4株具有荚膜的白假丝酵母菌的分离与鉴定

取临床标本（性病门诊病人阴道分泌物）直接涂片染色镜检及用沙保氏琼脂平板分离培养、作涂片革兰染色镜检、出芽试验、厚膜孢子形成试验、糖发酵试验等鉴定菌种;小白鼠与家兔试验、荚膜肿胀试验、透射电镜等观察荚膜,观察白假丝酵母菌临床分离菌株（C1-1、C1-2、C1-3、C1-4）的荚膜结构并探讨其形成条件。结果显示：（1）C1-1、C1-2、C1-3、C1-4四株临床分离菌株均为革兰阳性、念珠状菌;能形成芽管、假菌丝、厚膜孢子;能发酵葡萄糖和麦芽糖产酸又产气;发酵蔗糖产酸不产气;不发酵乳糖。（2）在感染小白鼠及家兔体内均可形成荚膜,荚膜层的厚度可因不同环境而有显著差异（P〈0．01或〈0．05）,边界明显;荚膜肿胀试验阳性。4株临床分离菌株均可被鉴定为具有荚膜的白假丝酵母菌。     

口腔黏膜真菌鉴定方法的比较

比较常见用于黏膜真菌菌种鉴别的多种方法,探寻最佳的鉴别方法。采集230例普通人群口腔黏膜样本,分别用玉米吐温-80培养观察厚膜孢子法、糖发酵生化反应法、CHROMagar假丝酵母菌显色培养基法、ITS基因的PCR-RFLP(聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性)法、ITS测序菌种鉴定法,鉴别真菌各菌株。结果显示:有56例菌株至少通过1种方法检出真菌;玉米吐温-80分离培养假丝酵母菌37株;50例菌株ITS基因测序共鉴定出8个菌种,白假丝酵母菌(C.albicans)29株,近平滑假丝酵母菌(C.parapsilosis)10株,热带假丝酵母菌(C.tropicalis)5株,Candida metapsilosis 1株,Lodderomyces elongisporus 1株,克柔假丝酵母菌(Candida krusei)1株,乙醇假丝酵母菌(C.ethanolica)1株,季也蒙毕赤酵母菌(Pichia guilliermondii)2株;CHROMagar假丝酵母菌显色培养基法鉴定出3种菌株,分别是白假丝酵母菌、热带假丝酵母菌、近平滑假丝酵母菌;PCR-RFLP法检出5种菌株,分别是白假丝酵母菌、热带假丝酵母菌、近平滑假丝酵母菌、季也蒙毕赤酵母菌、克柔假丝酵母菌,与基因的测序鉴定一致率为91%;糖发酵生化反应法阳性标本占被检出真菌例数的46.4%(26/56)。结果表明:ITS基因的测序法可以准确鉴定真菌各个菌种;PCR-RFLP法能鉴定常见的菌种,但操作繁琐;CHROMagar假丝酵母菌显色培养基法能快速准确鉴别3种常见假丝酵母菌菌种;玉米吐温-80可以准确培养鉴别白假丝酵母菌;糖发酵生化反应法,缺乏足够的敏感度和特异性,难以准确鉴别各个菌种。     

健康人群口腔酵母菌的分离及菌种分布

目的调查健康人群口腔酵母菌的分布。方法将来源于健康人的口腔拭子接种于改良SDA培养基,37℃培养14d,分到的酵母菌通过菌落形态、革兰染色作初步鉴定．芽管形成试验、厚膜孢子生成及假菌丝产生试验、YBC酵母鉴定卡作菌种鉴定。结果酵母菌在健康人口腔中总分离率为8．78％(86／979),其中较多的为白色假丝酵母菌37株,占43．02％,近平滑假丝酵母菌和季也蒙假丝酵母菌各9株,各占10．47％,葡萄牙假丝酵母菌6株,占6．98％,其他25株。结论健康人口腔中有多种条件致病酵母菌的寄生。     

海南岛4市县人群口腔假丝酵母菌分布情况的初步调查

目的：调查海南岛海口、三亚市、五指山市和保亭县四市县人群口腔假丝酵母菌的分布情况,为口腔假丝酵母菌分子生物学和遗传学特点研究提供基础资料。方法：分离出的假丝酵母菌经过菌落特征、制片乳酸酚棉蓝染色、芽管形成试验、厚膜孢子形成试验等初步鉴定,并用科玛嘉显色培养基培养确定。结果：海口、三亚市、五指山市和保亭县人群口腔假丝酵母菌总分离率为25．23％．其中白假丝酵母菌占54．48％,光滑假丝酵母菌占14．04％,热带假丝酵母菌占11．06％,克柔假丝酵母菌占9．36％。住院病人和健康人口腔假丝酵母菌的分离率分别为39．95％和11．61％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,结论：海南地区人群口腔假丝酵母菌的总分离率高于国内其它省份,分离出的假丝酵母菌以白假丝酵母菌为首位,病人口腔假丝酵母菌分离率明显高于健康人。     

假丝酵母菌尿路感染临床观察及耐药性分析

目的 调查和分析尿路感染假丝酵母菌的分布及耐药情况,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 尿液采用经典型浸片Uricult培养,使用ATB-Fungus板条进行药敏试验,利用WHONET 5.6对浙江萧山医院2008年1月至2012年12月间尿培养分离菌株及药敏结果进行回顾性分析.结果 共分离出假丝酵母菌273株,其中白假丝酵母菌占37.4％,光滑假丝酵母菌28.9％、热带假丝酵母菌27.8％;临床分离数量以ICU(58)最多,其次为泌尿外科(50)和内科(49).药敏结果显示:两性霉素B、5-氟胞嘧啶对白假丝酵母菌、热带假丝酵母菌和光滑假丝酵母菌仍保持较强的抗菌活性,敏感率≥98.6％,伏立康唑敏感率≥86.3％.结论 尿路感染分离得到的假丝酵母菌以白假丝酵母菌为主,其次为光滑假丝酵母菌和热带假丝酵母菌;两性霉素B、5-氟胞嘧啶对假丝酵母菌保持较强的抗菌活性,是治疗假丝酵母菌感染的首选药物.临床应重视假丝酵母菌的培养和其药敏试验,根据药敏结果科学合理使用抗真菌药物.     

皮肤性病门诊生殖道酵母菌阳性结果分析

目的探讨生殖道假丝酵母菌阳性率、药敏情况及耐药趋势,为临床合理选用抗真菌药物提供最新的依据。方法按照《全国临床检验操作规程》,采用法国梅里埃生物公司API-20C酵母菌鉴定板、ATB-Fungus酵母菌药敏板对2012年1月至2014年12月培养生殖道酵母菌阳性的标本进行鉴定及药敏试验。结果 1 419例生殖道分泌物分离出114例假丝酵母菌,感染率为8.0%,其中白假丝酵母菌101例占88.60%,感染率最高,其他非白假丝酵母菌13例占11.40%;药敏结果表明,假丝酵母菌对5-氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B具有较高敏感性(92.11%、100.00%),对氟康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑呈现不同程度的耐药;101例白假丝酵母菌对5-氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B的敏感性分别为93.07%、100.00%,未出现对两性霉素B的耐药菌株。结论皮肤性病门诊生殖道酵母菌分离株仍以白假丝酵母菌为主,白假丝酵母菌对氟康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑的耐药率呈上升趋势;微生物实验室应加强对假丝酵母菌的分离鉴定及耐药性监测,为临床医生准确合理地使用抗真菌药物提供病原学依据。     

哈尔滨地区假丝酵母菌DNA异质性及药物敏感性分析

研究假丝酵母菌的DNA异质性及药物敏感性,为预防和监控院内假丝酵母菌感染奠定基础。将临床分离的假丝酵母菌菌株,用科玛嘉显色培养基鉴定菌种,经纸片扩散法进行药敏试验,应用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术对这些菌株进行基因分型。结果显示：93株假丝酵母菌中白假丝酵母菌68株,非白假丝酵母菌25株,所有菌株对制霉菌素,两性霉素B两种药物的敏感率最高（100％）,酮康唑其次（70．9％）,氟康唑的敏感率最低（50．5％）,引物1和引物2将来源不同的68株白假丝酵母菌分别分成4型（A1、B1、C1、D1）和6型（A2、B2、C2、D2、E2、F2）。哈尔滨地区的假丝酵母菌感染以白假丝酵母菌为主,且主要为A1、B1型（引物1）或A2、B2型（引物2）;基因型与药敏谱无明显相关性。     

皮肤性病门诊生殖道酵母菌阳性结果分析

摘要：目的 探讨生殖道假丝酵母菌阳性率、药敏情况及耐药趋势,为临床合理选用抗真菌药物提供最新的依据。方法 按照《全国临床检验操作规程》,采用法国梅里埃生物公司API-20C酵母菌鉴定板、ATB-Funguns酵母菌药敏板对2012年1月至2014年12月培养生殖道酵母菌阳性的标本进行鉴定及药敏试验。结果 1 419例生殖道分泌物分离出114例假丝酵母菌,感染率为8.0%,其中白假丝酵母菌101例占88.60%,感染率最高,其他非白假丝酵母菌13例占11.40%;药敏结果表明,假丝酵母菌对5-氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B具有较高敏感性（92.11%、100.00%）,对氟康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑呈现不同程度的耐药;101例白假丝酵母菌对5-氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B的敏感性分别为93.07%、100.00%,未出现对两性霉素B的耐药菌株。结论 皮肤性病门诊生殖道酵母菌分离株仍以白假丝酵母菌为主,白假丝酵母菌对氟康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑的耐药率呈上升趋势;微生物实验室应加强对假丝酵母菌株的分离鉴定及耐药性监测,为临床医生准确合理地使用抗真菌药物提供病原学依据。     

灵芝孢子粉在真菌性肠炎所致腹泻中的应用

目的了解真菌性肠炎所致腹泻的菌种分布特点,探索灵芝孢子粉对其的治疗效果。方法将110例腹泻患者的粪便直接涂片革兰染色镜检。查见较多真菌孢子和菌丝者进行分离鉴定,并采用灵芝孢子粉治疗。结果110例腹泻患者中查见真菌孢子及菌丝者62例;真菌分布白色假丝酵母菌占56．45％,克柔假丝酵母菌占16．13％,热带假丝酵母菌占14．52％,近平滑假丝酵母菌占6．45％,季也蒙假丝酵母菌占6．45％,用灵芝孢子粉治疗真菌性肠炎所致腹泻21d后有效率为96．77％。结论真菌性肠炎所致腹泻以白色假丝酵母菌感染为主,应用灵芝孢子粉治疗方法简单、安全、有效。     

乳杆菌发酵上清对耐药白假丝酵母生物膜的作用

目的研究德氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus delbrueckii,L.delbrueckii)和发酵乳杆菌(Lactobacillus fermentum,L.fermentum)发酵上清液对3株耐氟康唑白假丝酵母临床分离株CA3、CA6、CA8生物膜形成和分散的作用。方法通过MIC试验,确认3株白假丝酵母临床分离株对氟康唑耐药;用96孔板构建体外白假丝酵母生物膜;用棋盘法分别检测L.delbrueckii、L.fermentum发酵上清液与氟康唑联用对3株白假丝酵母的作用;用XTT法对生物膜形成量进行定量分析;检测L.delbrueckii、L.fermentum发酵上清液与氟康唑联用对白假丝酵母时间-生长曲线的影响;显微镜拍照检测L.delbrueckii、L.fermentum发酵上清液单独和氟康唑联用对白假丝酵母生物膜形态的影响;平板培养法检测L.fermentum发酵上清液对白假丝酵母黏附作用的影响。结果 CA3、CA6、CA8三株临床分离菌株对氟康唑耐药,MIC浓度均为8μg/mL。L.delbrueckii与L.fermentum发酵上清液与氟康唑联用对3株耐药型白假丝酵母的生物膜形成与分散均未表现出协同作用,且发酵上清液与氟康唑联用效果不如发酵上清液单独处理效果好,L.fermentum发酵上清液对生物膜的分散作用较L.delbrueckii发酵上清液强。L.fermentum发酵上清液抑制白假丝酵母的初始黏附。结论 L.delbrueckii、L.fermentum发酵上清液单独应用时均对耐氟康唑白假丝酵母生物膜的形成与分散有干预作用,与氟康唑联用时未表现出协同作用,抑制耐药白假丝酵母生物膜的作用可能与抑制菌丝形成和起始黏附有关。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.