谈农林害虫的自然控制

人类的发展面临着许多问题,其中包括环境污染与害虫暴发失控等, 对策应是人类谋求与自然协调共存。人类必须学会既要和众多的非生命物又要和数千万种生物包括100多万种昆虫协调共存。天敌昆虫是大害虫的克星; 人类赖以生存的经济植物是由昆虫传播花粉的; 昆虫是人类的美味佳肴和医病良药; 有些昆虫是重要工业原料。所以人类要锐意合理利用昆虫资源。对于农林害虫要尽可能谋求自然控制; 提倡利用植物的抗害性、利用害虫的天敌、利用昆虫生长调节剂、种间信息物质、昆虫辐射不育技术控制害虫。尽量利用植物性杀虫剂控制害虫。尽量采用不杀伤或少杀伤天敌、不污染环境的化学杀虫剂或方法防治害虫。我国创造了很多行之有效的利用农业技术防治害虫的方法。     

昆虫的RNA干扰

RNA干扰(RNAi)是一种强有力的分子生物学技术, 在昆虫研究中得到了较多的应用。目前, RNAi技术主要应用于昆虫功能基因和功能基因组研究, 已在多个目的19种昆虫上实现了RNAi。在昆虫上实现RNAi的方法主要有注射、浸泡、喂食、转基因和病毒介导等方法, 这些方法各有特点, 其中喂食法因其简单而最有应用前景。昆虫RNAi的系统性较为复杂, 只有部分昆虫具有RNAi的系统性。昆虫中RNAi信号传导的基因可能是sid-1, 但昆虫RNAi的系统性机理还不是很清楚。转基因植物产生的dsRNA实现了对作物的保护, 证实了RNAi技术可用于害虫控制, 为害虫控制开辟了新领域。昆虫的RNAi研究处在起步阶段, 研究昆虫RNAi的机理, 特别是RNAi在昆虫体内的系统性扩散机理, 改进实现RNAi的方法, 提高RNAi技术在昆虫研究中的应用, 有利于昆虫基因功能鉴定和害虫控制, 促进昆虫学科的发展。     

昆虫病原线虫(斯氏属与异小杆属)应用概况

<正> 在自然界,线虫与昆虫的联系是普遍的。据目前所知,至少有27个科的线虫与16个目近3000种昆虫有联系(Nickole 1984,Poinar 1983),其分布是由寄主昆虫的栖境所决定的。这些线虫对害虫的种群起着自然调节的作用。线虫与昆虫联系的方式各异,使人最感兴趣的是那些能作为害虫生物防治的病原线虫。自从Oldhan(1933)首次提出利用线虫防治害虫以来,应用病原线虫进行害虫生物防治的工作已     

害虫的生物防除

昆虫天敌对于昆虫的发生常有抑制的作用,科学工作者根据这一原理,利用害虫的天敌去防治害虫,其方法称为害虫生物防除法. 昆虫的天敌很多,包括病原微生物(病毒、细菌、真菌和原生动物)线虫、壁虱目动物,昆虫(捕食性昆虫及寄生性昆虫)和脊椎动物.除此以外,还可包括一些高等植物.昆虫的天敌,虽然有上述的几大类,但并非全部都能够用来防治害虫,利用得最普遍的是捕食性昆虫和寄生性昆虫,其次是病原微生物和脊椎动物,至于线虫和壁虱目动物,只是偶有利用.     

家白蚁生物学中的“两种蚁王”和“吸水线”应予以澄清

<正> 白蚁是世界性大害虫之一,全世界约有两千余种,国际昆虫生理、生态研究中心把白蚁列为世界性五大害虫之一,集中世界上最优秀的昆虫生理学家、生态学家,遗传学家和化学家进行研究。 有人说:家白蚁 Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki有“两种蚁王”,红头和绿头,红头是调     

二化螟饲养方法的研究

植食性昆虫的人工饲养,近年来日益引起重视,根据 Singh(1977)的总结,约有 754种重要害虫可用人工饲料饲养,而有些种类已达到大量生产应用的水平。人工饲养主要根据两方面的需要:一是用来研究基础理论课题,如研究昆虫的营养生理、昆虫生态、昆虫毒理等;二是用来研究害虫的防治与益虫的利用,如研究杀虫剂、不孕剂、昆虫激素、性诱剂、辐射不育,或培养害虫的天敌等;都需要不受地区或季节的限制而获得大量标准化的试虫。     

害虫治理

大多数昆虫有益或无害于人类,只有少数昆虫造成经济损失而成为害虫。控制害虫的方法很多,利用植物的耐害性和抗虫性、天敌昆虫和病原微生物、昆虫生长调节剂和种间信息物质、植物性杀虫剂和家业技术措施等方法,可以避免化学药剂造成的环境污染和害虫再度猖獗。谋求人类与自然协调共存,走农林害虫自然控制的道路,是明智之举。     

迁飞昆虫的研究进展

昆虫迁飞是自然界普遍存在的一种现象,是昆虫在长期进化过程中形成的对环境的一种适应性,是为了减少竞争、躲避周围的不良环境或逃避天敌等而离开原来的生境,为了开拓新的资源而到达另一个生境的一种行为,它使该虫种得以繁衍。许多典型的迁飞昆虫都是重要的农业害虫,因此研究昆虫迁飞对掌握其灾变规律,提高人类控制害虫为害的能力有重大实践意义。本文拟从昆虫迁飞特点、影响迁飞昆虫的环境因子以及迁飞昆虫的生物学特性等方面对昆虫迁飞进行较系统的综述。１昆虫迁飞特点迁飞过去认为是主动地从一个地方飞到另一个地方,是较大范围内…     

昆虫翅多型现象的控制机理

昆虫翅多型现象是指相同性别的昆虫,在翅长等方面具有二种或更多种不同类型的个体。例如,重要的水稻害虫褐飞虱(Nilaparvata luens)具长翅型、短翅型两种类型;而世界性的害虫蚜虫类,则出现有翅型和无翅型两种类型。     

侵入型害虫的成灾机制与防治对策

侵入型农业害虫,即一种昆虫从其原产地迁到另一地（侵入）,而在新侵入地对农作物造成严重危害,就该种昆虫对新侵入地而言,称为侵入型农业害虫。侵人型害虫,有时也称为外来种或引入种。为了警示人们对该类昆虫的重视,称为“侵入型害虫”似乎更好一些。确定是否为侵入型农业害虫,关键在于区分其原产地和侵入地,例如马铃薯甲虫,原产北美洲洛基山东麓,而对欧洲、亚洲而言,显然为侵人型害虫,或称侵人种。而这种划分标准,有时也是难以区分的,如果昆虫原产地并不很清楚,或分布范围很广,或扩散距离较近,这时就难以断定该种昆虫是否…     

Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Insect Communities: A Transplant Experiment

Climate change will have profound impacts on the distribution, abundance and ecology of all species. We used a multi-species transplant experiment to investigate the potential effects of a warmer climate on insect community composition and structure. Eight native Australian plant species were transplanted into sites approximately 2.5°C (mean annual temperature) warmer than their native range. Subsequent insect colonisation was monitored for 12 months. We compared the insect communities on transplanted host plants at the warmer sites with control plants transplanted within the species'' native range. Comparisons of the insect communities were also made among transplanted plants at warmer sites and congeneric plant species native to the warmer transplant area. We found that the morphospecies composition of the colonising Coleoptera and Hemiptera communities differed markedly between transplants at the control compared to the warmer sites. Community structure, as described by the distribution of feeding guilds, was also found to be different between the controls and transplants when the entire Coleoptera and Hemiptera community, including non-herbivore feeding guilds, was considered. However, the structure of the herbivorous insect community showed a higher level of consistency between plants at control and warm sites. There were marked differences in community composition and feeding guild structure, for both herbivores and non-herbivores, between transplants and congenerics at the warm sites. These results suggest that as the climate warms, considerable turnover in the composition of insect communities may occur, but insect herbivore communities may retain elements of their present-day structure.     

气候变化对农业害虫的潜在影响

气候变化对农业害虫的潜在影响张润杰何新凤（中山大学昆虫学研究所生物防治国家重点实验室,广州５１０２７５）ＰｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌＥｆｅｃｔｓｏｆＣｌｉｍａｔｅＣｈａｎｇｅｏｎＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＩｎｓｅｃｔＰｅｓｔｓ．ＺｈａｎｇＲｕｎｊｉｅ,ＨｅＸｉ...     

昆虫耐寒性研究

昆虫是变温动物,气候变化是造成种群季节消长的基本原因之一。尤其在不良的低温环境中,昆虫耐寒力的高低是其种群存在与发展的种要前提,昆虫对低温的适应能力及其机理也因而成为昆虫生态学和生物进化研究中的一个深受重视的问题,本文论述了与耐寒性直接相关的过冷却点昆虫的抗寒对策,明确了昆虫耐寒性的一些基本概念,一方面从环境影响昆虫的角度对耐寒性的一般规律,如季节性变化,地理变异快速冷驯化的作用等做了简要的概念括,另一方面阐述了昆虫适应环境的生理生化机制,包括低分子量的抗冻物质的产生,冰核剂的作用及抗冻蛋白的功能等做了简要的概括,另一方面简单述了昆虫适应环境的生理生化机制,包括低分子量的抗冻物质的产生,冰核剂的作用及抗冻蛋白的功能等。强调昆虫与环境相互作用过程中的生态生理适应,并指出昆虫耐寒性应当与生活史中别的因素联系起来,这样才能对耐寒性有一个更加全面的理解。     

Insect control with baculoviruses

Baculoviruses have been researched extensively for insect control. Three of their features have been particularly attractive: their host specificity and consequential environmental safety, their virulence in host insects, and their capability for causing disease epizootics. There have been four approaches to their use for insect control: as microbial insecticides for short-term insect population suppression, through seasonal colonization or a recurring "booster shot" for control of more than one pest generation, through introduction-establishment where the viral species or strain was not indigenous, and through environmental manipulation to make the ecosystem more favorable for viral epizootics. Actual usage of baculoviruses in pest management has been disappointing, particularly with the microbial insecticide approach, primarily for three reasons: economics, slow speed of kill, and adverse effects of the environment on the viruses. The recombinant-DNA revolution has greatly increased the prospects for baculoviruses in insect pest management.     

Insect pest management in the age of synthetic biology

Arthropod crop pests are responsible for 20% of global annual crop losses, a figure predicted to increase in a changing climate where the ranges of numerous species are projected to expand. At the same time, many insect species are beneficial, acting as pollinators and predators of pest species. For thousands of years, humans have used increasingly sophisticated chemical formulations to control insect pests but, as the scale of agriculture expanded to meet the needs of the global population, concerns about the negative impacts of agricultural practices on biodiversity have grown. While biological solutions, such as biological control agents and pheromones, have previously had relatively minor roles in pest management, biotechnology has opened the door to numerous new approaches for controlling insect pests. In this review, we look at how advances in synthetic biology and biotechnology are providing new options for pest control. We discuss emerging technologies for engineering resistant crops and insect populations and examine advances in biomanufacturing that are enabling the production of new products for pest control.     

昆虫共生微生物在病虫害和疾病控制上的应用前景

昆虫与微生物之间的互利共生关系是自然界中一种常见的互作形式。昆虫的种类丰富多样并且在自然界中分布广泛,在一定程度上得益于共生微生物的帮助。随着生物技术的不断发展,越来越多的共生微生物和互利共生模式得以发现并深入研究。微生物不仅能够为昆虫的生长发育提供营养,还能合成很多生物活性物质、调节宿主的免疫、对抗捕食者和抵御病原微生物感染,成为宿主昆虫健康和适应的守护者。鉴于共生微生物与昆虫生理生态的密切联系,以及昆虫对人类经济与健康的重要影响,利用共生微生物对昆虫及虫媒病进行生物控制已经成为一个热点研究方向,并展现了良好的应用前景。本文对昆虫共生微生物的多样性、生物学功能、与宿主相互作用机制及其在病虫害和虫媒病防治中的研究进展进行综述和展望。     

Community- Weighted Mean Plant Traits Predict Small Scale Distribution of Insect Root Herbivore Abundance

Small scale distribution of insect root herbivores may promote plant species diversity by creating patches of different herbivore pressure. However, determinants of small scale distribution of insect root herbivores, and impact of land use intensity on their small scale distribution are largely unknown. We sampled insect root herbivores and measured vegetation parameters and soil water content along transects in grasslands of different management intensity in three regions in Germany. We calculated community-weighted mean plant traits to test whether the functional plant community composition determines the small scale distribution of insect root herbivores. To analyze spatial patterns in plant species and trait composition and insect root herbivore abundance we computed Mantel correlograms. Insect root herbivores mainly comprised click beetle (Coleoptera, Elateridae) larvae (43%) in the investigated grasslands. Total insect root herbivore numbers were positively related to community-weighted mean traits indicating high plant growth rates and biomass (specific leaf area, reproductive- and vegetative plant height), and negatively related to plant traits indicating poor tissue quality (leaf C/N ratio). Generalist Elaterid larvae, when analyzed independently, were also positively related to high plant growth rates and furthermore to root dry mass, but were not related to tissue quality. Insect root herbivore numbers were not related to plant cover, plant species richness and soil water content. Plant species composition and to a lesser extent plant trait composition displayed spatial autocorrelation, which was not influenced by land use intensity. Insect root herbivore abundance was not spatially autocorrelated. We conclude that in semi-natural grasslands with a high share of generalist insect root herbivores, insect root herbivores affiliate with large, fast growing plants, presumably because of availability of high quantities of food. Affiliation of insect root herbivores with large, fast growing plants may counteract dominance of those species, thus promoting plant diversity.     

昆虫基因组及其大小

昆虫基因组大小是由于基因组各种重复序列在扩增、缺失和分化过程中所致的数量差异造成的。这些差异使得昆虫不同类群间、种间和同种的不同种群间表现出基因组大小的不同。目前有59种昆虫已经列入基因组测序计划, 其中6种昆虫（黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster、冈比亚按蚊Anopheles gambiae、家蚕Bombyx mori、意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera、埃及伊蚊Aedes aegypti和赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum）的全基因组序列已经报道。有725种昆虫的基因组大小得到了估计, 大小在0.09~16.93 pg （88~16 558 Mb）之间。本文还介绍了昆虫基因组大小的估计方法, 讨论了昆虫基因组大小的变化及其意义。     

昆虫种群的遗传调控

昆虫种群的遗传调控是利用昆虫自身生长发育的关键基因,采用性别控制开关,通过遗传转化使雄虫成为携带导致后代雌虫发育异常或雌性不育的遗传控制复合体（性别开关元件和靶标基因的复合体）．昆虫种群遗传调控是一种基于不育技术的昆虫种群控制系统,具有种类特异、环境友好和便捷高效等特点．目前为止,已经由早期的通过辐射不育方法发展到释放携带显性致死基因昆虫的方法,并在多种昆虫中获得成功．本文综述了昆虫种群遗传调控的发展历程,介绍了昆虫种群遗传调控相关的理论与方法,包括特异的调控元件、致死或缺陷基因和遗传转化体系的应用,并列举了几种昆虫种群遗传调控的实例,最后对于昆虫种群遗传调控系统中存在的问题以及可能的发展方向进行了展望．     

Theory,Technology, and Practice of Site-Specific Insect Pest Management

Insects are usually unevenly distributed throughout an area in nature. Despite this knowledge, analytical methods and technology have limited insect pest management to uniform management decisions in the field. Recently, the methods and technology to map and analyze insect spatial distribution have been developed to a level where the uneven nature of insect populations can be considered for application of pest management tactics. This new approach to insect management is termed site-specific pest management. Site-specific pest management utilizes spatial information about pest distribution to apply control tactics only where pest density is economically high within a field. This review will detail the current status of site-specific insect pest management in agriculture, technological requirements, its limitations, and future potential.