Lymphocyte recirculation and the gut: the cellular basis of humoral immunity in the intestine

During the last 15 years evidence has accumulated which shows that the B immunoblasts generated in the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in response to antigenic stimuli from the intestinal tract are discharged into the intestinal lymph. The lymph stream carries them to the blood but most of them soon extravasate in the gut (and some other mucosae) and develop into plasma cells which synthesise secretory immunoglobulins. In sheep, there is some evidence that these cells may be derived initially from a sub-set of small lymphocytes which circulate preferentially through the GALT, but the situation in rodents is less clear. However, in most species it is becoming clear that although some of the antibodies produced by the sub-mucosal plasma cells are secreted directly into the lumen of the gut many find their way, via the lymph, into the blood and, if in the form of polymeric IgA, they are rapidly and actively transported by the hepatocytes into the bile and thus gain direct access to the duodenum in concert with the entry of freshly ingested food and bacteria.     

Playing with cellular and humoral immunity

An interesting and easy game for the teaching of immunology was developed by the authors. Previously distributed figure cards are used by students that have to ask questions of each other. Most students considered the game to be interesting (97.7%) and declared that it helped them to understand the subject. The authors emphasise the importance of improving the quality of teaching using visual memory, fun and competition.     

Indicators of cellular and humoral immunity in chronic opisthorchiasis]

Quantitative content of T- and B-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood was studied after Mendes in 30 patients suffering from chronic opisthorcosis and in 30 practically healthy persons; immunoglobulins--M, G, and A were examined after Mancini, and the presence of autoantibodies in the blood serum was studied by indirect method of mast cells degranulation. There was revealed a reduction of the T-cell count to 28.8 +/- 2.28% (normal value--52.9 +/- 3.32%) and a fall of IgM level to 163.4 +/- 16.2 (207.2 +/- 10.5 in donors) in the patients; macrophages count was almost doubled. Autoantibodies to the antigens of the liver, gastric mucosa and the gall bladder wall were revealed in 1/3 of the patients.     

脑梗死患者的细胞免疫与体液免疫的变化规律研究

目的探讨脑梗死患者的细胞免疫功能与体液免疫功能的变化规律。 方法2016年5月~ 2017年5月期间广东省佛山市禅城区中心医院收治的脑梗死患者120例设为观察组,观察组患者按照脑梗死的面积分为轻症组（大脑中动脉区域脑梗,脑梗范围的直径≤5 cm者,60例）和中重症组（大脑中动脉区域脑梗,脑梗范围的直径> 5 cm者,60例）;选择120例健康体检者设为对照组。采用流式细胞仪和速率散射免疫透射比浊法测定各组血免疫球蛋白IgA、IgM、IgG、补体C3、C4水平来反应体液免疫功能;用试剂盒、外周血中T淋巴细胞亚群CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD8⁺、NK细胞、B细胞和CD4⁺/CD8⁺百分率水平的测定;对抗心磷脂抗体（ACA）浓度进行测定;通过ACA浓度反映的颈动脉粥样硬化（CAS）中生化指标的变化分析脑梗死患者的细胞免疫功能与体液免疫功能的关联。多组间比较采用单因素方差分析;患者性别比例采用χ²分析;通过直线相关分析细胞免疫与体液免疫的相关性。 结果脑梗死中重症组T淋巴细胞含量低于脑梗死轻症组和对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P < 0.05）,CD8⁺细胞百分率（27.91%±2.97%）T淋巴细胞含量高于脑梗死轻症组和对照组,CD4⁺/CD8⁺比值（1.98±0.03）水平高于脑梗死轻症组和对照组（P < 0.05）;与脑梗死轻症组和对照组比较,脑梗死中重症组NK细胞（12.29%±1.58%）和B细胞（12.76%±2.00%）均下降（P < 0.05）。与脑梗死轻症组和对照组比较,脑梗死中重症组血清中血球免疫球蛋白IgG（10.60±1.06）IU/ml水平降低（P < 0.05）;血球免疫球蛋白IgA（4.01±0.35）IU/ml、补体C3（2.13±0.04）IU/ml和补体C4（0.39±0.01）IU/ml的水平升高（P < 0.05）,而IgM（2.60±0.05）IU/ml无明显变化,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。与脑梗死轻症组（14.11±2.09）PLU/ml和对照组（7.82±1.15）PLU/ml比较,脑梗死中重症组（16.88±2.50）PLU/ml血清ACA浓度提高,差异具有统计学意义（t = 9.153,P < 0.01）。与脑梗死轻症组和对照组比较,脑梗死中重症组总胆固醇[（1.75±0.03）mmol/L]和甘油三酯[（2.42±0.33）mmol/L]含量增加;高密度脂蛋白胆固醇[（0.41±0.03）mmol/L]含量降低;与对照组比较,脑梗死中重症组低密度脂蛋白胆固醇[（1.55±0.21）mmol/L]含量升高（P < 0.05）。通过细胞免疫参数与体液免疫参数之间的相关性分析显示呈负相关,且相关性曲线陡峭（P < 0.05）。 结论脑梗死患者的细胞免疫与体液免疫的变化规律可指导脑梗死治疗和预后。     

Regulation of immune responses. II. The cellular basis of cyclic AMP effects on humoral immunity.

DbcAMP, when added at 10^?3M for the first 12 hr, can increase the number of AFC to SRBC (a TD antigen) and POL (a TI antigen) in antigen-stimulated CBA/ J spleen cell cultures. The cellular basis of dbcAMP action was therefore investigated. It was found that dbcAMP does not act by a direct B cell effect. It also does not stimulate the activity of T helper cells, and it inhibits the function of macrophages. The stimulatory activity of dbcAMP to anti-SRBC and anti-POL responses is through inhibition of a θ-bearing regulator (or suppressor) cell. Removal of T cells by anti-θ treatment has the same effect on the anti-POL response as treatment with dbcAMP. Furthermore, in the absence of T cells, the enhanced anti-POL response was insensitive of dbcAMP treatment. The data also support the hypothesis that the number of anti-SRBC AFC formed is regulated by the ratio of T helper to T regulator cells.     

Neuronal plasticity and cellular immunity: shared molecular mechanisms

It is becoming evident that neurons express an unusual number of molecules that were originally thought to be specific to immune functions. One such molecule, class I major histocompatibility complex, is required in the activity-dependent refinement and plasticity of connections in the developing and adult central nervous system, demonstrating that molecules can perform critical roles in both systems. Recent studies reveal striking parallels between cellular signaling mechanisms in the immune and nervous systems that may provide unexpected insights into the development, function, and diseases of both systems.     

Prolonged humoral and cellular immunity in COVID-19-recovered patients

By the beginning of 2021, the battle against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains ongoing. Investigating the adaptive immune response against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19, in patients who have recovered from this disease could contribute to our understanding of the natural host immune response. We enrolled 38 participants in this study. 7 healthy participants and 31 COVID-19 patients who had recovered from COVID-19 and categorized them into 3 groups according to their previous clinical presentations: 10 moderate, 9 mild, and 12 asymptomatic. Flow cytometry analysis of peripheral lymphocyte counts in recovered patients showed significantly increased levels of CD4⁺ T cells in patients with a history of mild and moderate COVID-19 symptoms compared with those healthy individuals (p < 0.05 and p < 0.0001 respectively). whereas no significant difference was observed in the CD8⁺ T cell percentage in COVID-19-recovered patients compared with healthy individuals. Our study demonstrated that antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (anti-S) IgG antibody production could be observed in all recovered COVID-19 patients, regardless of whether they were asymptomatic (p < 0.05)or presented with mild (p < 0.0001) or moderate symptoms (p < 0.01). Anti-S IgG antibodies could be detected in participants up to 90 days post-infection. In conclusion, the lymphocyte levels in recovered patients were associated with the clinical presentation of the disease, and further analysis is required to investigate relationships between different clinical presentations and lymphocyte activation and function.     

Evaluation of cellular and humoral immunity in men after occupational exposure]

Hundred twenty seven adult men have been examined to determine an effect of the occupational exposure to lead on the immunity. A group of 77 men occupationally exposed to lead absorbed by respiratory has been selected on the basis of the determination of exposure to lead in their working places, detection of lead deposits and its metabolites in the body. Fifty men constituted a control group. They were exposed to lead corresponding to an exposure of general population. Immunological studies have shown that high lead levels in the occupational environment produced significant disorders in all stages of both types of immunological response--a decrease in the cellular and humoral immunity.     

The cellular and molecular basis of odor adaptation

An important recent advance in the understanding of odor adaptation has come from the discovery that complex mechanisms of odor adaptation already take place at the earliest stage of the olfactory system, in the olfactory cilia. At least two rapid forms and one persistent form of odor adaptation coexist in vertebrate olfactory receptor neurons. These three different adaptation phenomena can be dissected on the basis of their different onset and recovery time courses and their pharmacological properties, indicating that they are controlled, at least in part, by separate molecular mechanisms. Evidence is provided for the involvement of distinct molecular steps in these forms of odor adaptation, including Ca(2+) entry through cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels, Ca(2+)-dependent CNG channel modulation, Ca(2+)/calmodulin kinase II-dependent attenuation of adenylyl cyclase, and the activity of the carbon monoxide/cyclic GMP second messenger system. Identification of these molecular steps may help to elucidate how the olfactory system extracts temporal and intensity information and to which extent odor perception is influenced by the different mechanisms underlying adaptation.     

Various parameters of humoral and cellular immunity in children with iron deficiency

Serum IgA, IgM and IgG as well as percentage of lymphocytes T and B in peripheral blood were determined in 50 children aged between 6 months and 3 years with iron deficiency anaemia. A significant decrease in lymphocyte T number in these children was found in comparison with control group of healthy children. Lymphocyte T count positively correlated with serum iron concentration. Moreover, a decrease in serum IgA and IgG was found in children with iron deficit.     

Relationship of eicosanoids to cellular and humoral immunity factors in meningococcal infection

The dynamics of the content of thromboxane B2, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha, T- and B-lymphocytes and titers of antibodies to group polysaccharides of meningococci, groups A, B and C, have been studied in 44 patients with generalized forms of meningococcal infection. As shown in this study, in patients with the clinical course of moderate severity a decrease in the number of T-lymphocytes in the first days of infection correlates with a decrease in the concentration of thromboxane B2. In some cases the concentration of thromboxane B2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha has been found to correlate with the titers of antibodies to group polysaccharide of group A meningococci. The severe course of meningococcal infection is characterized by the absence of correlation between eicosanoids and the immunity factors under study.