中国的水污染与水短缺问题

1.水污染和水短缺是中国现在面临的最重要的两个环境问题。 2.中国的水污染是从70年代开始趋于严重的,河流、湖泊、海洋和地下水都已受到不同程度的污染。 3.从70年代初期,中国开始注意到环境问题,逐步建立和完善了管理机构和措施,在控制水污染的蔓延和加重方面起了重要作用。 4.乡镇企业造成了许多新的污染源。 5.水短缺及水供需矛盾在中国北方日趋严重,在众多的解决水短缺的措施中,废水再生回用是一种行之有效的途径。     

BOUND WATER IN MUSCLE

1. The amount of free unfrozen water, i.e. water acting as normal solvent, in frog''s muscle at temperatures below the initial freezing-point has been calculated from the vapour pressure isotherm of the muscle. 2. Significant amounts of free water are present at –20°C. The total amount of unfrozen water at –20°C. cannot, therefore, be taken as a measure of the bound water in muscle. 3. The calculated values of free water, when compared with experimentally determined values of total unfrozen water, indicate that the amount of bound water in muscle at various temperatures is small. 4. A temperature considerably below –20°C., roughly between –40° and –60°C., is required to freeze completely the free water in muscle.     

PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA IN DRINKING WATER

SUMMARY: The literature concerning antagonism between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli , the natural habitat of the former and its potential pathogenicity, has been briefly surveyed. Experimental work showed that the two organisms can coexist in pure water, but in mixed cultures in peptone water Ps. aeruginosa can inhibit E. coli , though not in the early stages of growth and only within a critical range of peptone concentration. Ps. aeruginosa might therefore reduce the coli-aerogenes content in grossly polluted water but would not normally interfere with the determination of the actual coli-aerogenes content at the time of sampling. Water supplies containing many Ps. aeruginosa but few or no coli-aerogenes bacteria were found to be relatively common in Northern Israel and in view of the faecal origin of the former, and its potential pathogenicity, it is concluded that this organism should be taken into account, as well as coli-aerogenes bacteria, in assessing the suitability of water for drinking purposes.     

THE SOLUBILITY OF d-VALINE IN WATER

1. The solubility of d-valine in water has been determined over a range of 0–60°. 2. The solubility of this amino acid varies with the mode of crystallization, indicating a dependence of solubility on the crystal form.     

COLI-AEROGENES BACTERIA IN FARM WATER SUPPLIES

SUMMARY: A series of 825 cultures of coli-aerogenes bacteria isolated at 30° and a series of 735 cultures isolated at 37° from 645 samples of farm water supplies were classified according to the recommendations of the Coliform Sub-Committee of the Society for Applied Bacteriology (Report, 1949). Klebsiella constituted 50% of the cultures isolated at 30°, whereas Escherichia coli I was the dominant type, forming 57%, among the cultures isolated at 37°. It would thus appear that isolation at 30° is as selective for Klebsiella as isolation at 37° is for Escherichia . Coli-aerogenes organisms, mainly 37° negative strains of Citrobacter freundii I and K. cloacae , were found in waters of high sanitary quality derived from protected springs and wells; but the coli-aerogenes microflora of polluted water was dominated by E. coli I, which formed 43% of the isolates at 30° and 76% of those at 37°. The results for a series of fortnightly samples from 11 farm water supplies showed a marked seasonal variation in the incidence of different types isolated at 30°; E. coli I formed a higher proportion in summer than in winter, while 37° negative strains of Klebsiella and Citrobacter formed a higher proportion in winter than in summer.     

昆明水源水和自来水水质致突变性及化学背景值1．Ames试验和水源水及自来水微量有机、无机污染物化学背景值

本文报道：用ＸＡＤ－２离子树脂吸附富集法制备自来水和滇池及松华坝水库源水提取物,以Ａｍｅｓ鼠伤寒沙门氏菌回复突变系统诱发致突变性。Ａｍｅｓ试验结果如下：来自滇池源水经氯化的自来水提取物,用ＴＡ９８菌株加Ｓ９或不加Ｓ９混合物,突变率＞２,结果为阳性。滇池源水提取物致突变性为可疑。使用化学分析法结合生物分析法评价昆明自来水和滇池及松华坝水库水中的化学微量污染物,估价在水中的微量污染物对人体健康的潜在致癌效应是有意义的。     

天鹅洲故道水生态研究进展

20世纪90年代初, 湖北长江天鹅洲故道水质良好, 鱼类资源丰富, 被认为是建立长江豚类半自然保护区和四大家鱼种质资源生态库的理想场所, 而对之开展了水生态研究, 之后由于成功实现了长江江豚的迁地保护而受到越来越多的关注。学者们从水质和沉积物等环境因素, 浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖动物和高等水生植物等生物因素, 水体初级生产力、渔产潜力和鱼类等资源因素多角度开展了天鹅洲故道水生态研究。天鹅洲故道水质呈恶化趋势。浮游植物数量增加了2个数量级, 且从单细胞个体转变为多细胞群体, 同时带有胶被的蓝藻在种类和密度上占有绝对优势; 浮游动物优势种呈小型化趋势; 底栖动物密度有所下降; 高等水生植物呈逐渐衰退趋势。鱼类资源量呈下降趋势。根据水质化学和生物学评价结果, 结合天鹅洲故道受人类活动的影响, 本文指出故道与长江阻隔、渔业活动和环境污染是天鹅洲故道水生态面临的主要问题, 其通过水质、饵料和栖息地等方面影响长江江豚的可持续性生存。同时, 提出5个方面的建议: 首先, 实施通江工程, 恢复故道水文特征, 提高故道理化环境异质性; 其次, 控制外源和内源营养负荷, 提高故道水体水质; 然后, 持续监测水质、沉积物和水生生物状况, 建立故道水生态数据库; 再次, 实施生态修复工程, 提高水生生物多样性; 最后, 规范渔业活动, 优化故道渔业资源, 为保护天鹅洲故道水环境质量和水生态健康, 维持江豚可持续生存提供依据。     

华南典型人工林凋落物的持水特性

对于华南地区的杉木 (Cunninghamialanceolata) 林、马尾松 (Pinusmassoniana) 林、湿地松 (Pinuselliottii) 林、马占相思 (Acaciamangium) 林和尾叶桉 (Eucalyptusurophylla) 林的凋落物的储量、持水量、持水率和吸水速率进行了研究。结果表明, 杉木林的凋落物的干重 (6.5× 10 3 kg·hm-2 ) 最大, 其次是马尾松林和马占相思林 (5.5× 10 3 kg·hm-2 ), 而湿地松林 (4.1× 10 3 kg·hm-2 ) 和尾叶桉林较小 (4.0× 10 3 kg·hm-2 ) 。凋落物持水量呈现杉木林 >马占相思林 >尾叶桉林 >马尾松林 >湿地松林。各林分凋落物的最大持水量为杉木林 17.9× 10 3 kg·hm-2, 马占相思林 14.8× 10 3 kg·hm-2, 尾叶桉林 14.0× 10 3 kg·hm-2, 马尾松林 10.6× 10 3 kg·hm-2, 湿地松林 9.8× 10 3 kg·hm-2 。尾叶桉林、杉木林、马占相思林、湿地松林和马尾松林的凋落物最大持水率分别为 35 1%、2 74 %、2 6 9%、2 35 %和 191%。凋落物持水量和凋落物持水率随着浸泡时间的增加按照对数方程增加。 5种林分中尾叶桉林的凋落物吸水速率在各浸泡时间后居首位, 杉木林和马占相思林中等, 湿地松林较小, 而马尾松林最小, 各林分的凋落物的吸水速率随浸泡时间的增长按方程Y =a +b·t-1下降。