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很多昆虫具有极其灵敏的味觉感受系统, 在其取食选择、 交配和产卵等过程中起重要作用。相对于昆虫的嗅觉机制, 对昆虫味觉感受机制的研究较少。传统的味觉感受研究主要集中在味觉感器外部形态、 味觉电生理和行为学上。近年来随着分子遗传学、 生物信息学和神经生物学技术的应用, 昆虫味觉的研究不断深入, 主要体现在下列两方面: (1)味觉受体方面, 通过分子生物信息学等手段获得了多种昆虫的味觉受体, 不同种昆虫之间受体数目差异较大, 不同受体之间氨基酸的相似性较低。通常, 根据味觉受体配体物质的性质可以把味觉受体分为取食抑制素受体和取食刺激素受体两大类。(2)味觉神经元的投射及味觉编码机制方面, 多个研究表明昆虫外围味觉神经元在中枢神经系统中的投射部位为咽下神经节和后脑, 但是不同性质的受体神经元投射的具体位置有所不同。本文对昆虫味觉感器和神经元的基本特征, 味觉受体的进化、 表达和功能, 味觉神经元在中枢神经系统中的投射, 味觉神经元的编码机制及味觉可塑性等进行了综述。 相似文献
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味觉对于辨别甜味、苦味、酸味、咸味和鲜味 (氨基酸味 )有重要的作用。最近 ,利用遗传学、生物信息学、表达克隆等手段克隆了哺乳动物的味觉受体。甜味和鲜味是由T1R家族的三个G蛋白偶联受体介导的。苦味主要由T2R家族约 30个G蛋白偶联受体所介导。TRPM5是一种新近从味觉细胞中克隆的基因 ,属于TRP钙离子通道家族。形态学研究结果表明 ,TRPM5与T1R或T2R受体共存 ,并且证明TRPM5可以被味觉受体通过磷脂酶C(PLC)所激活。TRPM5或者PLCβ2基因敲除的小鼠表现出甜味、苦味和鲜味味觉缺失 ,但不影响其酸味和… 相似文献
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味觉是人和动物的一种基本生理感觉,用来识别食物的性质、调节食欲、控制摄食量.味觉不仅仅存在于口腔中,同样存在于胃肠道中.最近研究表明,动物肠道的粘膜上存在着表达味觉受体和味觉相关因子的细胞,调控着肠道激素如GLP-1和GIP的分泌以及糖转运体SGLT-1和GLUT-2的表达.甜味剂的刺激影响这些激素的分泌及载体的表达,从而影响机体对葡萄糖的吸收和利用.肠道味觉的研究有助于揭示肠道消化吸收功能的调控机理,同时为糖尿病、肥胖、代谢失调及其它饮食相关疾病的治疗提供新的切入点.主要介绍了肠道粘膜上的味觉受体细胞、味觉的信号转导途径以及甜味感受对肠道激素的分泌和葡萄糖吸收的影响,最后讨论了味觉细胞生物学的发展方向. 相似文献
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味觉的生理学研究进展 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
味觉的生理学研究进展陈建国(江苏省启东肝癌研究所,启东226200)沈福民(上海医科大学遗传医学研究中心,上海200032)目录一、味觉的生理学基础(一)味蕾的刺激活动(二)味觉阈值分类二、尝味及味感觉机理(一)尝味试验的味扰作用(二)味感觉及舌图三... 相似文献
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G蛋白在细胞机械感受机制中的作用 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
机械刺激对生物器官、细胞的生理活动具有重要的影响.虽然生物细胞对各种机械作用具有各自不同的反应形式,但大多具有类似的机械感受机制,即首先由细胞膜、整合素-细胞骨架感受,在激活G蛋白等信号分子后,进一步引起生理、病理反应.因此,G蛋白可能是完成机械能向化学能转化的关键环节. 相似文献
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TGF—β超家族信号传导机制研究进展 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
万秋红 《国外医学:分子生物学分册》2000,22(3):137-142
TGF-β超家族由一大类具有共同生物学特性的细胞因子所组成,在生长控制、物质代谢等方面均有极其重要的作用。它们与Ⅱ型受体和Ⅰ型受体形成异在聚体复合物后激活Ⅰ型受体,然后通过被称为SMAD蛋白的信号蛋白,将信号从细胞浆转导到细胞核中。 相似文献
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根据近年来有关大鼠、小鼠味觉发育方面的大量研究,对哺乳动物味蕾(taste buds)发育的情况进行了综述和讨论.哺乳动物舌面上的味蕾分布在菌状乳头(fungiform papillae,FF)、叶状乳头(foliate papillae,FL)、轮廓状乳头(circumvallate papillae,CV)之中,味蕾细胞(taste bud cells)不断地进行着周期性的更新,味蕾的形态、数量和功能随动物随年龄而变化.有关味孔头的研究表明,味乳头(gustatory papillae)在味蕾形成和维持味蕾存在及正常发育方面有着独特的功能.味乳头和味蕾的发育过程与细胞信号分子(signaling molecules)、味觉神经(gustatory nerve fibers)等许多因素有着密切的关系,其中有些作用机理至今尚无定论. 相似文献
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Roman A. Romanov Olga A. Rogachevskaja Alexander A. Khokhlov Stanislav S. Kolesnikov 《The Journal of general physiology》2008,132(6):731-744
Mammalian type II taste cells release the afferent neurotransmitter adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through ATP-permeable ion channels, most likely to be connexin (Cx) and/or pannexin hemichannels. Here, we show that ion channels responsible for voltage-gated (VG) outward currents in type II cells are ATP permeable and demonstrate a strong correlation between the magnitude of the VG current and the intensity of ATP release. These findings suggest that slowly deactivating ion channels transporting the VG outward currents can also mediate ATP secretion in type II cells. In line with this inference, we studied a dependence of ATP secretion on membrane voltage with a cellular ATP sensor using different pulse protocols. These were designed on the basis of predictions of a model of voltage-dependent transient ATP efflux. Consistently with curves that were simulated for ATP release mediated by ATP-permeable channels deactivating slowly, the bell-like and Langmuir isotherm–like potential dependencies were characteristic of ATP secretion obtained for prolonged and short electrical stimulations of taste cells, respectively. These observations strongly support the idea that ATP is primarily released via slowly deactivating channels. Depolarizing voltage pulses produced negligible Ca2+ transients in the cytoplasm of cells releasing ATP, suggesting that ATP secretion is mainly governed by membrane voltage under our recording conditions. With the proviso that natural connexons and pannexons are kinetically similar to exogenously expressed hemichannels, our findings suggest that VG ATP release in type II cells is primarily mediated by Cx hemichannels. 相似文献
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铁是机体必需微量元素,参与机体合成血红蛋白、肌红蛋白及多种酶的组成和功能发挥,对维持生命和健康至关重要。近四分之一的世界人口遭受铁缺乏或缺铁性贫血的威胁。此外,部分人群还存在铁过载问题,以脏器铁离子蓄积为主要病理改变的遗传性血色病,其在欧美发病率高达1/200,在中国也有报道。血色病后期多诱发肝脏、胰腺及心脏的功能衰退。铁过少或过多对健康都会造成严重危害,机体需要复杂而精密的调控体系维持铁稳态平衡。铁代谢主要包括小肠吸收、肝脏储存、血液转运、巨噬细胞再循环以及周身细胞利用。过去十多年是铁代谢研究的黄金时期,先后发现众多铁稳态代谢相关基因。该文综述了近年来哺乳动物铁代谢领域的研究进展,并对铁稳态代谢中存在的问题进行了初步讨论,为理解和进一步深入研究铁代谢分子机制提供参考。 相似文献
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克隆哺乳动物的一些进展 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
克隆哺乳动物的一些进展陈秀兰(中国科学院遗传研究所,北京100101)RecentProgresinMammalianCloningChenXiulan(InstituteofGenetics,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Bei... 相似文献
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Orientation selectivity in the primary visual cortex (V1) is a receptive field property that is at once simple enough to make it amenable to experimental and theoretical approaches and yet complex enough to represent a significant transformation in the representation of the visual image. As a result, V1 has become an area of choice for studying cortical computation and its underlying mechanisms. Here we consider the receptive field properties of the simple cells in cat V1-the cells that receive direct input from thalamic relay cells-and explore how these properties, many of which are highly nonlinear, arise. We have found that many receptive field properties of V1 simple cells fall directly out of Hubel and Wiesel's feedforward model when the model incorporates realistic neuronal and synaptic mechanisms, including threshold, synaptic depression, response variability, and the membrane time constant. 相似文献
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Silvius JR 《The Journal of membrane biology》2002,189(2):83-92
Syncollin is a 16-kDa protein that is associated with the luminal surface of the zymogen granule membrane in the pancreatic acinar cell. Detergent-solubilized, purified syncollin migrates on sucrose density gradients as a large (120-kDa) protein, suggesting that it exists naturally as a homo-oligomer. In this study, we investigated the structure of the syncollin oligomer. Chemical cross-linking of syncollin produced a ladder of bands, the sizes of which are consistent with discrete species from monomers up to hexamers. Electron microscopy of negatively stained syncollin revealed doughnut-shaped structures of outer diameter 10 nm and inner diameter 3 nm. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) of syncollin on mica supports at pH 7.6 showed particles of molecular volume 155 nm(3). Smaller particles were observed either at alkaline pH (11.0), or in the presence of a reducing agent (dithiothreitol), conditions that cause dissociation of the oligomer. AFM imaging of syncollin attached to supported lipid bilayers again revealed doughnut-shaped structures (outer diameter 31 nm, inner diameter 6 nm) protruding 1 nm from the bilayer. Finally, addition of syncollin to liposomes rendered them permeable to the water-soluble fluorescent probe 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein. These results are discussed in relation to the possible physiological role of syncollin. 相似文献