CYP1A1 and CYP2D6 polymorphism and risk of lung cancer in a North Indian population

This case–control study was conducted to examine the association between the CYP1A1 and CYP2D6 genotypes and lung cancer risk among North Indians. The estimated relative risk for lung cancer associated with the CYP1A1 Val/Val allele was 2.68, and was four-fold when cases with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) were considered alone. With regard to the metabolism of debrisoquine, no poor metabolizers were found amongst the subjects. The odds ratio of risk with the heterozygous extensive metabolizer (HEM) genotype was 1.5. However, in the presence of at least a single copy of the variant CYP1A1 MspI allele and the CYP2D6 HEM genotype, the risk was two-fold for squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC). When the CYP1A1 Val/Val and CYP2D6 HEM genotypes were taken together, the risk for SCLC was four-fold. Stratified analysis indicated an interaction between bidi smoking and variant CYP1A1 genotypes on the risk for SQCC and SCLC. Heavy smokers (Brinkman index>400) with Val/Val genotypes were at a very high risk of developing lung cancer (odds ratio 29.30, 95% confidence interval 2.42–355, p=0.008). Heavy smokers with CYP1A1 MspI (CYP1A1*1/2A or CYP1A1*2A/*2A) genotype had a seven-fold risk for SCLC compared with non-smokers. This study is the first to be carried out on a North Indian population, and, although small, suggests that CYP1A1 and CYP2D6 polymorphisms might have a role in determining the risk for lung cancer and should be investigated further.     

草鱼肝细胞中CYP2E1活性的诱导研究

CYP2E1为代谢大部分药物及环境巾毒物的关键酶。以草鱼肝细胞（Ctenopharyngodon idellus hepatocyte）为反应体系,选取氯唑沙宗（CZX）为底物,采用反相高效液相色谱（RP-HPLC）法测定其产物6-OH-氯唑沙宗（HCZX）的量,Lowry法测定肝细胞巾蛋白的浓度从而反映CYP2E1活性,并采用该酶特异性诱导剂乙醇对其进行诱导,观察其酶活变化及CZX在细胞中代谢情况。结果表明,CZX在草鱼肝细胞中的基础代谢较低,经过对CYP2E1诱导条件的优化及筛选,得到最佳诱导剂剂量为4μg／mL、诱导时间为24h、底物浓度为50μg／mL并且孵育时间为1h时,其酶活达到最高,约为0．47μg／min·mg。对照组和诱导组的草鱼肝细胞中CZX的消除半衰期（t。）分别为202．10h和28．75h,差异极显著,表明乙醇诱导的CYP2E1能够加快底物的代谢。酶促反应动力学参数表明乙醇诱导的CYP2E1与底物的亲和力较高,酶促反应强度较大。该结果能够为CYP2E1代谢的药物及环境毒物的研究提供理论依据。     

Combined genetic polymorphism and risk for development of lung cancer

Susceptibility to lung cancer has been shown to be modulated by host specific factors. Inheritance of different polymorphic cytochrome P450s (CYPs) and the glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) which affect metabolism of environmental toxicants may play a key role in individual susceptibility. Although individual polymorphic genes have been reported to be associated with development of lung cancer, little is known about the combined effects of several genes in carcinogenesis. From our study of 54 lung cancer patients and 50 matched controls, we observed that a combination of several versions of ‘unfavorable' metabolizing genes (CYP2D6, CYP2E1, GSTM1 and GSTT1) is strongly associated with lung cancer. The relative risk for the different combinations of these genotypes ranged between 1.3 and 14, with higher risk involving the activating genes. The duration and intensity of heavy smoking (expressed in pack-years) are the most important determinant for the development of lung cancer. For example, the estimated risk for development of lung cancer associated with smoking >30 pack-years is represented by an odds ratio=6.65; 95% CL=2.3–19.9 irrespective of an individual's genotype, whereas for smoking between >30 and <50 pack-years, odds ratio=4.5; 95% CL=1.37–15; and for smoking >50 pack-years, odds ratio=30; 95% CL=5.7–114. On the other hand, smoking of less than 30 pack-years is associated with an increased risk in the presence of the polymorphic genes (odds ratio=2.5; 95% CL=0.32–54). The results of our study indicate that the inheritance of multiple ‘unfavorable' genotypes, especially activating genes, is a crucial predisposing factor for the development of lung cancer from cigarette smoking. In addition, the genes may cause moderate smokers who would normally outlive the deleterious effects of smoking to develop lung cancer. The information can therefore be used to target individuals for prevention of health problems.     

Effect of CYP2C19 Genetic Polymorphisms on the Efficacy of Proton Pump Inhibitor‐Based Triple Therapy for Helicobacter pylori Eradication: A Meta‐Analysis

Objective: CYP2C19 polymorphisms have been inconsistently reported to associate with the efficacy of proton pump inhibitor (PPI)‐based triple therapies for eradicating Helicobacter pylori infection. The aim of this meta‐analysis was to determine whether CYP2C19 polymorphism affect H. pylori eradication rates obtained with first‐line PPI‐based triple therapies. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted up to July 2007 using Medline, PubMed, EMBase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), ISI Web of Science, CNKI (Chinese), and Wanfang (Chinese) digital database. MeSH terms and keywords included proton pump inhibitor, omeprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole, pantoprazole, or esomeprazole, cytochromeP4502C19 or CYP2C19, and Helicobacter pylori or H. pylori. Twenty articles met the inclusion criteria, and were included in the meta‐analysis by using Review Manager 4.2.8. Results: Eradication rates were significantly different between poor metabolizers (PM) and heterozygous extensive metabolizers (HetEM) (odds ratio (OR) = 1.73, p = .002) and between PM and homozygous extensive metabolizers (HomEM) (OR = 2.79, p < .0001). Moreover, eradication rates were also significant difference between HetEM and HomEM (OR = 2.00, p < .0001). Triple omeprazole and lansoprazole therapies achieved higher H. pylori eradication rates in PM than in HomEM (OR = 4.28, p = .0005 for omeprazole and OR = 3.06, p = .001 for lansoprazole), and higher in HetEM than those in HomEM (OR = 3.22, p < .0001 for omeprazole and OR = 1.95, p = .040 for lansoprazole). Rabeprazole therapies had no significant effect on H. pylori eradication rates (between PM and HomEM, OR = 1.35, p = .610 and between HetEM and HomEM, OR = 1.57, p = .190). No significant difference in H. pylori eradication rates between PM and HetEM was observed in the three individual PPI therapies. Conclusion: The efficacy of omeprazole‐ and lansoprazole‐based first‐line triple therapies at the standard doses is dependent on CYP2C19 genotype status, which appears not to affect the efficacy of the regimens including rabeprazole.     

Functional polymorphism in porcine CYP2E1 gene: Its association with skatole levels

Raising intact male pigs would have a significant economic impact on the pork industry. However, the presence of skatole (a major cause of boar taint) in meat from intact male pigs could be highly objectionable to consumer. The excessive accumulation of skatole in fat is a major cause of boar taint, and is associated with defective expression of cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1). In pigs, it has been found that CYP2E1 is negatively correlated with accumulation of skatole. The searching for polymorphism of CYP2E1 and the relevant functional analysis would help develop a genetic marker for the selection of pigs with low skatole levels in fat. The aim of this study was to measure the expression pattern of CYP2E1 mRNA in various tissues of the pig, to identify genetic polymorphisms, and to evaluate the functional relevance of polymorphic sites with respect to the skatole level in fat. We show herein that a substitution of G → A at base 1423 of the CYP2E1 gene in the liver causes a significant decrease in the expressed CYP2E1 level. Our data suggest that the G → A substitute might be at least partially responsible for a high level of skatole in pigs. We believe that this is an important step toward the selection of genetic markers for boar taint by lowering fat levels of skatole in fat.     

新生儿基因CYP2E1 5′端RsaⅠ和PON2311位点多态性与早产的关系

探讨新生儿基因细胞色素P450 2E1（CYP2E1）5‘端RsaI多态性和对氧磷酶2（二乙基对硝基苯磷酸酯酶2）基因311位点（PON2311）多态性对早产的影响。采用横断面调查方法,使用统一的调查表,由安庆市各县医院对入院分娩孕妇及其单胎,活产,早产和对照新生儿进行调查,共得到有效样本194个母亲－新生儿对。单因素分析结果显示：CYP2E1野生纯合子基因型（cut/cut)与突变纯合子基因型（uncut/uncut)/杂合子基因型（cut/uncut)比较,对早产的影响不具有统计学意义,而PONS2 Ser311Ser纯合子基因型与Cys311Cys纯合子基因型／Cys311Ser杂合子基因型比较,对早产的影响具有显著的统计学意义。进一步分析CYP2E15‘端RsaI位点多态性和PON2311位点多态性是否存在交互作用。结果显示：CYP2E1野生纯合子基因型和PON2 Ser311Ser纯合子基因型这一组合与参照组比较,对早产的影响具有显著的统计学意义。基因CYP2E15‘端Rsa I位点多态性与新生儿早产不相关,但基因PON2311位点多态性与新生儿早产相关,且CYP2E1 5‘端RsaI位点多态性和PON2311位点多态性之间对早产的影响存在交互作用。     

Differential regulation of hepatic cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

The present investigation was carried out to study the expression of major cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes in streptozotocin-induced diabetes with concomitant insulin therapy. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to untreated control, streptozotocin-induced diabetic, insulin-treated groups and monitored for 4 weeks. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia in the early phase of diabetes resulted in differential regulation of cytochrome P450 isozymes. CYP1B1, CYP1A2, heme oxygenase (HO)-2 proteins and CYP1A2-dependent 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity were upregulated in the hepatic microsomes of diabetic rats. Insulin therapy ameliorated EROD activity and the expression of CYP1A2, CYP1B1 and HO-2 proteins. In addition, CYP2B1 and 2E1 proteins were markedly induced in the diabetic group. Insulin therapy resulted in complete amelioration of CYP2E1 whereas CYP2B1 protein was partially ameliorated. By contrast, CYP2C11 protein was decreased over 99% in the diabetic group and was partially ameliorated by insulin therapy. These results demonstrate widespread alterations in the expression of CYP isozymes in diabetic rats that are ameliorated by insulin therapy.     

新生儿CYP2E1基因5′端RsaⅠ位点多态性和PON2基因148位点多态性与早产的关系

为探讨新生儿细胞色素P450 2E1(CYP2E1)基因多态性和对氧磷酶2(二乙基对硝基苯磷酸酯酶2)基因(PON2)148位点多态性对早产的影响,采用横断面调查方法,使用统一的调查表,由安庆市各县医院对入院分娩孕妇及其单胎、活产、早产和对照新生儿进行调查,共得到有效样本209个母亲-新生儿对。单因素分析结果显示：CYP2E1野生纯合子基因型( ／ )与突变纯合子基因型(-／-)／杂合子基因型( ／-)比较,对早产的影响不具有统计学意义。而PON2 Alal48Ala纯合子基因型与G1y148G1y纯合子基因型／Ala148 Gly杂合子基因型比较,对早产的影响具有显著的统计学意义。进一步分析CYP2E1基因5′端RsaⅠ位点多态性和PON2基因148位点多态性是否存在交互作用,结果显示：CYP2E1野生纯合子基因型和PON2 Ala148Ala纯合子基因型这一组合与参照组比较,对早产的影响有显著的统计学意义。基因CYP2E1 5′端Rsa I位点多态性与新生儿早产不相关,但基因PON2 148位点多态性与新生儿早产相关,且CPY2E1 5′端Rsa I位点多态性和PON2 148位点多态性之间对早产的影响存在交互作用。