青海华蜗牛属一新种记述(肺螺亚纲:柄眼目:巴蜗牛科)

记述采自青海省达蛭华蜗牛属蜗牛1新种：达日华蜗牛Cathaica(Campylocathaica)darlagensis sp.nov。新种壳相与Cathaica(Campylocathaica)cunlunensis(Moellendorff,1899)相近,但新种壳高／壳径之比值较大,唇下部较平直,贝壳色带不同于后者。正模成螺,青海省达日县城,海拔3980m,1997－08－17,采集人李维平;副模5只成螺,采集数据同正模。模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所。     

中国特有陆生贝类毛华蜗牛属一新种(腹足纲:柄眼目:巴蜗牛科)

对毛华蜗牛属Trichocathaica 2种蜗牛Trichocathaica amphidroma Mollendorff,1899和T.foliosquama的贝壳及生殖系统进行了详细的描记,描述中涉及的一些特征为本文首次使用。文中附有新种叶鳞毛华蜗牛Trichocathaica foliosquama的贝壳、生殖系统全图及细部图。研究标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所。     

蜗牛的解剖

以采自新疆大学校园巴蜗牛科Bradybaenidae的一种蜗牛为例,介绍了蜗牛的一般解剖方法,并对蜗牛的内部结构进行了标注和描述。     

四川西北部巴蜗牛类研究兼一新种描述(腹足纲:肺螺亚纲:柄眼目)

对川西北陆生贝类巴蜗牛科进行了系统整理.其中对假弯巴蜗牛[Bradybaena (Bradybaena) pseudocampylaea (Moellendorff)]、松山巴蜗牛[Bradybaena (Bradybaena) sueshanensis Pilsbry]、单带反向巴蜗牛[Bradybaena (Bradybaena) controversa monotaeniata Pilsbry]进行了解剖.描述了新种茂县蛇蜗牛Pseudiberus (Pseudiberus) maoensis sp.nov.,其模式标本及其他研究标本均保存于中国科学院动物研究所.     

云南扭轴蜗牛科一新种记述(肺螺亚纲,柄眼目,扭轴蜗牛科)

笔者在整理云南省勐腊地区陆生贝类标本时,经鉴定发现1新种,即双沟皮氏螺Perrottetia biboncavus sp.nov..隶属于肺螺亚纲、柄眼目、扭轴蜗牛科、皮氏螺属.对新种形态特征、栖息环境作了记述,并对其近似种也进行了讨论.     

卵形半肠吸虫的生活史研究(Trematoda:Mesocoeliidae)

本文首次阐明卵形半肠吸虫(Mesocoelium ovatum Goto et Ozaki,1930)的全程生活史。在福州,终宿主为黑眶蟾蜍(Bufo melanostictus),实验中间宿主为蜗牛,Bradybaena similaris和Cathaica ravida sieboldtiana。蜗牛吞食本吸虫卵而受感染。毛蚴在蜗牛肠管内孵化,而后钻到肠壁外发育为母胞蚴、子胞蚴、尾蚴和囊蚴各发育期。囊蚴可在子胞体中形成并可感染黑眶蟾蜍。本文讨论了半肠属(Mesocoelium)的演化系统问题及与外斜睾总科(Plagiorchioidea)中一些吸虫类群的关系。     

中口短咽吸虫Brachylaima mesostoma(Rud.,1803)Baer,1933的生活史研究(Trematoda:Brachylaimidae)

寄生于鸟类和哺乳类的短咽科(Brachylaimidae)中的短咽属(Brachylaima)吸虫经记述有60余种,但有关生活史的报道不上10种。本文报道在福州二种陆地蜗牛,Bradybaena similaris和Cathaica ravida sieboldtiana,体内所见的一种短咽类吸虫的幼虫期包括胞蚴,尾蚴和后期尾蚴的观察。因此成熟的后期尾蚴人工感染八哥(Acridotheres c.cristatellus)雏鸟获得中口短咽吸虫(Brachylaima mesostoma)的成虫。本吸虫的天然终宿主在福州有八哥和黑鸫(Turdus merulamandarinus)。     

中国瓦娄蜗牛属系统发育关系和动物地理学初探(肺螺亚纲,柄眼目,瓦娄蜗牛科)

运用支序分析方法和Hennig86软件探讨了柄眼目瓦娄蜗牛科瓦娄蜗牛属中国种类的系统发育关系。中国瓦娄蜗牛属种类现已知16种,主要分布于中国北部,也分布在亚洲北部和西部,欧洲大部以及北美东南部。选择Acan-thinual属的代表种A．aculeata作为外群。系统分析所用特征为瓦娄蜗牛届的19个形态学特征。运用命令mh^*;和bb^*;对原始数据集进行运算,并进行逐步加权处理,结果共得到步长＝102,CI值＝61,RI值＝83的同等简约树一株。选择该树作为支序分析的首选支序图。支序分析的结果初步将中国瓦娄蜗牛属的16个种分为两群：西部瓦娄蜗牛群和东部瓦娄蜗牛群。运用扩散-隔离分析方法对该属的动物地理学进行了分析和讨论,认为瓦娄蜗牛居中国种类现有分布格局的形成可能是在中新世以前主要由该属的祖先在其起源地内蒙古一带逐步向现有分布地扩散的结果。     

基于入侵植物和蜗牛信息素的非洲大蜗牛新型诱杀剂研究

[目的]非洲大蜗牛是被世界自然保护联盟列入黑名单的一种入侵陆生螺。目前，其主要防治手段是使用化学农药，但化学农药有危害生态环境、威胁生物多样性的副作用。本研究旨在针对化学防治污染生态环境等问题，开发非洲大蜗牛新型植物源诱杀剂。[方法]通过对非洲大蜗牛的诱食、灭杀和诱杀试验测定，对比入侵植物提取物和非洲大蜗牛腹足部腺体中的信息素提取物复配成的诱杀剂对非洲大蜗牛的诱杀效果。[结果]食物诱食试验结果发现，非洲大蜗牛腹足部腺体中的信息素选择比例为40.30%，偏好性明显高于氨基酸、含硫化合物甜菜碱和酵母等。以五爪金龙和薇甘菊2种入侵植物提取物复配成的杀螺剂处理后，在24、48 h时非洲大蜗牛的死亡率分别达到65%、100%。利用信息素为诱剂，结合具有高效毒杀作用的入侵植物(五爪金龙和薇甘菊)粗提物复配成的诱杀剂，引诱率为34.12%，仅次于未复配的信息素(37.45%)，而诱杀率明显优于所选择的市售诱杀药物。[结论]以入侵植物五爪金龙和薇甘菊为杀螺剂原料结合非洲大蜗牛诱食信息素，复配制成的诱杀剂(诱杀率31.76%)见效快、杀灭效果强，并且安全环保，减少了农药对生态环境的危害。     

植物氰化物对宝石上华蜗牛食物选择的影响

为验证植物氰化物能影响植食性动物的食物选择以及植食性动物的采食能诱导植物合成氰化物的假设,本研究分别在野外围栏和实验室内测定了宝石上华蜗牛Cathaica(Pliocathaica)orithyia对氰化物含量不同而其他营养成分相近的红三叶草Trifolium pratense和白三叶草T.repens的选择性,以及在宝石上华蜗牛的采食作用下,2种三叶草再生叶片中氰化物含量的变化。结果表明,无论在野外围栏还是在实验室条件下,宝石上华蜗牛均嗜食氰化物含量较低的红三叶草,而避食氰化物含量较高的白三叶草;实验个体对经其采食后的2种三叶草再生茎叶24 h的采食量较初次对三叶草24 h的采食量均显著降低;2种三叶草被宝石上华蜗牛取食后,其叶片中氰化物的含量均显著升高。因此,三叶草中的氰化物能有效阻遏宝石上华蜗牛对其采食,同时,宝石上华蜗牛的采食能诱导三叶草中氰化物的合成。     

On the Knowledge of Coprophilus (Zonyptilus) pennifer (Motschulsky, 1845) and Coprophilus (Zonyptilus) marginalis (Reitter, 1894) (Coleoptera,Staphylinidae)

Entomological Review - The type and other extensive material of Coprophilus (Zonyptilus) pennifer (Motschulsky, 1845) and some of its synonyms was examined. Coprophilus (Zonyptilus) marginalis...     

On the Synonymy of Coprophilus (Zonyptilus) pennifer (Motschulsky, 1845) (Coleoptera,Staphylinidae, Oxytelinae)

Entomological Review - The type material of several synonyms of Coprophilus (Zonyptilus) pennifer (Motschulsky, 1845) is revised. Both Coprophilus (Zonyptilus) striatipennis (Eppelsheim, 1894) and...     

Electronic structures of collagen model polymers: (Gly-Pro)n, (Gly-Hyp)n, (Ala-Pro)n, (Ala-Hyp)n, (Gly-Pro-Gly)n, (Gly-Hyp-Gly)n, (Gly-Pro-Pro)n, and (Gly-Pro-Hyp)n

In order to investigate the relationship existing between the electronic structures of collagen and its biochemical functions in vivo, the semiempirical CNDO/2 SCF MO calculations were carried out on several model polymers of collagen, (Gly-Pro)_n, (Gly-Hyp)_n, (Ala-Pro)_n, (Ala-Hyp)_n, (Gly-Pro-Gly)_n, (Gly-Hyp-Gly)_n, (Gly-Pro-Pro)_n and (Gly-Pro-Hyp)_n. Geometries of the skeleton of these polymers were assumed to be the same as those of poly(l-proline) I (cis) and II (trans) and the calculations were performed only on infinite polymers in a single chain. The results show that the cis form is always more stable than the trans form for all the polymers treated. This energy difference between the cis and trans forms depends, for example, on the kind of amino acid residue, Gly or Ala, but this could not be seen in the Pro or Hyp residue. The flexibility or mobility of the collagen structure was explained using the energy difference between the cis and trans forms of the polymers, i.e. the cis-trans conversion of the collagen was discussed in connection with the energy difference. The reason why the collagen has the constitution of (Gly-Pro-Hyp)_n is briefly discussed.     

Genetic polymorphism (ABO, Rh, Kell) in Kabul (Afghanistan)

ABO, rhesus and Kell blood group data on 1327 donors in Kabul are analysed by ethnic affinity and compared with existing data on Afghanistan peoples. Blood group frequencies are very similar in Pushtu and Tadjik, despite their different historical, linguistic, and cultural backgrounds. Inclusion of the small sample of Hazara in the analysis shows overall heterogeneity in rhesus D, E, and e frequencies, suggesting the existence of a broader pattern of genetic variation among the peoples of Afghanistan.     

Spermiogenesis in Anaspides tasmaniae (Thomson) (Crustacea,Malacostraca, Syncarida)

Spermiogenesis of the syncarid Anaspides tasmaniae (subclass Eumalacostraca) was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The spermatozoan of Anaspides is an ovoid cell with an acrosome covering the anterior pole and a lobulated nucleus and mitochondria occupying the rest of the cell. A long subacrosomal filament bypasses the nucleus and forms a spiral that supports a thin extension of the posterior cytoplasm, giving the spermatozoan a bell-shaped appearance. No flagellum is present at any stage. The immobile spermatozoans are embedded in a hard capsule, secreted by the cells of the wall of the vas deferens.     

Molecular-Mechanical studies of the mismatched base analogs of d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2:d(CGTGAATTCGCG)2, d(CGAGAATTCGCG)2, d(CGCGAATTCACG)2, d(CGCGAATTCTCG)2, and d(CGCAGAATTCGCG)·d(CGCGAATTCGCG)

Molecular-mechanical simulations have been carried out on “mismatched base” analogs of the DNA double-helical structure d(CGCGAATTCGCG)₂, in which the base pairs CG at the 3 and 10 positions have been replaced by CA, AG, TC, and TG base pairs, as well as an insertion analog in which an extra adenine has been incorporated into one strand of the above structure between bases 3 and 4. The results of these simulations (calculated relative stabilities, structures, and nmr ring-current shifts) have been compared with calorimetric and nmr data. The calculated relative stabilities of the double-helical parent dodecamer and the various “wobble” base pairs qualitatively correlate with the experimental melting temperatures. The base-pairing structure for the GT wobble pair is in agreement with that previously determined from nmr experiments. For the GA base pair, the structure with both bases anti has a slightly more favorable energy from base pairing and stacking than a structure with non-Watson-Crick H-bonding with adenine syn, in agreement with nmr experiments. The CA wobble base is calculated to favor an adenine 6NH₂ …? cytosine N3 H-bond over cytosine 4NH₂ …? adenine N1, again, in agreement with nmr experiments. There is no definitive experimental data on the TC base pair, but the existence of (somewhat long and weak) H-bonds involving cytosine 4NH₂ …? thymine 4CO and cytosine N3 …? thymine HN3 seems reasonable. We find a structure in which the extra adenine base of the insertion analogs sits “inside” the double helix.