尖吻腹自然越冬沿穴的结构观察

为了解决尖吻腹在人工饲养条件下难以安全越冬的问题,在黄山地区对尖吻腹的自然越冬进行了数年的调查,陆续观察了23个越冬洞穴的结构。初步总结了尖吻腹自然越冬的生态,并用数据和图示方式详细地报道了尖吻腹自然越冬洞穴的构造,介绍了人工饲养过程中保证尖吻腹安全越冬的管理方法。     

尖吻蝮的人工繁育

In this article, we report our first experience of successful artificial propagation about the five paced pit viper ( Deinagkistrodon acutus ) and breeding to its second filial generation. In May, 1994, 18 adult snakes (8 males, 10 females) were captured in field, and were reared in man made environment. In July and August of the same year, 5 females laid 134 eggs in total (26 8±5 26), which were artificially incubated into 123 hatchlings. 100 hatchlings (average body weight 12 13±1 50 g)were selected to feed. Three years later, 58 snakes were alive (livability 58%). In September of 1997, April and May of 1998, some of the 58 snakes copulated. From July to August of 1998, 6 females laid 64 eggs in total, 58 of which were fertilized, and 54 were incubated into hatchlings in September of 1998. Therefore, we had successfully bred the second filial generation of the five paced pit viper in complete artificial environment.     

尖吻蝮仔蛇的人工模拟生态养殖试验

目的通过建立一个适应于尖吻蝮仔蛇生长发育的稳定的多功能生态系统的人工模拟生态养殖蛇场,以最大限度地降低仔蛇的饲料成本,从而达到降低人工养殖尖吻蝮蛇的成本。方法选取一个室外围墙式养蛇场作为试验基地。设计为适应于蛇、蛙、昆虫、蚯蚓、小杂鱼等动物生长繁衍的人工模拟生态环境,建立一个稳定的多功能蛇场生态系统,以尖吻蝮蛇100条,在试验以前随机抽取10条测量其体重和体长,并以活体动物饲料喂养法和科学饲养管理法进行试验养殖,并在进入第一、第二次冬眠前均随机抽取10条蛇仔测其体重和体长。结果本次试验与本蛇场室内人工饲养尖吻蝮仔蛇相比,不仅在体重、体长和肥满度方面均相差不大,而且仔蛇的存活率还有所提高。结论表明该人工模拟生态养殖蛇场能够满足尖吻蝮仔蛇生长发育的需要,达到了预期的目的。     

我国蝮属蛇类和尖吻蝮英文名称的建议

“Vipers“ is the English common name for more than 200 species of the family Viperidae. The so called “pit vipers“ is also the English common name for more than 150 species of the subfamily Crotalinae which have a “faclal pit“, an organ on each side of head which functions as a heat receptor. Of course, in countries where the people use English as the mother language there are English names for most snakes found in their own country. For example, the pit-viper species Agkistrodon contortrix is called “copperhead“, and Agkistrodon piscivorus is called “cottonmouth“ or “water moccasin“ in the USA. Also, another pit-viper, Agkistrodon bilineatus, is called “cantil“ by the people in Mexico and South America. In Japan, there has only one species belonging to the genus Glo3dius, i.e., Gloydius blornhoffii. According to its Japanese pronunciation, it has an English name by spelling of English alphabets as “mamushi“. Up to date, there are more than ten species recognized in the genus Gloydius. Among them , most are found in China. But there is no English common name especially for those species. After my detail studying, I certainly believe that there a Chinese word, “腹“ (according to Chinese pronunciation, it may be spelled by English alphabets as “Fu“) especially for the pit-viper species since 500 to 300 years B.C. During the following 2500 years, the snake name “Fu“ appeared in many ancient Chinese boaks dealing about dictionary (the “Ya“ course), drug boaks (Ben Cao), and even literature boaks or papers. So, the author of this paper used “腹“ as Chinese name for all the Gloydius species as well as for Deinagkistrodon acutus, because the latter was never included in the same genus. In this paper the author would suggest to use the English alphabet spelling “Fu“ plus “s“ (Fus) as an English name for the genus Gloydius, and “Fu “ as the English name of all the Gloydius species found in China and other places (excluding Gloydius blomhoffii found only in Japan, which still would keep its Japanese name “mamushi“). Besides, using “Sharp-snouted Fu“ as an English name of the genus Deinagkistrodon as well as species name of Deinagkistrodon acutus.     

尖吻蝮血液11项生化指标的测定

对尖吻蝮Agkistrodon acutus血液11项牛化指标进行了测定,并对其测定结果进行了t检验.结果显示,尖吻蝮血液生化指标中葡萄糖(Glu)、甘油三酯(TG)、血清钠(Na)、血清氯(C;)、m清钙(Ca)、血清磷(P)、血清镁(Mg)的生化指标在雌雄之间差异不显著(P>0.05);总蛋白(IP)为雌、雄之间差异显著(P<0.05);总胆固醇(CHO)、白蛋白(ALB)、血清钾(K)在雌、雄之间差异极显著(P<0.01).从测定结果可看出尖吻蝮雌雄间血液生化值筹异不大.     

野外尖吻蝮迁移活动和捕食行为的观察

我国特有种尖吻蝮（Agkistrodon acutus）的驯养研究广大学者和专业户做了大量突出的工作。但对野外生态的研究还有待深入。近30年来．作者结合“尖吻蝮人工驯养”进行研究,在皖南歙县、黟县、休宁、祁门等周边地区作了数百次实地考查,并走访当地居民和有经验的捕蛇者,对尖吻蝮的野外生态、栖息环境、生活习性有了深层次的了解,为人工驯养繁殖尖吻蝮奠定坚实的基础。现报告如下。     

尖吻蝮幼蛇开口率的影响因素研究

目的了解人工养殖的不同体重尖吻蝮初生幼蛇对不同种类、重量食物的选择性,分析影响尖吻蝮幼蛇开口率的因素。方法将刚孵化出的尖吻蝮幼蛇按体重抽样分组,分别投入棘胸蛙幼蛙、多疣壁虎和小白鼠进行饲喂,统计不同体重的幼蛇对不同食物的偏好性、幼蛇对不同特征食物的选择性以及不同食物的损耗率。结果尖吻蝮幼蛇总开口率达98.33%,不同食物的开口率有显著性差异;在不同食物的分组开口实验中,投喂幼蛙的幼蛇开口率达95.0%,投喂壁虎的幼蛇开口率达60.0%,投喂乳鼠的幼蛇开口率仅15.0%。不同初生体重的幼蛇投喂壁虎、乳鼠的开口率差异显著,而投喂幼蛙的开口率差异无显著性。结论初生体重对幼蛇的进食能力有显著影响,尖吻蝮幼蛇开口食物应以幼蛙为主,壁虎为辅。     

尖吻蝮幼蛇就地和异地人工养殖研究

目的研究尖吻蝮（Deinagkistrodon acutbus）幼蛇在人工养殖过程中的技术难关,探讨尖吻蝮幼蛇生长缓慢的原因,以提高幼蛇的成活率和生长率。方法采用湖南省永州市野生尖吻蝮种蛇产卵孵化的幼蛇,在原产地永州与非原产地广西南宁进行幼蛇的人工饲养对比实验,观察在不同地域人工饲养的尖吻蝮幼蛇的生长速度。结果尖吻蝮幼蛇在本地及异地人工饲养均获得成功,尤其以南宁人工饲养的幼蛇最为明显,2010年9月饲养至2011年8月,幼蛇均重从（13．8±1．8）g增长至（198．8±80．6）g,最重的个体体重达350g。两地饲养的幼蛇均可自行捕食中华蟾蜍、老鼠及活小鸡、鸭苗,仅用1年时间将野生尖吻蝮子代幼蛇人工饲养成功。结论尖吻蝮幼蛇在本地及异地人工饲养是可行的。     

温度和卵大小对尖吻蝮幼蛇孵化及存活率影响的研究

目的研究尖吻蝮（Dienagkistrodon acutus）幼蛇成活率低的原因,观察不同温度条件和不同卵大小对尖吻蝮幼蛇的孵化、幼体特征、转化率、幼蛇存活率的影响。方法将不同窝尖吻蝮蛇卵按产卵日期相差不超过1天分为同一组,每组随机选择不同的温度进行孵化,采用隔水式恒温培养箱进行控温,以常温孵化作为对照试验,幼蛇出壳后采集相关试验数据并进行分析。在环境条件、养殖模式和养殖方法相同情况下对幼蛇饲养3个月,然后统计各组成活率。结果尖吻蝮幼体的孵化和幼体特征及存活率与孵化温度条件有明显相关性,孵化温度越高,孵化期越短,畸形率越高,蛇卵重量转化为幼体体重的转化率越低,3月龄幼蛇存活率越低。较大的尖吻蝮蛇卵孵出的幼蛇个体较大,生存力较强,存活率较高。结论尖吻蝮幼蛇的存活率与孵化温度条件及蛇卵重量大小有明显相关性,较适宜的孵化温度为24-26℃,蛇卵越大幼蛇存活率越高。     

食物种类对尖吻蝮幼蛇开口率的影响研究

目的观察投喂不同食物时尖吻蝮（Dienagkistrodon acutus）幼蛇的开口率,研究尖吻蝮幼蛇对食物的选择性,寻找最适宜的尖吻蝮幼蛇开口饵料;研究气味对尖吻蝮进食行为的影响,为人工配合饲料开发提供理论基础。方法将尖吻蝮幼蛇随机分组,在相同条件下对幼蛇进行饲养,分别使用泽蛙、幼体蟾蜍、SD大鼠的乳鼠、昆明种小鼠幼鼠、大麦虫、蚯蚓、中华蟋蟀、蟑螂对尖吻蝮幼蛇进行投喂,并统计开口率;在黑暗条件下投喂新鲜的死泽蛙和小鼠肉块,减少振感和食物与环境间温差对尖吻蝮的刺激,观察记录尖吻蝮的进食行为。结果尖吻蝮幼体开口率与食物种类有明显相关性,对蛙类和鼠类的开口率较高,而对昆虫类几乎无捕食。同时存在多种食物时尖吻蝮对食物有一定选择性,对运动较活跃和体温较高的食物选择性高。尖吻蝮可凭借气味寻找到食物并完成进食,对死食的进食率较活食低。结论 （1）泽蛙和幼鼠是尖吻蝮幼蛇的理想开口饵料;（2）尖吻蝮捕食过程中,除依赖视觉、震感、颊窝红外热感等感知食物外,还可通过气味来识别食物。     

尖吻蝮人工养殖灌喂技术研究

目的探讨采用灌喂器人工灌喂尖吻蝮技术的可行性。方法采用湖南京湘源蛇类养殖有限公司自主研制的灌喂器人工灌喂尖吻蝮,观察记录随机抽取的30条尖吻蝮幼蛇及30条尖吻蝮成蛇在机器灌喂后每条幼蛇的体重数据,每3个月测量1次,观察12个月统计尖吻蝮的体重增长情况,并与常规灌喂方法饲养的尖吻蝮进行比较。结果灌喂器饲养的尖吻蝮幼蛇成活率为86.67%,平均体重达（482.39±40.19）g;灌喂器饲养的尖吻蝮成蛇成活率为96.67%,平均体重达（1346.13±117.51）g。而同期常规灌喂技术饲养的尖吻蝮幼蛇全部死亡,尖吻蝮成蛇成活率为76.67%,平均体重（878.56±82.39）g。结论人工灌喂器饲养的尖吻蝮幼蛇及成蛇的体重增长快速,成活率高,值得推广。     

不同地理单元尖吻蝮蛇毒蛋白组分比较研究

目的探讨不同地理单元尖吻蝮蛇毒蛋白组分有无差异性。方法采用非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(NativePAGE)方法,比较采自安徽黄山(黄山单元)和贵州梵净山(西部单元)尖吻蝮蛇毒组分。结果梵净山尖吻蝮的蛇毒蛋白表达量和条带数目均高于黄山尖吻蝮。结论黄山单元和西部单元的尖吻蝮蛇毒蛋白组分具有差异性。     

王锦蛇血清对尖吻蝮蛇毒的抑制作用

目的 探讨王锦蛇血清对尖吻蝮蛇毒的抑制作用。方法 王锦蛇血清与不同剂量的尖吻蝮蛇毒分别混合后,注射到小鼠背皮下,测定王锦蛇血清对尖吻蝮蛇毒的抗出血活力;腹腔注射此混合物后,测定王锦蛇血清对尖吻蝮蛇毒的抗毒效价;先后注射尖吻蝮蛇毒和王锦蛇血清,测定王锦蛇血清对尖吻蝮蛇毒引起的死亡、组织损伤和炎症的抑制、保护和治疗作用。结果 1ml王锦蛇血清可完全抑制10mg（干重）的尖吻蝮蛇毒的出血活力;1ml王锦蛇血清可中和11mg（干重）尖吻蝮蛇毒的致死活力;王锦蛇血清对由尖吻蝮蛇毒引起的致死、组织损伤和炎症有显著的抑制、保护和治疗作用。结论 王锦蛇血清是尖吻蝮蛇毒的强抑制剂,可能成为未来新的蛇伤治疗药物的原料。     

蕲蛇酶抗小鼠实验性肿瘤转移作用研究

目的：探讨从尖吻蝮蛇毒中分离得到的具有凝血酶样酶活性的蕲蛇酶抗实验性肿瘤转移作用。方法：用尾静脉注射体外培养的黑色素瘤Ｂ１６和肉瘤Ｓ－１８０细胞的小鼠肺转移模型,注射瘤细胞前后分别腹腔注射药物,２０天后处死小鼠,计数肺表面转移瘤结节数。结果蕲蛇酶剂量在２－５ＡＵ／ｋｇｉｐ能明显减少Ｂ１６在Ｃ５７ＢＬ小鼠及Ｓ－１８０在昆明鼠的肺转移结节数,但对转移瘤小鼠的生命无明显的延长作用。结论蕲蛇酶具有抗小鼠实     

尖吻蝮和舟山眼镜蛇初生幼体的捕食性攻击行为

毒蛇捕食行为通常可以分为3个阶段:攻击前、攻击和攻击后阶段,其中攻击阶段在整个行为过程中起着决定性的作用。用数码摄像机拍摄了4个体温下尖吻蝮和舟山眼镜蛇幼体捕食小白鼠的行为过程,通过分析10个行为变量来比较两者捕食性攻击模式的差异并检测温度对攻击行为的影响。两种蛇对猎物产生明显不同的攻击反应。攻击前,尖吻蝮感应猎物能力相对较弱,头部移动速度缓慢,准备时间较长;攻击时,尖吻蝮头部移动速度显著大于舟山眼镜蛇;攻击注毒后两种蛇均释放猎物,尖吻蝮头部回缩至攻击前状态的时间间隔相对较短。体温显著影响两种蛇的攻击行为。在检测的温度范围内,两种蛇都在28℃体温条件下感应猎物能力达到最好;温度效应对尖吻蝮攻击速度的影响显著,但对舟山眼镜蛇不显著。不同蛇类捕食行为模式以及对体温变化反应的差别可能主要与其利用感觉器官、生境条件上的种间差异有关。     

Purification and Immunoprotection Evaluation of AaHIV from Complex Venom Metalloproteinases of Deinagkistrodon acutus

The aim of this study was to investigate the immunoprotective effects of AaHIV in mice. After purification, a 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) was performed. Bicinchoninic acid was used to determine the molecular weight and concentration of AaHIV. AaHIV, venom complex (VC), and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were subsequently used to immunize the mice three times, and the blood was sampled 1 week after the third immunization to determine the serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody titer. A skin‐bleeding inhibition assay and toxin‐eliminating assay were performed on the immunized mice. The purity and concentration of AaHIV were 86.6% and 1.20 mg/mL, respectively. The AaHIV group exhibited higher antibody titers than the VC group. The survival rate of the AaHIV group (7/10) was significantly higher than that of the PBS group (0/10) (P = 0.0031). The high titer of antibodies induced by AaHIV partially neutralized the bleeding activity of the Deinagkistrodon acutus venom complex.     

Age-related Variation in Snake Venom： Evidence from Two Snakes （Naja atra and Deinagkistrodon acutus） in Southeastern China

In this study we explored electrophoretic profiles, enzymatic activities and immunoreactivity of neonate and adult venoms from two snakes （Naja atra and Deinagkistrodon acutus） coexisting in southeastern China. Age-related variation in electrophoretic profiles was found in both species and proteolytic and fibrinogenolytic activity was higher in neonate than adult venoms. Neonate D. acutus venom had higher 5＇ nucleotidase, PLA2, hyaluronidase and gelatinolytie activity, but lower esterolytic activity, than adult venom. Neonate and adult D. acutus venoms showed identical phosphomonoesterase, LAO and fibrinolytic activities. Neonate N. atra venom had higher phosphomonoesterase and LAO activity, but lower 5＇ nucleotidase, PLA2, hyaluronidase and Ache activities than adult venom. Neonate and adult N. atra venoms showed similar gelatinolytic activity. Further, age-dependent immunoreactivity was found in both species, and cross-reactions between homologous venoms and antiserums were closely related to venom composition. We speculate that age-related variation in venom characteristics is possibly driven by evolutionary forces associated with ontogenetic shifts in dietary habits, competition and predation pressure.