showed that spillover from cropland affects parasitism rates on related wild plants outside cropland, which has not been shown so far, but can be expected to be a widespread effect shaping noncrop food webs.     

作物多样性对大豆蚜的控蚜效应

【目的】研究大豆蚜发生为害及大豆与多种作物间邻作种植对大豆蚜的控制作用,为大豆蚜的可持续综合治理提供理论依据。【方法】采用系统调查的方法,研究大豆蚜和天敌田间种群动态;通过田间罩笼、人工接蚜和释放天敌的方法,研究捕食性天敌对大豆蚜种群的控制作用;在佳木斯地区进行大豆与早熟马铃薯间作,牡丹江地区进行黄瓜-大豆-玉米、甜葫芦-大豆-玉米、烟草-大豆-香瓜、甜菜-大豆-玉米等多作物带状穿插种植模式,以单作大豆田为对照,对不同种植模式的大豆田大豆蚜与天敌进行调查,研究作物多样性对大豆蚜的控制作用。【结果】2009年6月中下旬大豆蚜开始侵入大豆田,3~5周后田间有蚜株率达到100%,大豆蚜种群发生高峰期在7月下旬至8月上旬,9月上旬在田间逐渐消失。草蛉、瓢虫和寄生蜂等为蚜虫天敌优势种;按大豆蚜与天敌数量之比700︰1,释放异色瓢虫和叶色草蛉成虫7 d后,蚜虫种群减退率分别为54.78%和78.79%;大豆与早熟马铃薯间作,在大豆蚜种群迅速增长期早熟马铃薯收获(7月20日)后第5天,豆田蚜虫天敌总数是收获前的2.6倍,与同期单作大豆田相比,间作田大豆蚜种群数量降低了51.3%。大豆与甜葫芦、香瓜、烟草和玉米等作物进行多样性间作种植,在大豆蚜田间发生高峰期,单作豆田益害比为1︰65.2,多样性种植区的大豆田益害比为1︰26~1︰42,与单作大豆田相比,间作田大豆蚜种群数量降低40.7%~83.5%。【结论】2009年大豆蚜的种群高峰期为8月3日,田间的天敌优势种类为草蛉、瓢虫和寄生蜂。早熟马铃薯与大豆间作,在大豆蚜种群迅速增长期间收获早熟马铃薯,大量蚜虫天敌转移至间作的大豆田,从而形成对大豆蚜的控制。大豆与其它经济作物间邻作,大豆田天敌昆虫与蚜虫的益害比明显提高,表明利用农田作物多样性能充分发挥自然天敌的生物控害作用。     

Antagonistic effects of soybean viruses on soybean aphid performance

Although there is long-standing recognition that pest complexes require different management approaches than individual pests, relatively little research has explored how pests interact. In particular, little is known of how herbivorous insects and plant pathogens interact when sharing the same host plant. The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Mastumura, a recently introduced pest of soybean in the upper midwestern United States, and a complex of plant viruses vectored to soybean by insects have become a major concern for growers in the region. Given the abundance of soybean aphid and the increase in virus incidence in recent years, soybean aphids often use soybean infected by plant viral pathogens. We tested the hypothesis that soybean aphid performance is affected by virus infection of soybean plants. We conducted a series of field and laboratory experiments that examined how infection of soybeans with the common plant viruses, alfalfa mosaic, soybean mosaic, and bean pod mottle viruses, influenced soybean aphid performance. Soybean plants (in the field and laboratory) were hand inoculated with individual viruses, and aphids were allowed to colonize plants naturally in field experiments or added to the plants in clip-cages or within mesh bags in laboratory assays. In the field, aphid density on uninfected control soybean plants was nearly double that on infected plants. In laboratory assays, aphid population growth rates were on average 20% lower for aphids on virus infected compared with uninfected plants. Life table analyses showed that increased mortality on virus-infected plants likely explain differences in aphid population growth. Although there was some heterogeneity in the significance of treatment effects among different experiments, when independent experiments are taken together, there is on average an overall negative effect of these viruses on soybean aphids.     

Agricultural landscapes with organic crops support higher pollinator diversity

Pollinators are traditionally thought to perceive non-flowering crop fields as hostile landscape matrix. In this study, we show that landscapes composed of higher proportions of organic crop fields support more bee species at greater abundances in fallow strips. An increase in organic cropping in the surrounding landscape from 5% to 20% enhanced bee species richness in fallow strips by 50%, density of solitary bees by 60% and bumble bee density by 150%. Bee species richness and bumble bee density responded strongest to organic cropping in landscape sectors with 500 m radius, solitary bee density in landscape sectors with 250 m radius. The most likely source of these results is that crop and noncrop habitats are strongly connected via bee foraging at the landscape scale. It seems likely that bees depending on nesting sites in fallow strips benefited from the more abundant flower resources provided by broadleaved weeds in organic crop fields. We conclude that the incorporation of organic crop fields into conventionally managed agricultural landscapes can provide food resources needed to sustain greater pollinator species richness in noncrop habitats.     

豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂和广双瘤蚜茧蜂田间发生动态及田间繁育

豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus fabarum Marshall和广双瘤蚜茧蜂Binodoxys communis Gahan是大豆田大豆蚜的重要寄生蜂。2009—2010年,采取棋盘式采样和随机抽样调查相结合的方法,在辽宁岫岩对大豆田内的豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂和广双瘤蚜茧蜂的发生动态进行了研究。结果显示,2009年,豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂6月20号前后在田间开始少量发生,7月上旬数量急速上升,中旬达到最高值,然后开始下降;8月中旬出现第2个高峰,数量上明显小于第1个高峰期,但2010年只有1个高峰,第2个高峰不明显;广双瘤蚜茧蜂6月底开始出现并不断上升,到7月上、中旬达到一定量后持续到8月底。总体来说,豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂发生的时间比广双瘤蚜茧蜂早,且数量也较多。同时在大田按照不同的处理,对豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂进行大田罩笼繁殖研究,当豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂与适龄蚜虫数量比值为1:100的情况下产生的僵蚜数量最多。为大田有效利用蚜茧蜂控制大豆蚜提供了必要的基础资料。     

Effect of sowing date and straw mulch on virus incidence and aphid infestation in organically grown faba beans (Vicia faba)

The effect of sowing date on aphid infestation and the incidence of aphid-transmitted viruses were investigated in organically managed, small-scale field experiments with two faba bean cultivars over 3 years (2002–04). As an additional factor, straw mulch was applied in 2 of the 3 years shortly before the start of vector activity in May. Virus incidence was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoelectron microscopy. Aphid flight activity was monitored using standard yellow water traps. Bean colonising aphids were assessed throughout the vegetation period by counting the number of plants infested with Acyrthosiphon pisum , Megoura viciae and Aphis fabae . Pea enation mosaic virus and bean yellow mosaic virus were the most abundant aphid-transmitted viruses, being detected in 22–54% and 9–69%, respectively, of the total number of virus-infected plants analysed per year. Further aphid-transmitted viruses found in faba bean were bean leaf roll virus, beet western yellows virus, clover yellow vein virus (in 2002) and soybean dwarf virus (in 2004). A. pisum was the predominant aphid species colonising faba bean plants. Early sowing compared with late sowing led to a significant reduction of the total virus incidence in faba bean in all 3 years. However, significantly decreased levels of A. pisum colonisation as a result of early sowing were observed only in 1 year and one cultivar. Irrespective of sowing date, straw mulching had no significant effects on virus incidence and aphid colonisation. Compared with late sowing, early sowing significantly increased bean yield in all 3 years and kernel weight in 2 years, whereas straw mulching had no effect on yield.     

药剂包衣对苗期大豆蚜防治效果与安全性评价

【目的】大豆蚜Aphis glycines(Matsumura)是大豆上最重要的害虫之一。传统控制大豆蚜虫仍然以达到防治指标时大量喷洒化学药剂为主,危害人畜和环境安全。只有在大豆蚜发生初期进行有效防控,使其田间种群不能及时顺利的建立,从而实现无公害绿色防控。【方法】对筛选出的3种内吸式杀虫剂按不同浓度拌种包衣进行大田小区试验,调查分析包衣处理对大豆蚜、天敌以及大豆田其他害虫的影响和控制作用,同时对包衣处理后的大豆安全性、产量和品质进行评估。【结果】药剂拌种包衣处理能够显著压低苗期大豆蚜虫口基数,2014年对照区与处理区蚜量最高峰值比值最大达到448.15;同时对苗期大豆田间的双斑萤叶甲Monolepta hieroglyphica(Motschulsky)有很好的控制作用,处理区与对照区的受害株率差异极显著;并且保护了自然天敌种群;药剂拌种包衣处理在显著增产的同时还有效提升了大豆品质;经权威检测,收获后的籽粒在检出限内无药剂残留。【结论】药剂拌种包衣处理能有效控制苗期大豆蚜,不杀伤天敌,安全、无毒、无残留,而且增产显著,是比较理想的轻简无公害防控手段。     

Noncrop features and heterogeneity mediate overwintering bird diversity in agricultural landscapes of southwest China

Farmland birds are of conservation concerns around the world. In China, conservation management has focused primarily on natural habitats, whereas little attention has been given to agricultural landscapes. Although agricultural land use is intensive in China, environmental heterogeneity can be highly variable in some regions due to variations in crop and noncrop elements within a landscape. We examined how noncrop heterogeneity, crop heterogeneity, and noncrop features (noncrop vegetation and water body such as open water) influenced species richness and abundance of all birds as well as three functional groups (woodland species, agricultural land species, and agricultural wetland species) in the paddy‐dominated landscapes of Erhai water basin situated in northwest Yunnan, China. Birds, crop, and noncrop vegetation surveys in twenty 1 km × 1 km landscape plots were conducted during the winter season (from 2014 to 2015). The results revealed that bird community compositions were best explained by amounts of noncrop vegetation and compositional heterogeneity of noncrop habitat (Shannon–Wiener index). Both variables also had a positive effect on richness and abundance of woodland species. Richness of agricultural wetland species increased with increasing areas of water bodies within the landscape plot. Richness of total species was also greater in the landscapes characterized by larger areas of water bodies, high proportion of noncrop vegetation, high compositional heterogeneity of noncrop habitat, or small field patches (high crop configurational heterogeneity). Crop compositional heterogeneity did not show significant effects neither on the whole community (all birds) nor on any of the three functional groups considered. These findings suggest that total bird diversity and some functional groups, especially woodland species, would benefit from increases in the proportion of noncrop features such as woody vegetation and water bodies as well as compositional heterogeneity of noncrop features within landscape.     

Migration patterns and functional groups of spiders in a desert agroecosystem

Abstract 1. Arthropods living in annual crops suffer mortality caused by agricultural practices. Therefore, migration from surrounding habitats is crucial to maintain populations of natural enemies of insect pests in crops. In desert agroecosystems there is a pronounced contrast between managed and unmanaged habitats, where irrigated and fertilised crops are islands of productivity in an arid matrix. This contrast could either enhance or inhibit movement of natural enemies between the landscape components. 2. The importance of the surrounding arid habitats as a source for spiders in crops was examined in the Negev desert of Israel. Spiders were sampled in both arid natural habitat and adjacent wheat fields using pitfall traps and visual searching. In addition, spiders in wheat fields were sampled throughout the winter cropping season using emergence traps at increasing distances from the field edge. Stationary and movable emergence traps were used to distinguish between residents and migrant species. 3. The spider assemblage in the wheat was dominated by three families: Linyphiidae, Theridiidae, and Gnaphosidae. Spider sampling in both natural arid habitat and adjacent wheat fields enabled four functional groups to be recognised that differed in habitat preference, movement patterns, and population dynamics. Thirty‐three per cent of collected individuals were classified as crop residents whereas more than 50% were classified as migrants from the surrounding habitats. These findings suggest that the surrounding habitats influence spider assemblage composition in the fields, in spite of the marked contrast in habitat structure and productivity. 4. Spider assemblages in the wheat fields were dominated by migrant species arriving from the surrounding arid habitats. Migrant spiders inhabited the crop throughout the cropping season. The combined contribution of resident and migrant functional groups may act to prevent insect pest outbreaks in this desert agroecosystem.     

黑龙江大豆蚜种群动态及田间空间分布研究

2007-2009年对黑龙江大豆蚜田间种群动态的调查结果表明,6月中旬大豆蚜Aphis glycines Matsumura开始在田间出现,3～5周后田间有蚜株率达到100%。7月未至8月初蚜量达到高峰期,9月中下旬在田间逐渐消失。大豆蚜有翅蚜与无翅蚜的发生动态基本一致,有翅蚜高峰期有时会稍有提前。2007年大豆蚜发生时期早、基数大、增长周期长导致高峰期蚜量显著高于2008年和2009年。大豆蚜田间分布聚集度指标I﹥0、m*/m﹥1、Ca﹥0、C﹥1,整个生长季种群都表现为聚集分布。建立的Iwao回归关系方程(m*=7.14758+1.11200m)表明种群分布的基本成分为个体群,个体之间表现为相互吸引。     

Effects of adjacent habitat on populations of stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in cotton as part of a variable agricultural landscape in South Carolina

The distribution of phytophagous stink bugs and associated boll injury in margins of cotton fields bordering various agronomic crops and woodlands were studied in 2007 and 2008. Two commercial cotton fields, ranging in size from 7.8 to 12.1 ha in Barnwell and Lee Counties, SC, were sampled weekly each year along predetermined transects at 0, 5, 10, and 25 m from the outside margin into the cotton field. Stink bugs were sampled using a ground cloth (0.91 by 0.91 m), and quarter-sized bolls (≈ 2.5 cm in diameter) were collected and examined for internal damage. Density (bugs/row-m) of total stink bugs (adults plus nymphs) was greatest in cotton adjacent to peanut. Boll injury was significantly greater in cotton adjacent to soybean and peanut than in cotton next to other habitats, including corn, cotton, and woodlands, during midseason. Density of nymphs was greatest in cotton adjacent to peanut during mid and late season. Densities of total stink bugs and adults were greatest in cotton immediately adjacent (0 m) to all bordering crops and decreased as distance from the margin increased. Boll injury was greatest in cotton immediately adjacent (0 m) to the bordering crop in mid and late season. Because densities of stink bugs and boll injury vary spatially and temporally along field margins of cotton and can vary significantly based on the adjacent crop, such factors should be considered when developing integrated pest management strategies in cotton.     

植被边界带对相邻麦田地表步甲和蜘蛛分布及蚜虫发生的影响

通过管理半自然生境提高农田中天敌多样性及农田害虫的生物控制效率是当前生态农业研究的基本问题之一。为探讨不同类型半自然植被边界带对相邻麦田地表天敌的发生以及对小麦蚜虫生物控制潜力的影响,在北京顺义区赵全营镇采用陷阱法调查了不同类型植被边界带（人工林地、人工种植草带、自然演替草带）相邻的小麦田中,距离边界0,15 m和30 m处步甲和蜘蛛两类重要地表天敌的多度分布及小麦田蚜虫发生情况,同时分析了边界带植被群落结构对步甲和蜘蛛群落分布的影响。结果表明：人工林地相邻的小麦田中维持了显著较高的步甲、蜘蛛和蚜虫发生密度;不同类型植被边界带相邻小麦田中步甲和蜘蛛群落组成显著不同,植被边界带宽度以及乔木层盖度是影响相邻麦田步甲和蜘蛛群落分布的主要因子;距离植被边界带不同取样界面处,不同迁移方向的步甲和蜘蛛的活动密度无显著性差异;与林地相邻的麦田中,蜘蛛活动密度从农田边界向农田内部处依次降低,与人工种植草带以及自然演替草带相邻的麦田中,农田边界处蜘蛛的活动密度显著高于农田内部。研究显示,半自然植被边界带与麦田交界处维持了较高的蜘蛛活动密度,并具有向农田内部扩散的趋势,然而,并非高天敌密度就意味着低害虫发生率,深入研究天敌群落与害虫发生关系及其影响因素是未来天敌保护和害虫生物防治的重要方面。同时,因为不同类型植被边界带维持的天敌群落具有高度异质性,未来的研究需要充分考虑不同类型植被边界带对天敌维持的作用,以及不同类型生境界面地表天敌的活动规律。     

大豆蚜危害胁迫对大豆叶片几个重要生理指标的影响

大豆蚜Aphis glycines Matsumura是为害大豆(Glycine max)的重要害虫,已给我国大豆生产造成了较为严重的经济损失。本研究通过测定大豆蚜危害胁迫后大豆叶片可溶性蛋白、非可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量及2种防御性酶——过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的动态变化,探讨大豆蚜危害胁迫对大豆叶片几个重要生理指标的影响。研究结果表明,受到大豆蚜危害胁迫的大豆叶片与未受为害叶片中所含可溶性蛋白含量存在极显著差异(t0.01=11.814,df=4,P<0.01),且前者较后者含量明显增高1.73mg·g-1。与之相比较,非可溶性蛋白与可溶性糖含量分别在此两处理间无显著差异(t0.05=-1.104,df=4,P>0.05;t0.05=-2.639,df=4,P>0.05)。此外,受到大豆蚜危害胁迫的大豆叶片较未受为害叶片中所含POD活性有所升高,但在两处理间POD活性无显著差异(t=-2.639,df=4,P>0.05)。同时,受到大豆蚜危害的大豆叶片较未受为害的大豆叶片中CAT活性增强。本研究有助于揭示大豆蚜对大豆的危害机理,评价不同大豆品种对大豆蚜虫危害的耐受程度,也为大豆抗虫品种选育以及大豆蚜的可持续控制提供理论依据。     

Butterfly diversity at the ecotone between agricultural and semi‐natural habitats across a climatic gradient

Aim Understanding the response of species to ecotones and habitat edges is essential to designing conservation management, especially in mosaic agricultural landscapes. This study examines how species diversity and composition change with distance from semi‐natural habitats, over ecotones into agricultural fields, and how within‐site patterns of community transition change across a climatic gradient and differ between crop types. Location A total of 19 sites in Israel where semi‐natural habitats border agricultural fields (wheat fields or olive groves) distributed along a sharp climatic gradient ranging between 100 and 800 mm mean annual rainfall. Methods  We performed butterfly surveys in 2006. We analysed species richness (α‐diversity), diversity, community nestedness and species turnover (β‐diversity) within sites and between sites (γ‐diversity). We also assessed where species of conservation concern occurred. Results In wheat sites, richness and diversity declined abruptly from ecotones to fields and remained homogenously poor throughout the fields, regardless of climate. In olive sites, despite the sharp structural boundary, richness and diversity remained high from the semi‐natural habitat to the grove margins and then declined gradually into groves. Species of conservation concern occurred across all habitats at olive sites, but none were found inside wheat fields or at their ecotones. The contrast in community structure between semi‐natural habitats and fields was affected by both climate and field type. Irrigation in arid regions did not augment species diversity. Main conclusions Our results indicate that consideration of crop type, within a climatic context, should receive high priority in biodiversity conservation in agricultural areas. In ‘hostile’ crops, such as wheat, we suggest favouring a combination of high‐intensity management and wide margins over less intensive management without margins, which may merely aid generalist butterfly species. The scarcity of butterflies in arid irrigated fields suggests a need to carefully assess the effects of irrigation and agrochemicals on species’ communities.     

豆柄瘤蚜茧峰的嗅觉定向反应(英文)

豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebusfabarum对能寄生于包括大豆蚜Aphisglycines和豆蚜A.craccivora的多种蚜虫中。本实验研究了豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂在风洞中对以下气味源的嗅觉走向反应：未受损伤的寄主食料植株（UD）、机械损伤的寄主食料植株（MD）、蚜害植株（AD ,带蚜虫;AD～,不带蚜虫）、以及致害蚜虫。发现以豆蚜为寄主的豆柄瘤好茧蜂对AD 和AD~的正走向率高于对UD和MD的正走向率,以大豆蚜为寄主的豆柄瘤蚜虽峰对AD 的趋性高于对UD和大豆蚜。同时,豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂对UD、MD和致害蚜虫的定向反应率没有显著差异。这说明植食性昆虫的取食活动能诱导被害植株提高自身对害虫天敌的吸引力。此外还发现大豆是否受蚜害并不直接影响大豆蚜进行寄主定位。     

Effect of soybean varieties on survival and fecundity of western corn rootworm

The western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a major pest of corn (Zea mays L.) in North America and has evolved resistance to crop rotation by ovipositing in alternate crops such as soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Through experiments with plants grown in the greenhouse and the field, we tested whether soybeans with resistance to the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), affected survival, fecundity, and consumption of soybean for D. v. virgifera. Soybean varieties tested included those types resistant to A. glycines (Rag1 and rag1/rag3) and a susceptible near isoline of the Rag1 variety. Females were provided with a diet of corn tissue for 4 d after which they were fed a diet of tissue from one of three soybean varieties for 4 d, starved for 4 d, or fed corn tissue. When fed greenhouse grown plants, strains differed significantly in survival and consumption, but consumption did not differ by variety of soybean. Diet treatment only affected fecundity; individuals fed corn continuously had greater fecundity than those individuals fed soybeans. In the experiment with plants grown in the field, leaf consumption differed among strains and individuals fed corn continuously had greater fecundity than the other treatments. Soybean varieties with Rag1 and rag1/rag3 resistance to A. glycines did not appear to affect the fitness of D. v. virgifera. Thus, planting of these A. glycines-resistant soybean varieties should not directly affect the spread of rotation-resistant D. v. virgifera.     

Development and parasitism by Aphelinus certus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a parasitoid of Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Since its introduction in 2000, the soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) has been a serious pest of soybean in North America. Currently, insecticide application is the only recommended control method. However, a number of natural enemies have the potential to regulate soybean aphid populations. In 2007, Aphelinus certus Yasnosh, a soybean aphid parasitoid native to Asia, was found in commercial soybean fields in Ontario. This is the first record of this species in North America. To evaluate the potential biological control services provided by A. certus for soybean aphid management, temperature-dependent developmental parameters and functional response to soybean aphid were determined. A. certus is capable of completing its development between temperatures of 15.3 and 30.2°C. The lower thresholds of development for the egg-mummy and mummy-adult life stages were determined to be 9.1 and 11.6°C, respectively. The lethal temperature of development for the egg-mummy and mummy-adult life stages were 29.5 and 31.0°C, respectively. In this temperature range, A. certus did not exhibit temperature-dependent mortality; however, parasitism rate increased with temperature. A. certus exhibited a type II functional response to the soybean aphid.     

OLFACTORY ORIENTATION OF THE PARASITOID WASP LYSIPHLEBUS FABARUM TO ITS HOST FOOD PLANTS1)

Abstract  Lysiphlebus fabarum (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) is a generalist parasitic wasp species which can oviposit in several aphid species, including the bean aphid, Aphis craccivora (Homoptera Aphidinae), and the soybean aphid, A. glycines . The response of female L. fabarum and one of its host aphid species, A. glycines , to odors of undamaged host food plant (UD), mechanically damaged host food plant (MD), aphid-damaged plant (AD+, with aphid on, and AD˜, aphid washed off), and host aphid alone were studied in a wind tunnel. The positive orientation frequency of L. fabarum , which emerged from Aphis craccivora , to AD+ and AD^˜ was significantly greater than to the UD, MD. Similarily, L. fabarum that emerged from A. glycines significantly flew more often to AD+ than to UD and aphid alone. And there was no significant difference among the positive response frequency of L. fabarurn to UD, MD, and aphid alone. All these suggested that herbivore feeding induced the attraction of the damaged plant to natural enemy of herbivore. It is also found that the condition of soybean seedling, being damaged or undamaged, did not have direct impact on host plant location of aphid.     

蚜虫新型预警网络的构建及其绿色防控技术研究

在公益性行业（农业）科研专项的支持下,项目组在我国大豆和小麦主产区进行了蚜虫监测预警及绿色防控技术的研究。构建了基于吸虫塔的蚜虫监测预警网络系统,在蚜虫基础生物学研究、天敌资源普查及其控蚜作用研究的基础上,研发了多项以生物防治为主体的蚜虫绿色防控技术,包括天敌人工助迁、人工饲养天敌释放、作物邻间作措施、物理防控、隐蔽性施药等。相关技术措施在我国的东北、华北等大豆蚜、麦蚜为害严重的大豆产区和小麦主产区共建立了4个规模较大的试验示范区,取得了较好的综合效益。