大豆E3泛素连接酶基因GmAIRP1的同源克隆及在烟草中的功能鉴定

E3泛素连接酶在植物抵御高盐及干旱等非生物胁迫过程中发挥重要作用。本研究克隆获得大豆E3泛素连接酶基因GmAIRP1,该基因cDNA全长为642 bp,编码213个氨基酸。蛋白结构域分析表明,GmAIRP1具有典型的RING-finger结构域。系统进化树分析表明,GmAIRP1与蒺藜苜蓿MtAIRP1同源性最高,亲缘关系最近。表达分析显示,GmAIRP1可被高盐、干旱和ABA诱导表达,并在胁迫1 h或3 h时表达量达到最大。抗逆表型分析表明,GmAIRP1转基因烟草在高盐和干旱胁迫21 d后,生长状态优于野生型,提高了植株对高盐和干旱胁迫的耐受性。生理指标测定结果显示,在高盐和干旱胁迫下,GmAIRP1转基因烟草的POD和CAT活性提高,整体高于对照,MDA含量始终低于对照。以上研究结果表明,Gm AIRP1能够通过激活抗氧化酶活性、提高渗透调节物质的积累来增强植物抵御高盐和干旱胁迫的能力,在植物响应高盐和干旱胁迫中发挥正调控作用。     

刚毛柽柳ThDREB基因在酵母中的表达及抗逆能力分析

DREB蛋白能特异地与DRE（dehydration responsive element）顺式作用元件结合,从而调控下游多个与逆境相关基因的表达,在植物对多种逆境胁迫的应答反应中起重要调节作用。为了研究刚毛柽柳ThDREB基因是否具有抗逆功能,将ThDREB基因插入到酵母表达载体pYES2中构建成重组载体,转入酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）中获得重组型酵母。分别比较转ThDREB基因酵母和转空载体对照酵母在山梨醇、H₂O₂、CdCl₂、NaCl、Na₂CO₃、MgCl₂、-20℃胁迫处理之后的存活能力。结果显示,ThDREB基因能有效提高转基因酵母的抗干旱、盐、碱、氧化、重金属及低温胁迫的能力,表明ThDREB基因可能参与了柽柳多种抗逆调控过程。     

中介体复合物在植物非生物胁迫应答中的功能

中介体复合物作为真核生物转录机器中的重要共激活子，起着连接RNA聚合酶II和不同转录因子从而调节基因转录的作用。当植物遭遇各种非生物胁迫时，中介体复合物通过整合胁迫信号并激活或抑制靶基因的表达，进而帮助植物适应环境胁迫。本文总结了植物中介体复合物的发现，及其在干旱、盐、极端温度下的功能及调节机制，并探讨了中介体复合体的未来研究方向，有助于理解中介体复合物在非生物胁迫应答中的重要功能。     

玉米逆境响应相关转录因子ZmC2H2-1基因克隆及功能验证

玉米是我国第一大作物,提高玉米的抗逆性是玉米育种的重要目标性状之一。植物C2H2型锌指蛋白广泛参与植物各个时期的生长发育及逆境应答过程。本研究从玉米中分离了转录因子ZmC2H2-1基因并对其功能进行了初步研究。结果表明,ZmC2H2-1属于C2H2锌指蛋白转录因子家族,编码蛋白主要位于细胞核中,酵母自激活实验表明ZmC2H2-1不具有自激活活性;干旱、盐和ABA等逆境可抑制ZmC2H2-1基因在玉米中的表达;过表达ZmC2H2-1基因的拟南芥叶片失水速率更快,在PEG、高盐和ABA处理条件下,与对照相比转ZmC2H2-1基因拟南芥耐逆性降低,以上结果说明ZmC2H2-1基因是作为玉米抗逆的负调控因子参与了逆境胁迫应答。本研究为深入解析玉米ZmC2H2-1的调控网络和玉米的抗逆调控机制奠定了基础。     

日本结缕草耐逆基因ZjLEA2的克隆及功能探究

植物胚胎发育晚期丰富蛋白(Late embryogenesis abundant)在抵御缺水胁迫中起重要作用.本研究从日本结缕草'Meyer'品种中克隆获得了 1个LEA蛋白基因,命名为ZjLEA2.该基因编码区长501个碱基,推测编码的蛋白质含166个氨基酸,预测分子量17kD,等电点9.10,具有LEA蛋白家族第二组的典型结构特征,亲水性强.基因的系统发育树分析结果显示,ZjLEA2蛋白与耐旱的禾本科草种狗牙根和无芒隐子草的同源基因遗传距离最近.ZjLEA2基因的表达受干旱、低温和高盐胁迫诱导,表达量峰值均出现在胁迫72 h后.转化ZjLEA2基因的酵母细胞对冷冻低温和高盐胁迫的耐受能力明显增强.本研究结果说明ZjLEA2基因具有抗逆功能,在结缕草抗非生物胁迫中后期起作用.     

水稻含有B-box锌指结构域的OsBBX25蛋白参与植物对非生物胁迫的响应

锌指蛋白在调控植物生长发育和应对逆境过程中发挥着重要作用.为进一步研究锌指类蛋白参与植物非生物胁迫响应的分子机制,对水稻(Oryza sativa)中一个编码含有B-box锌指结构域蛋白的OsBBX25基因进行了功能分析.OsBBX25受盐、干旱和ABA诱导表达.异源表达OsBBX25的转基因拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)与野生型相比对盐和干旱的耐受性增强,且盐胁迫条件下转基因植物中KIN1、RD29A和COR15的表达上调,干旱胁迫下KIN1、RD29A和RD22的表达上调.外源施加ABA时,转基因植物的萌发率与野生型之间没有明显差异.OsBBX25可能作为转录调控的辅助因子调节胁迫应答相关基因的表达,进而参与植物对非生物胁迫的响应.     

苦荞转录因子基因FtMYB21的克隆及其非生物胁迫下的表达分析

MYB转录因子是植物最大的转录因子家族之一,广泛参与植物各种生理生化过程。本研究根据苦荞花期转录组数据,筛选得到一条与拟南芥At MYB1同源性高的序列,采用RT-PCR技术克隆得到该基因,命名为Ft MYB21。生物信息分析表明,该基因编码蛋白含364个氨基酸,相对理论分子量40.0 k D,理论等电点p I 5.79。多重序列比对表明,其编码蛋白属于典型的R2R3型MYB转录因子。进化树分析表明,Ft MYB21蛋白与拟南芥参与抗逆的At MYB1聚为一簇。荧光定量PCR分析表明,Ft MYB21在高盐胁迫下表达量持续显著上升,72 h时达最大值,为对照组的3.35倍;在PEG干旱胁迫下该基因表达量迅速上调,6 h后趋于稳定,为对照组的1.8倍。因此,Ft MYB21基因可能参与苦荞抗高盐和干旱等非生物胁迫的应答反应,这为进一步理解苦荞的抗逆生理奠定了基础。     

山葡萄转录因子基因VaDREB的克隆及其抗逆功能分析

DREB/CBF（dehydration-responsive element binding protein/C-repeat binding factor）转录因子能特异的与DRE/CRT（dehydration-responsive element/C-repeat）顺式作用元件结合,在植物干旱、高盐和低温等非生物胁迫应答中起着重要的调控作用。本研究从山葡萄中克隆得到了一个VaDREB转录因子基因（登录号XM₀02283076.1）,并对其进行了序列分析、亚细胞定位分析以及酵母和拟南芥中的功能鉴定。序列分析表明,VaDREB开放阅读框全长459 bp,编码152个氨基酸,预测蛋白质分子量为17 kDa,等电点为8.67,包含一个AP2/ERF结合域。氨基酸序列比对和系统进化分析结果表明,该基因属于DREB/CBF转录因子A-5亚类。亚细胞定位结果表明VaDREB蛋白定位于细胞核中。重组酵母菌株与表达VaDREB基因的转基因拟南芥株系均表现出明显增强的盐、干旱、低温和高温胁迫耐受性表型,基因表达分析结果表明,转基因拟南芥株系中抗逆相关功能基因的表达量出现了明显上调,这些结果证明VaDREB转录因子在植物抗逆调控过程中起着重要作用。     

纤毛鹅观草DREB类基因RcDREB1的克隆及其蛋白结合干旱应答元件DRE的功能验证

以纤毛鹅观草为材料,通过RT-PCR和RACE技术,作者首次克隆了一个纤毛鹅观草DREB类基因的全长cDNA序列,命名为RcDREB1。该基因编码蛋白含有一个保守的AP2结构域,表明该基因是AP2大家族的一个新成员。种系发生树分析表明,RcDREB1与小麦AP2家族DREB类基因高度同源。酵母单杂交试验表明,RcDREB1表达的蛋白具有特异结合干旱应答DRE元件的功能;通过实时定量PCR分析发现,高盐、干旱、重金属镉和低温胁迫均可诱导RcDREB1表达,但其对高盐反应较为显著。本研究表明,RcDREB1是DREB类转录因子基因,在介导植物响应逆境信号方面可能发挥着重要生物学功能,为进一步分析小麦族的进化和转基因应用奠定了基础。     

银新杨中与DRE元件结合的转录因子的克隆及鉴定分析

DREB类转录因子特异地与DRE元件结合,在植物感受非生物逆境(干旱、高盐和低温)胁迫时,激活一系列逆境应答基因的表达。我们选用银新杨(Populus alba×P. alba var. pyramidalis)为材料,通过PCR和同源EST搜索的方法克隆得到了一个类DREB的基因,命名为PaDREB2。酵母单杂交实验表明,该基因编码的蛋白能特异地与DRE元件结合并激活下游报告基因的表达。用RT-PCR的方法研究了PaDREB2的表达模式,结果表明PaDREB2受低温、干旱和高盐的胁迫诱导。     

MicroRNA expression analysis in the cellulosic biofuel crop switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) under abiotic stress

Switchgrass has increasingly been recognized as a dedicated biofuel crop for its broad adaptation to marginal lands and high biomass. However, little is known about the basic biology and the regulatory mechanisms of gene expression in switchgrass, particularly under stress conditions. In this study, we investigated the effect of salt and drought stress on switchgrass germination, growth and the expression of small regulatory RNAs. The results indicate that salt stress had a gradual but significant negative effect on switchgrass growth and development. The germination rate was significantly decreased from 82% for control to 36% under 1% NaCl treatment. However, drought stress had little effect on the germination rate but had a significant effect on the growth of switchgrass under the severest salinity stress. Both salt and drought stresses altered the expression pattern of miRNAs in a dose-dependent manner. However, each miRNA responded to drought stress in a different pattern. Salt and drought stress changed the expression level of miRNAs mainly from 0.9-fold up-regulation to 0.7-fold down-regulation. miRNAs were less sensitive to drought treatment than salinity treatment, as evidenced by the narrow fold change in expression levels. Although the range of change in expression level of miRNAs was similar under salt and drought stress, no miRNAs displayed significant change in expression level under all tested salt conditions. Two miRNAs, miR156 and miR162, showed significantly change in expression level under high drought stress. This suggests that miR156 and miR162 may attribute to the adaption of switchgrass to drought stress and are good candidates for improving switchgrass as a biofuel crop by transgenic technology.     

高水位区暗管埋设下土壤盐分适时立体调控的生态效应

高水位地区作物生长关键期采用微咸水或咸水灌溉被证明在一定条件下可以起到增产正效应,但同时却存在着土体盐分积累及其对下茬或次年种植影响的生态负效应.为探讨消除或抑制微咸水或咸水灌溉对土壤盐分积累的生态负效应,保证作物种植增产的正效应,本文在河北近滨海高水位盐碱区开展了为期2年的试验研究,探讨了旱季微咸水或咸水灌溉带来的盐分异位积累与离子分布变化特征,分析了雨季关键期暗管适时排盐对土壤盐分的立体调控生态效应.结果表明：旱季咸水灌溉后土壤经历“积盐-脱盐-二次积盐”3个阶段;灌溉初期,1 g·L^-1咸水灌溉处理下0～50 cm土体脱盐,土壤含盐量随土壤深度增加而增加,HCO₃^-含量增加,其他离子含量降低;6与13 g·L^-1咸水灌溉处理下0～50 cm土体积盐,土壤含盐量随土壤深度增加而降低,HCO₃^-含量降低,其他离子含量增加;雨季暗管适时立体调控脱盐效果显著,土壤脱盐率达16.0%～45.7%,同降雨量下,降水分布越集中,脱盐效果越好;周年时间尺度上,咸水灌溉小区土壤积盐量小于对照区;咸水灌溉处理小区冬小麦产量显著高于对照处理,1 g·L^-1 处理高于6与13 g·L^-1处理.     

Differential response of cultivated rice to pathogen challenge and abiotic stresses with reference to cationic peroxidase

Seedlings of cultivated rice variety ADT43 was investigated after challenging with two different abiotic (drought and salinity) and biotic (sheath blight and bacterial leaf blight pathogens) stresses. Salinity and drought stress reduced the growth of seedlings, mainly the higher conditions (100 mM NaCl and 10?days of drought, respectively). Increased level of MDA content was observed in biotic and abiotic-stress treated seedlings. The highest H₂O₂ content was observed under salinity-stressed seedlings and lower level observed under biotic stress. Superoxide dismutase activity showed a gradual decrease in all stress conditions compared to control. Salinity stress resulted in highest activity of catalase compared to biotic stress. The peroxidase activity of the seedlings was found to be increased under salt and drought stress conditions and the activity decreased under biotic stress. Drought stress resulted in induced expression of POC1 gene whereas the biotic stress showed lower expression level. Suppression of the rice peroxidase would have been the mechanism of overcoming the intrinsic defence in rice by these pathogens.     

Functional screening of salt stress-related genes from Thellungiella halophila using fission yeast system

Salinity stress is one of the most serious factors limiting plant growth and threatening global food security. Identification of salt tolerance relevant genes from halophytes can provide more insights into the determinants of salt stress tolerance in plants. In this study, functional screening of genes for the salinity tolerance in Thellungiella halophila (salt cress) was carried out using fission yeast as a host organism. A cDNA library of the salt cress, constructed in the yeast vector under the control of the inducible promoter nmt1, was transformed into the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Transgenic yeast cells that showed enhanced salt tolerance were selected. A total of 69 such clones were identified from 10⁶ of yeast transformants by one-time screening. Functional assignment indicates that a large percentage (81%) of these cDNAs encode for homologues of proteins that are known to have roles in plant salt tolerance, while the other portion (19%) codes for unknown proteins. Among the proteins encoded by the known functional genes, the regulatory proteins account for a relatively higher proportion. Northern blot analysis showed that the expression of some isolated genes was salt stress inducible, whereas that of the others was constitutive. These results indicate that fission yeast is a simple and efficient system for functional and large-scale identification of salt tolerance-related genes from other organisms.     

Are the well-fed less thirsty? Effects of drought and salinity on New Zealand mangroves

饱食则耐渴？论干旱和盐度对新西兰红树林的影响 尽管已有大量的研究考察了非生物胁迫因素对植物的影响，但是我们对干旱造成植物死亡的机理尚无定论，而对多种胁迫因子之间的相互作用更是知之甚少。非结构性碳水化合物(NSCs)在防止或延缓因干旱造成死亡方面的作用正日益引人关注。在本研究中，我们探讨了NSCs在缓解新西兰红树林(Avicennia marina subsp. australasica)受干旱和盐度影响时所起的作用。首先，我们对植物体内的NSC 水平进行了实验调控，随后将植株置于不同的干旱和盐度组合环境中培育。研究结果表明，在高盐度且高度干旱的条件下，高NSC水平组(H-NSC)的植物生长速率和存活率分别比低NSC水平组(L-NSC)的高出2和3倍。在高盐度且高度干旱的条件下培育了12周后，H-NSC组植株的茎杆导水率(281 ± 50 mmol cm⁻¹ s⁻¹ MPa⁻¹)高于L-NSC组植株(134 ± 40 mmol cm⁻¹ s⁻¹ MPa⁻¹)。尽管淀粉含量保持相对稳定，但H-NSC组植株茎杆中的可溶性糖含量在高盐度且高度干旱条件下的第8周时比第12周时高出20%。这些研究结果表明：1) NSCs对于缓解因干旱和与之相关的高盐度造成的较低土壤水势的影响具有重要作用；2)旱、盐联合胁迫下的植株生长受到库的限制。     

小黑杨转录因子PsnbZIP1应答盐胁迫功能分析

为揭示小黑杨(Populus simonii×P. nigra)在面对非生物胁迫时,转录因子PsnbZIP1在植物体内发挥的功能,以小黑杨为试验材料,克隆得到PsnbZIP1的ORF区序列长为432 bp,并初步分析PsnbZIP1盐胁迫下的分子机制。采用q-PCR分析PsnbZIP1在150 mmol·L^-1 NaCl处理小黑杨组培苗时的表达模式,发现该基因的表达量快速上升;通过生物信息学分析预测PsnbZIP1转录因子为无跨膜结构且具有信号肽的亲水性不稳定蛋白;用农杆菌(Agrobacterium)介导的烟草(Nicotiana)瞬时表达观察该基因的亚细胞定位情况,结果表明该基因为核定位蛋白;用酵母单杂交实验证明该基因编码的蛋白在酵母体内不具有转录激活功能。对PsnbZIP1基因的启动子序列进行分析,结果表明该启动子包含了生长素应答、脱落酸应答元件、光应答元件以及种子特异性调控的顺式作用调控元件,该基因可能在植物的生长发育与响应胁迫过程中发挥了重要作用;启动子还包括参与干旱诱导的MYB结合位点和MYBHv1结合位点,表明该基因有可能与一些干旱诱导相关MYB基因...     

Overexpression of osmotin gene confers tolerance to salt and drought stresses in transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Abiotic stresses, especially salinity and drought, are major limiting factors for plant growth and crop productivity. In an attempt to develop salt and drought tolerant tomato, a DNA cassette containing tobacco osmotin gene driven by a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter was transferred to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Putative T0 transgenic plants were screened by PCR analysis. The selected transformants were evaluated for salt and drought stress tolerance by physiological analysis at T1 and T2 generations. Integration of the osmotin gene in transgenic T1 plants was verified by Southern blot hybridization. Transgenic expression of the osmotin gene was verified by RT-PCR and northern blotting in T1 plants. T1 progenies from both transformed and untransformed plants were tested for salt and drought tolerance by subjecting them to different levels of NaCl stress and by withholding water supply, respectively. Results from different physiological tests demonstrated enhanced tolerance to salt and drought stresses in transgenic plants harboring the osmotin gene as compared to the wild-type plants. The transgenic lines showed significantly higher relative water content, chlorophyll content, proline content, and leaf expansion than the wild-type plants under stress conditions. The present investigation clearly shows that overexpression of osmotin gene enhances salt and drought stress tolerance in transgenic tomato plants.     

盐及干旱胁迫对油菜抗氧化系统和RbohC、RbohF基因表达的影响

以白菜型油菜‘陇油6号’和‘天油2号’为试验材料,经MAPK抑制剂U0126、H_2O_2清除剂DMTU、NADPH氧化酶抑制剂DPI和IMD预处理后再分别进行盐胁迫、PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫,研究其对两种油菜幼苗活性氧、抗氧化酶活性和RbohC、RbohF基因表达的影响.结果表明:盐胁迫和PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫下,两种白菜型油菜中H_2O_2积累量上升,O_2^-·积累量下降,抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化氢酶CAT、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶APX和谷胱甘肽还原酶GR)活性和RbohC、RbohF基因表达均升高.与单独胁迫处理相比,两种油菜O_2^-·积累、抗氧化酶活性和RbohC、RbohF基因的表达量均明显降低,经DMTU、DPI和IMD预处理后再分别进行盐和干旱胁迫,H_2O_2积累量下降,但U0126预处理后再进行胁迫处理,H_2O_2积累量上升.说明NADPH氧化酶、MAP激酶级联途径、H_2O_2参与了盐、干旱胁迫下活性氧产生、抗氧化酶活性变化和RbohC、RbohF基因表达的调控.