共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Jane E. Schultz 《Journal of bioethical inquiry》2007,4(2):93-102
In researching the biomedically-engineered drug Neulasta (filgrastim), a breast cancer patient becomes aware of the extent
to which knowledge about the development and marketing of drugs influences her decisions with regard to treatment. Time spent
on understanding the commercial interests of insurers and pharmaceutical companies initially thwarts but ultimately aids the
healing process. This first-person narrative calls for physicians to recognize that the alignment of commercial interests
transgresses the patient’s humanity.
相似文献
Jane E. SchultzEmail: |
2.
Amazon Forestry Tranformed: Integrating Knowledge for Smallholder Timber Managemet in Eastern Brazil
Robin R. Sears Christine Padoch Miguel Pinedo-Vasquez 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2007,35(6):697-707
Recent discussions of local knowledge emphasize its dynamic nature invoking local peoples’ ability to effectively integrate
traditional or local with science-based or “modern” knowledges. The smallholder timber industry of the Amazon’s estuarine
floodplain provides an outstanding example of local patterns of resource management and economic activities transformed from
within by smallholder farmers who participated in the industrial timber boom of the 1970s and 1980s. These farmers of eastern
Amazonia have developed a vertically integrated local industry based on expertise reflecting profound locally developed knowledge
of specific forests and management of ecological processes, individual observation and experimentation, as well as concepts
and practices derived from temporary employment by large-scale industrial timber firms. At each stage of the smallholder forestry
process—from managing natural regeneration to running small sawmills and marketing lumber—local managers apply an innovative
set of practices reflecting their diverse experiences. This combination of technical, market, and ecological knowledge results
in forests, timber markets, and economic patterns that do not correspond to many of the widely-held generalizations concerning
either local or industrial tropical timber exploitation. This article uses data from 7 years of research in the Amazon floodplain.
相似文献
Christine PadochEmail: |
3.
Brett Calcott 《Biology & philosophy》2008,23(5):639-657
According to Pigliucci and Kaplan, there is a revolution underway in how we understand fitness landscapes. Recent models suggest
that a perennial problem in these landscapes—how to get from one peak across a fitness valley to another peak—is, in fact,
non-existent. In this paper I assess the structure and the extent of Pigliucci and Kaplan’s proposed revolution and argue
for two points. First, I provide an alternative interpretation of what underwrites this revolution, motivated by some recent
work on model-based science. Second, I show that the implications of this revolution need to carefully assessed depending on question being asked,
for peak-shifting is not central to all evolutionary questions that fitness landscapes have been used to explore.
相似文献
Brett CalcottEmail: |
4.
T. Ryan Gregory 《Evolution》2008,1(2):121-137
Charles Darwin sketched his first evolutionary tree in 1837, and trees have remained a central metaphor in evolutionary biology
up to the present. Today, phylogenetics—the science of constructing and evaluating hypotheses about historical patterns of
descent in the form of evolutionary trees—has become pervasive within and increasingly outside evolutionary biology. Fostering
skills in “tree thinking” is therefore a critical component of biological education. Conversely, misconceptions about evolutionary
trees can be very detrimental to one’s understanding of the patterns and processes that have occurred in the history of life.
This paper provides a basic introduction to evolutionary trees, including some guidelines for how and how not to read them.
Ten of the most common misconceptions about evolutionary trees and their implications for understanding evolution are addressed.
相似文献
T. Ryan GregoryEmail: |
5.
Philip Richard Sullivan 《Biology & philosophy》2009,24(1):65-79
This paper demonstrates that the human visual system, the primary sensory conduit for primates, processes ambient energy in
a way that obligatorily constructs the objects that we ineluctably perceive. And since our perceptual apparatus processes
information only in terms of objects (along with the properties and movements of objects), we are limited in our ability to comprehend ‘what
is’ when we move beyond our ordinary world of midsize objects—as, for example, when we address the micro microworld of quantum
physics.
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Philip Richard SullivanEmail: |
6.
Debates over adaptationism can be clarified and partially resolved by careful consideration of the ‘grain’ at which evolutionary
processes are described. The framework of ‘adaptive landscapes’ can be used to illustrate and facilitate this investigation.
We argue that natural selection may have special status at an intermediate grain of analysis of evolutionary processes. The
cases of sickle-cell disease and genomic imprinting are used as case studies.
相似文献
Peter Godfrey-SmithEmail: |
7.
Based on the experiences of two high profile voluntary data collection programs for engineered nanomaterials, this article
considers the merit of an international online registry for scientific data on engineered nanomaterials and environmental,
health and safety (EHS) data. Drawing on the earlier experiences from the pharmaceutical industry, the article considers whether
a registry of nanomaterials at the international level is practical or indeed desirable, and if so, whether such an initiative—based
on the current state of play—should be voluntary or mandatory. The article commences with an examination of the success and
failures of voluntary reporting schemes in the UK and the US, as well as the International Council of Nanotechnology’s EHS
Database and the OECD’s Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials. The article then examines the history of clinical trials
registries, including the key motivations behind their creation, the role of self-regulation, and the perceived benefits thereof.
Key lessons of the rise of clinical trials registration are highlighted, as are crucial considerations that must be addressed
by policy makers should a multi-lateral public registry for data on nanoscale materials and EHS research be perceived to be
a desirable option. The article concludes by arguing that while the creation of a registry to record information generated
on nanomaterials is not straightforward, this reason alone should not deter industry from taking a proactive approach to the
dissemination of fundamental data and research findings.
相似文献
Karinne LudlowEmail: |
8.
Stefan Artmann 《Biosemiotics》2009,2(1):31-38
Though the formal coherence and empirical utility of Marcello Barbieri’s concept of organic code have been starting to become
established, a general conception of how the semantics of organic codes is related to the pragmatics of their use is still
missing. Barbieri took a first step towards such a conception by distinguishing three types of semiosis in living systems:
manufacturing, signalling, and interpretive semiosis. This paper integrates Barbieri’s distinction into Roman Jakobson’s systematization
of possible functions of messages in order to propose a general conception of possible types of semiosis in living systems.
As a result, Barbieri’s thesis that manufacturing and signalling semiosis are basic types of semiosis, can be confirmed and
completed communication-theoretically.
相似文献
Stefan ArtmannEmail: |
9.
Peter Godfrey-Smith 《Biology & philosophy》2007,22(3):429-437
Jablonka and Lamb's claim that evolutionary biology is undergoing a ‘revolution’ is queried. But the very concept of revolutionary
change has uncertain application to a field organized in the manner of contemporary biology. The explanatory primacy of sequence
properties is also discussed.
相似文献
Peter Godfrey-SmithEmail: |
10.
Niles Eldredge 《Evolution》2009,2(1):35-54
Detailed analysis of Darwin’s scientific notes and other writings from the Beagle voyage reveals a focus on endemism and replacement of allied taxa in time and in space that began early in the journey. Though
it is impossible to determine exactly when Darwin became a transmutationist, the evidence suggests that he was conversant
with the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and others and testing (“experimenting” with) them—before he received a copy of
Lyell’s Principles of Geology, vol. 2, in November 1832, in which Lyell describes and disputes Lamarck’s theory. To the two rhea species of Patagonia and
the four mockingbird species of the Galapagos, we can now add the living Patagonian cavy (rodent) species, and its extinct
putatively related species that Darwin collected at Monte Hermoso (Bahia Blanca) in the Fall of 1832, as a replacement pattern
absolutely critical to the development of Darwin’s transmutational thinking. Darwin developed his first transmutational theory
by adopting “Brocchi’s analogy” (Rudwick 2008)—i.e. that births and deaths of species are analogous to the births and deaths
of individuals. Births and deaths of species, as of individuals, are thus explicable in terms of natural causes. Darwin explored
these themes and the replacement of the extinct cavy by the modern species explicitly in his February 1835 essay (Darwin 1835a).
相似文献
Niles EldredgeEmail: |
11.
Niles Eldredge 《Evolution》2008,1(1):10-15
Evolutionary biology presents a bewildering array of phenomena to scientists and students alike—ranging from molecules to
species and ecosystems; and embracing 3.8 billion years of life’s history on earth. Biological systems are arranged hierarchically,
with smaller units forming the components of larger systems. The evolutionary hierarchy, based on replication of genetic information
and reproduction, is a complex of genes/organisms/demes/species and higher taxa. The ecological hierarchy, based on patterns
of matter–energy transfer, is a complex of proteins/organisms/avatars/local ecosystems/regional ecosystems. All organisms
are simultaneously parts of both hierarchical systems. Darwin’s original formulation of natural selection maps smoothly onto
a diagram where the two hierarchical systems are placed side-by-side. The “sloshing bucket” theory of evolution emerges from
empirical cases in biological history mapped onto this dual hierarchy scheme: little phenotypically discernible evolution
occurs with minor ecological disturbance; conversely, greatest concentrations of change in evolutionary history follow mass
extinctions, themselves based on physical perturbations of global extent. Most evolution occurs in intermediate-level regional
“turnovers,” when species extinction leads to rapid evolution of new species. Hierarchy theory provides a way of integrating
all fields of evolutionary biology into an easily understood—and taught—rubric.
相似文献
Niles EldredgeEmail: |
12.
Temporal Heterogeneity in the Study of African Land Use 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jane I. Guyer Eric F. Lambin Lisa Cliggett Peter Walker Kojo Amanor Thomas Bassett Elizabeth Colson Rod Hay Katherine Homewood Olga Linares Opoku Pabi Pauline Peters Thayer Scudder Matthew Turner John Unruh 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2007,35(1):3-17
This paper introduces a set of four collaborative papers exploring temporal heterogeneity in the analysis of African land
use over a decadal time period, from 10 to 50 years, in the second half of the twentieth century. The four cases were chosen
amongst the seven teams of anthropologists, human geographers and remote sensing specialists who had carried out long-term
research and who met to discuss their findings at a workshop in 2003. All seven teams’ work and the collective discussion—on
Casamance (Senegal), Brong Ahafo (Ghana), Southern Niger/Northern Cote d’Ivoire, Oyo State (Nigeria), Maasai Mara (Kenya and
Tanzania), Gwembe (Zambia), and Malawi—inform this introduction. We identify several temporal processes in all the cases,
each operating on its own temporal frame: population growth and, above all, mobility; livelihood change through crop and occupational
change; tenure ambiguity; powerful though “punctuated” interventions by state policy; and climate change. Conceptual and methodological
implications are disussed.
相似文献
John UnruhEmail: |
13.
Jennifer Jo Thompson Cheryl Ritenbaugh Mark Nichter 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2009,33(1):112-152
This paper considers how the full range of human experience may catalyze a placebo response. The placebo effect has been characterized
as something to control in clinical research, something to cultivate in clinical practice and something present in all healing
encounters. We examine domains in which the term ‘placebo’ is used in discourse: clinical research, clinical practice, media
representations of treatment efficacy and lay interpretations of placebo—an underresearched topic. We briefly review major
theoretical frameworks proposed to explain the placebo effect: classical conditioning, expectancy, the therapeutic relationship
and sociocultural ‘meaning.’ As a corrective to what we see as an overemphasis on conscious cognitive approaches to understanding
placebo, we reorient the discussion to argue that direct embodied experience may take precedence over meaning-making in the
healing encounter. As an example, we examine the neurobiology of rehearsing or visualizing wellness as a mode of directly
(performatively) producing an outcome often dismissed as a ‘placebo response.’ Given body/mind/emotional resonance, we suggest
that the placebo response is an evolutionarily adaptive trait and part of healing mechanisms operating across many levels—from
genetic and cellular to social and cultural.
相似文献
Mark NichterEmail: |
14.
Gillian Barker 《Biology & philosophy》2008,23(1):1-25
Two critiques of simple adaptationism are distinguished: anti-adaptationism and extended adaptationism. Adaptationists and
anti-adaptationists share the presumption that an evolutionary explanation should identify the dominant simple cause of the
evolutionary outcome to be explained. A consideration of extended-adaptationist models such as coevolution, niche construction
and extended phenotypes reveals the inappropriateness of this presumption in explaining the evolution of certain important
kinds of features—those that play particular roles in the regulation of organic processes, especially behavior. These biological
or behavioral ‘levers’ are distinctively available for adaptation and exaptation by their possessors and for co-optation by
other organisms. As a result they are likely to result from a distinctive and complex type of evolutionary process that conforms
neither to simple adaptationist nor to anti-adaptationist styles of explanation. Many of the human features whose evolutionary
explanation is most controversial belong to this category, including the female orgasm.
相似文献
Gillian BarkerEmail: |
15.
Event-related brain potentials (ERP) are important neural correlates of cognitive processes. In the domain of language processing,
the N400 and P600 reflect lexical-semantic integration and syntactic processing problems, respectively. We suggest an interpretation
of these markers in terms of dynamical system theory and present two nonlinear dynamical models for syntactic computations
where different processing strategies correspond to functionally different regions in the system’s phase space.
相似文献
Peter beim GrabenEmail: |
16.
Nicholas J. K. Breitborde Steven R. López Keith H. Nuechterlein 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2009,33(1):41-60
Although there is a clear statistical association between expressed emotion (EE) and schizophrenic relapse, our understanding
of the mechanisms underlying this relationship is underdeveloped. This study tested a theoretical model in which caregivers’
perceptions of their ill relative’s agency underlie the EE-relapse association. To evaluate this model, we completed qualitative
and quantitative analyses of narratives provided by individuals caring for a relative with schizophrenia. The results indicate
that high-EE caregivers perceive the expression of symptoms as stemming from their ill relative’s agency more frequently than
low-EE caregivers. This was true for both high-EE-criticism and high-EE-emotional overinvolvement caregivers. High-EE and
low-EE caregivers did not differ in their perceptions of the role of their ill relative’s agency with regard to the control
of symptoms. The findings suggest that EE may be a proxy risk factor for caregivers’ perceptions of their ill relative’s agency.
相似文献
Nicholas J. K. BreitbordeEmail: |
17.
Does Investment in the Sexes Differ When Fathers Are Absent? 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Mhairi A. Gibson 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》2008,19(3):263-276
This study examines child survival and growth in a patrilineal Ethiopian community as a function of father absence and sex.
In line with evolutionary predictions for sex-biased parental investment, the absence of a father and associated constraints
on household resources is more detrimental for sons’ than daughters’ survival in infancy. Father absence doubles a son’s risk
of dying in infancy but has a positive influence on the well-being of female members of the household, improving daughter
survival, growth, and maternal nutritional status. Lack of paternal investment may be compensated for by other matrilateral
kin through increased reciprocity between mother, daughter, and sister.
相似文献
Mhairi A. GibsonEmail: |
18.
Marshall Abrams 《Biology & philosophy》2009,24(4):487-504
It’s recently been argued that biological fitness can’t change over the course of an organism’s life as a result of organisms’
behaviors. However, some characterizations of biological function and biological altruism tacitly or explicitly assume that
an effect of a trait can change an organism’s fitness. In the first part of the paper, I explain that the core idea of changing
fitness can be understood in terms of conditional probabilities defined over sequences of events in an organism’s life. The
result is a notion of “conditional fitness” which is static but which captures intuitions about apparent behavioral effects
on fitness. The second part of the paper investigates the possibility of providing a systematic foundation for conditional
fitness in terms of spaces of sequences of states of an organism and its environment. I argue that the resulting “organism–environment
history conception” helps unify diverse biological perspectives, and may provide part of a metaphysics of natural selection.
相似文献
Marshall AbramsEmail: |
19.
Tim Lewens 《Biology & philosophy》2009,24(2):161-182
Godfrey-Smith (2001) has distinguished three types of adaptationism. This article builds on his analysis, and revises it in places, by distinguishing
seven varieties of adaptationism. This taxonomy allows us to clarify what is at stake in debates over adaptationism, and it
also helps to cement the importance of Gould and Lewontin’s ‘Spandrels’ essay. Some adaptationists have suggested that their
essay does not offer any coherent alternative to the adaptationist programme: it consists only in an exhortation to test adaptationist
hypotheses more thoroughly than was usual in the 1970s. Here it is argued that the ‘Spandrels’ paper points towards a genuinely
non-adaptationist methodology implicit in much evolutionary developmental biology. This conclusion helps to expose the links
between older debates over adaptationism and more recent questions about the property of evolvability.
相似文献
Tim LewensEmail: Email: |