海马突触传递长时程增强效应中的逆行信使

海马突触传递长时程增强现象的突触机制研究取得了许多重要进展,其中特别是发展了突触前膜与突触后膜功能双向调控的概念,即观察了逆行信使的存在和作用,这对于理解和阐明学习、记忆的机制具有重要的理论意义。本文结合笔者的工作,重点介绍一氧化氮等所谓的逆行信使在突触传递长时程增强中的功能。     

代谢型谷氨酸受体在突触可塑性中的作用

突触可塑性是近几年神经科学研究的热点之一,因为它对于理解神经系统的学习、学习和记忆、多咱神经疾病等许多过程有着重要的意义。除了离子型谷氨酸受体外,代谢型谷氨酸受体也参与了一些脑区中不同形式的突触可塑性变化。本文就代谢型谷氨酸受体选择性激动剂和拮抗剂对长时程增强和长时程抑制的作用进行了综述,以助于人们进一步理解突触可塑性的细胞和分子机制。     

短时程突触可塑性研究概况

突触可塑性是神经系统所具有的重要特征,也是神经系统实现其功能的重要保障。按照持续的时间划分,突触可塑性可分为短时程突触可塑性和长时程突触可塑性。短时程突触可塑性包括短时程增强和短时程压抑两种类型。与长时程突触可塑性不同,短时程突触可塑性的产生主要依赖于神经递质释放概率的变化,其往往决定神经回路的信息处理和反应模式,不仅直接参与了对输入信号的识别和处理,而且还可对长时程突触可塑性的表达产生重要影响。     

突触长时程增强形成与学习记忆的相关研究

突触长时程增强(LTP)的形成与学习记忆有相似特征,将其作为记忆的一种模式加以研究,并深入探索LTP机制产生与静止突触的关系,长时程突触修饰与突触后神经细胞内Ca^2 的作用机制,学习行为后海马内出现的突触效能变化与行为学习之间的关系,以及BDNF对海马突触的LTP调节与长时记忆所涉及关于LTP的相关基因表达。     

长时程突触可塑性中的突触标识

神经元长时程突触可塑性是学习和记忆的基础,神经元长时程突触可塑性的维持依赖于基因的转录和蛋白质合成.然而,这些转录产物和新合成的蛋白质是如何从胞体运输到突触点,还不甚清楚.近年来的研究显示,当长时程突触可塑性发生时,被激活的突触能通过建立突触标记(synaptic tag)来识别、捕捉和利用其所需要的基因产物,以维持突触可塑性的长时程变化.这一过程或现象被称为突触标识(synaptic tagging).本文就近年来突触标识的研究进展作一概述.     

突触可塑性调节过程中蛋白质磷酸化修饰的研究进展

突触可塑性可以导致神经元传递效率的改变,是神经系统发育、学习记忆等脑的高级功能活动中细胞功能的重要基础.蛋白质磷酸化修饰通过蛋白激酶和蛋白磷酸酶之间的动态平衡对突触可塑性和突触传递的长期调节,参与各种脑疾病(包括精神疾病和神经退行性疾病)的发生发展.本文综述了磷酸化修饰和突触可塑性的关系,重点介绍了长时程增强和长时程抑...     

脊髓背角Ⅱ板层长时程增强诱导及维持过程中的突触形态计量学研究

本研究和体视学方法探讨了在C纤维诱发电位长时程增强(long—-term potentiation,LTP)的诱导及维持过程中的脊髓背角Ⅱ板层的突触形念变化。结果显示(1)在LTP形成后30min,Ⅱ板层内的突触后致密物质(postsynaptic density,PSD)增厚,突触间隙增宽;(2)在LTP形成后3h,PSD厚度、突触间隙宽度及突触界面曲率都有明显增加;(3)在LTP诱导和维持全过程中,总突触的数密度比对照组有明显增高。(4)在LTP形成后3h和5h,穿孔性突触的数密度与对照组比较有明显增高。上述结果显示：PSD增厚是LTP诱导阶段的主要形态学变化。突触界面曲率增人及穿孔突触数目增多是LTP维持阶段的主要形态学基础。     

突触传递长时程抑制的研究进展

长时程抑制（ＬＴＤ）是突触可塑性的重要形式之一。根据诱导条件及部件的不同,ＬＴＤ至少可分为四种类型本文不ＬＴＤ的诱导和调制机理及其与学习、记忆的关系作一介绍。     

代谢型谷氨酸受体在突触可塑性中的作用研究进展

突触可塑性是近 30年来神经科学领域的研究热点之一 ,它主要包括长时程增强 (long termpotentiation ,LTP)和长时程抑制 (long termdepression ,LTD)。以往的研究已经证实 ,离子型谷氨酸受体 (iGluRs)中的NMDA受体和AMPA受体 ,在LTP和LTD的诱导和维持中通过阳离子内流 ,引起细胞内的级联反应而起作用。新近的研究发现 ,代谢型谷氨酸受体 (mGluRs)与G蛋白偶联 ,通过细胞内的多种信使系统介导慢突触传递。本文主要就mGluRs在不同脑区LTP和LTD中的作用进行综述     

牛磺酸与突触可塑性研究进展

牛磺酸是哺乳动物中枢神经系统中含量最为丰富的自由氨基酸之一,具有许多认定的神经生理功能。最新的研究结果表明,用牛磺酸孵育脑片可以诱导兴奋性突触传递的持久增强效应。虽然牛磺酸引起的这种持久增强不是由于活动或经验所导致的突触效能的改变,但与反映突触可塑性的长时程增强具有许多共同特征,分享部分共同机制。同时,药理学实验提示,神经元对牛磺酸的摄取可能是长时程增强诱导的关键步骤。     

Discrete polymorphisms due to disruptive selection on a continuous trait--I: the one-locus case

We have investigated, numerically and analytically, long-term evolution under frequency-dependent disruptive selection of a continuous trait varying in a finite range and controlled by one diploid mendelian locus. We found that evolution converges towards a unique long-term equilibrium where only two extreme phenotypes are present with frequencies identical to those of the mixed strategy that would be the unique ESS of the game defined by the basic fitness function of the model. As long as this precise phenotypic composition is preserved, any genetic configuration of the polymorphism is equally acceptable (selectively neutral) at the equilibrium. Thus the number of alleles and their dominance pattern may vary considerably among different equilibrium populations. If genetic expression of the trait is variable but the amount of variability is genetically modifiable, disruptive selection, acting on such modifiers, produces a steady increase of expression variability before the equilibrium is attained. In this case a population at the long-term equilibrium might even be genetically monomorphic, with the phenotypic dimorphism resulting from purely random individual variation.     

腰椎间盘突出症术后的中远期疗效分析

目的:回顾性分析腰椎间盘突出症患者术后的中远期疗效和预后情况并对手术疗法的效果作出评价。方法:以1995年12月到2014年12月期间在我院骨科接受治疗的腰椎间盘突出患者825例作为研究对象,对患者进行术后的跟踪回访,观察其术后的中远期疗效。结果:患者经术后随访效果均较佳,中期随访的患者优良率为94.2%,中长期随访的患者优良率为85.3%,超长期随访患者的优良率为80.0%;其中,中期效果最佳,与另外两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。患者的治疗后改善指数均在60%以上,患者恢复效果较佳。中期、长期及超长期随访的患者改善指数分别为87.3%、81.2%和72.8%。中期随访的患者疗效最好,效果最明显,与超长期比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。采用开窗髓核取出、全椎板切除减压及半椎板切除减压方法治疗,前两组的疗效比第三组预后好,优良率分别为94.1%、86.7%、85.5%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:采用手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的中远期疗效较佳,患者预后恢复理想,腰椎功能恢复优良,临床推广使用价值高。     

Investigation of Synaptic Tagging/Capture and Cross-capture using Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rodents

Synaptic tagging and capture (STC) and cross-tagging are two important mechanisms at cellular level that explain how synapse-specificity and associativity is achieved in neurons within a specific time frame. These long-term plasticity-related processes are the leading candidate models to study the basis of memory formation and persistence at the cellular level. Both STC and cross-tagging involve two serial processes: (1) setting of the synaptic tag as triggered by a specific pattern of stimulation, and (2) synaptic capture, whereby the synaptic tag interacts with newly synthesized plasticity-related proteins (PRPs). Much of the understanding about the concepts of STC and cross-tagging arises from the studies done in CA1 region of the hippocampus and because of the technical complexity many of the laboratories are still unable to study these processes. Experimental conditions for the preparation of hippocampal slices and the recording of stable late-LTP/LTD are extremely important to study synaptic tagging/cross-tagging. This video article describes the experimental procedures to study long-term plasticity processes such as STC and cross-tagging in the CA1 pyramidal neurons using stable, long-term field-potential recordings from acute hippocampal slices of rats.     

复合益生菌制剂"海生元"长期毒性试验研究

目的：观察及评价复合益生菌制剂“海生元”(HSP)的长期用药安全性。方法：以正常健康Wistar大鼠为受试对象,HSY及其核心成分M9、T9菌株为受试物,改良TPY和生理盐水(NS)为对照物,用M9、T9、HSY三种受试物的最大耐受剂量(分别为成人每日用量的125倍、200倍、500倍)口服给药4个月,给药前后及恢复期满(3周后)分别测定受试大鼠的体重、血液学及血生化指标、脏器系数并做病理学检查。结果：长期口服M9、T9及HSY,大鼠的外观、活动、食欲、大便、毛发等无明显异常变化。在给药的4个月内,除极少数指标外,三种受试物对大鼠的体重增长、外周血象、血液生化学指标、脏器系数及各组织器官的病理形态均未见有显著影响,与对照组基本一致。结论：HSY及其核心成分M9和T9菌株毒性极低,经口服长期应用是十分安全的。     

大鼠长期毒性试验质量控制探讨

大鼠长期毒性试验是费时长、参加人员多、消耗财力和物质大、操作繁琐复杂而又经不起重复的一个高难度研究工作,对其进行质量控制显得尤为重要。主要包括试验开始前的试验设计质量控制、试验过程中的全程质量控制和试验结束后的资料整理和实验报告质量控制。     

Analysis of the long-term stability of the output of electron beams generated by the Novac11™ IORT accelerator

Aim

The aim of the study was to analyze the long-term stability of electron beams generated by the Novac11? IORT accelerator.

Group I mGluRs and Long-Term Depression: Potential Roles in Addiction?

Addiction is an enormous societal problem. A number of recent studies have focused on adaptations at glutamatergic synapses that may play a role in the behavioral responses to drugs of abuse. These studies have largely focused on NMDA receptor-dependent forms of synaptic plasticity such as NMDA receptor-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). A growing body of evidence, however, suggests that metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) also play important roles in the behavioral responses to drugs of abuse and participate in producing synaptic plasticity at glutamate synapses. In this review, we focus first on the evidence supporting a role for mGluRs in addiction and then on the properties of mGluR-dependent forms of synaptic plasticity, focusing in particular on Gq-linked receptor-induced LTD.     

Altered NMDA receptor trafficking contributes to sleep deprivation-induced hippocampal synaptic and cognitive impairments

Recent evidence indicates that continuous wakefulness (sleep deprivation, SD) causes impairments in behavioral performance and hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) in animals. However, the mechanisms by which SD impairs long-term synaptic plasticity and cognitive function are not clear. Here, we report that 24-h SD in mice results in impaired hippocampus-dependent contextual memory and LTP and, unexpectedly, in reductions of the surface expression of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) subunit NR1 and NMDAR-mediated excitatory post-synaptic currents at hippocampal perforant path-dentate granule cell synapses. The results suggest that the reduction of functional NMDAR in hippocampal neurons may underlie the SD-induced deficits in hippocampus-dependent contextual memory and long-term synaptic plasticity.