刺葡萄籽油功效成分及其动物学药理作用研究

目的:研究刺葡萄籽油中的功效成分及其动物学药理作用.方法:使用GC/MS对甲酯化和未经甲酯化处理的刺葡萄籽油进行分析,研究籽油中的功效成分,并以小白鼠为研究对象进行刺葡萄籽油的喂食.结果:超临界CO2萃取的刺葡萄籽油的GC/MS分析结果表明,刺葡萄籽油成分以脂肪酸为主,其中不饱和脂肪酸含量占87%,不饱和脂肪酸主要为亚油酸,其含量达82.32%,高于已有报道的葡萄籽油中亚油酸含量;未经甲酯化处理的籽油经GC/MS分析发现,刺葡萄籽油中含有一种具有较强生物活性的成分-角鲨烯,而赤霞珠葡萄的GC/MS分析中没有发现,也未见葡萄属植物中舍有角鲨烯成分的研究报道.通过动物学药理作用实验发现,刺葡萄籽油不仅能显著降低血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三脂(TG)含量,还能够在降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的同时,提高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)的含量.结论:刺葡萄籽油中含有多种对人体有益的功效成分,值得人们进一步地研究.     

原花青素提取及微胶囊化研究

作为葡萄加工的副产物,葡萄籽中富含葡萄籽油和低聚原花青素。作者利用超临界二氧化碳萃取葡萄籽后所得的残渣为原料,以含有0.8%醋酸的乙醇溶液为提取剂来提取其中的原花青素,在55℃条件下进行两次重复提取,葡萄籽残渣与提取液的比例控制在1∶8(W/V),每次提取60 min,原料中原花青素的提取率可以达到98.2%;为提高产品的贮藏稳定性,还对以阿拉伯胶与麦芽糊精组合作为原花青素微胶囊壁材来进行微胶囊化的工艺进行研究,结果表明在阿拉伯胶占壁材40%、芯壁材比为3∶7,混合液中固形物含量为20%的条件下,经喷雾干燥后所得原花青素的产率为88.84%,微胶囊化效率达到99.2%。检测结果表明,原花青素紫外吸收光谱在微胶囊化前后没有变化,而其贮藏稳定性得到提高。     

葡萄籽油的提取研究

利用葡萄饮料厂生产加工的废料葡萄籽提取葡萄籽油,并对影响葡萄籽油提取率的因素,如提取溶剂的选择、提取温度、提取时间及提取料液比等条件进行研究,初步确定了获得最大提取收率的条件。即:以石油醚(60～90)作为提取剂;提取温度65℃;提取时间为3h;提取料液比为17。并对提取的葡萄籽粗油进行精制。得到具有透明黄色,核桃仁味道的葡萄籽油。     

超临界CO2萃取葡萄籽油的化学成分

葡萄籽油的化学成分,前人曾研究过山葡萄（ Ｖｉｔｉｓ　ａｍｕｒｅｎｓｉｓ Ｒｕｐｒ）种子中的油脂,含有棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸和亚油酸（中国油脂编写委员会,１９８７）。葡萄（Ｖｉｔｉｓ　ｖｉｎｉｆｅｒａ　Ｌ．）种子油除含上述成分外还含亚麻酸和微量月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸（Ｂｏｍｂａｒｄｅｌｌｅ,１９９５）。但对挥发油,特别是酿酒后的葡萄籽油的成分尚未报道。作者利用超临界ＣＯ２革取装置提取该葡萄籽油,对挥发性成分和脂肪酸进行了研究,现报道如下。ｌ材料与方法 样品由云南红酒业有限公司提供酿酒后的葡萄籽。 超临界 Ｃ…     

刺葡萄籽中多酚的超声波提取及提取物中齐墩果酸的含量分析

本文研究了超声波法提取刺葡萄籽中多酚类物质的方法,考察了提取剂、提取时间、料液比等因素对提取率的影响。结果表明,用超声波法进行多酚类物质提取的最佳工艺条件为：以70％的丙酮水溶液为提取剂,料液比为1：10,室温下超声波提取两次,每次30min。采用Folin—Ciocaheau方法测定粗提物中多酚的含量,得出刺葡萄籽多酚粗提物得率为4．95％,纯度为49．89％。本文还对多酚粗提物中活性成分齐墩果酸进行了进一步的分离、鉴定与检测。     

吸附层析法制备低聚原花青素

以AB 8大孔吸附树脂对葡萄籽原花青素粗提物进行了分级分离 ,所得乙酸乙酯洗脱产物总酚含量为 91% ,经高效液相色谱检测 ,酚类物质中单体约 2 8% ,低聚原花青素占 6 4 % ,多聚体仅为 8%。     

黄芪多糖和葡萄籽提取物对衰老模型小鼠负重游泳时间和血常规参数的影响

比较日粮中单独添加或同时添加黄芪多糖、葡萄籽提取物对衰老模型小鼠负重游泳时间和血常规参数的影响。采用在日粮中添加0.5%半乳糖构建衰老小鼠动物模型,并将衰老模型小鼠分为模型对照组、黄芪多糖处理组、葡萄籽提取物处理组、黄芪多糖+葡萄籽提取物处理组,每组10只。黄芪多糖和葡萄籽提取物的添加量均为0.1%。试验第42 d时进行负重游泳时间测定,第43 d时眼眶采血,检测血常规参数。结果显示与衰老模型组相比,同时添加黄芪多糖和葡萄籽提取物,可显著提高小鼠的负重游泳时间,显著降低血液粒细胞数和红细胞平均血红蛋白含量;分别单独添加黄芪多糖和葡萄籽提取物均可显著降低红细胞体积分布宽度、血红蛋白浓度和红细胞平均血红蛋白含量。说明黄芪多糖和葡萄籽提取物同时添加对衰老模型小鼠的负重游泳时间有较好延长作用,单独或同时添加黄芪多糖和葡萄籽提取物对于衰老模型小鼠部分血常规参数有一定影响。     

七种植物籽油中脂肪酸成分的比较分析(英文)

为寻求新的食用油资源,发展了一种快速可靠的气相色谱-质谱联用方法,用于植物籽油中脂肪酸成分的定性鉴定和含量测定。所建立的方法成功用于葡萄籽、南瓜籽和猕猴桃籽等七种植物籽油中的棕榈酸、十八烷酸、油酸、亚油酸和α-亚麻酸的定性定量分析。结果表明,刺葡萄籽油、普通葡萄籽油、国外葡萄籽油、南瓜籽油、枸杞籽油和西番莲籽油均具有相似的脂肪酸谱,尽管其中它们所含上述五种脂肪酸含量不同,由于均存在人体所必需的饱和与不饱和脂肪酸,故可以用作替代食用油。猕猴桃籽油因为其存在高含量的α-亚麻酸成分,可能是更好的食用油和营养油资源。本文首次对枸杞籽油、西番莲籽油和猕猴桃籽油脂肪酸成分进行绝对含量分析,为新的食用油资源的开发提供了重要的依据。     

葡萄籽中原花青素的提取及应用现状

原花青素（proanthocyanidins,PC)是目前国际上公认的清除人体内自由基最有效的天然抗氧化剂,广泛分布于多种天然植物中。阐述了葡萄废弃物中原花青素的功能,分析了其应用开发现状。结合常用的提取方法,并综合国内外关于原花青素的研究进展,对葡萄籽中原花青素提取的工艺参数进行优化,从而得出葡萄籽中原花青素最优提取方案。以期为葡萄籽的全面利用和原花青素的工业化生产提供科学依据,使原花青素拥有更广泛的应用。     

西瓜籽与葡萄籽的成分及其利用

充分利用食品加工业中的下脚料,既可以减少环境污染,又可以增加收入,还可以弥补能源不足。据调查,葡萄酿酒后剩下的果渣中,葡萄籽占20～26％。在美国和加拿大,有人利用它来改良土壤,或作为纤维资源。在欧洲,人们则把它视为榨油的好材料,或作为动物蛋白资源,或从中提取单宁。据估计,全世界葡萄籽的产量为1,416,000吨,如果充分利用,可以从中获取77,800吨蛋白质和192,000吨油。     

Proteomics analysis of the actions of grape seed extract in rat brain: technological and biological implications for the study of the actions of psychoactive compounds

Grape seed extract (GSE) is a commonly available dietary supplement taken for the anti-oxidant activity that's attributed to its proanthocyanidin (oligomers of monomeric polyphenols) content. Similar polyphenol-enriched preparations from blueberries and soy have shown protection against ovariectomy-induced or age-related cognitive deficits, suggesting that the molecular changes induced by these polyphenol preparations correlated with behavioral benefit. We hypothesized that ingestion of polyphenol-enriched preparations such as GSE would be manifested as protein changes that would be consistent with neuroprotection. Proteomics technology, namely 2D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, identified quantitative changes in specific proteins induced in adult rat brain following ingestion of a powdered preparation of GSE. As recently reported [Deshane, J., Chaves, L., Sarikonda, K.V., Isbell, S., Wilson, L., Kirk, M., Grubbs, C., Barnes, S., Meleth, S. and Kim, H., 2004. Proteomics analysis of rat brain protein modulations by grape seed extract. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52, 7872-7883.], the direction of change for the majority of the affected proteins was opposite to the direction the proteins were changed in either Alzheimer disease or in transgenic mouse models of dementia. A conservative conclusion is that GSE has neuroprotective activity, by affecting specific proteins in particular ways. In this chapter, elements of proteomics-type analysis are discussed that demonstrate the power of the technology to enable discovery of proteins involved in the response of the brain to a stimulus whether it be a dietary supplement, or a psychoactive drug. The fact that GSE affects proteins implicated in cognitive disorders suggests moreover that GSE may have impact on the actions of psychoactive drugs by maintaining an overall viability of the nervous system.     

Maternal and direct dietary polyphenol supplementation affect growth,carcass and meat quality of sheep and goats

The beneficial effects of polyphenol intake such as improved nitrogen retention make them interesting feed supplements for ruminants. In contrast, dietary polyphenols may have adverse effects on the bioavailability of nutrients and palatability of the feed which might impair growth performance. The beneficial and adverse effects might differ between different ruminant species as well as between direct intake and intake of polyphenol metabolites via suckling when supplemented to lactating dams. This study investigated the effects of maternal and direct polyphenol supplementation via grape seed extract in sheep and goats on growth, slaughter performance, meat quality and fatty acid profile. The diet of lactating East Friesian Dairy sheep (n = 11) and Saanen goats (n = 9) and of their lambs (n = 16) and kids (n = 13), respectively, was supplemented either with grape seed extract (dams: 7.4% and offspring: 5.6%, P) or without (C). This resulted in four groups per species, namely maternalC/offspringC, maternalC/offspringP, maternalP/offspringC, and maternalP/offspringP. In lambs but not in goats, maternalP increased average daily gain and improved slaughter performance whereas offspringP had no effect. Maternal and offspring diet did not affect physicochemical meat quality in lambs, but direct intake of grape seed extract increased rancid aroma of burger patties. In goat kids, both maternal and offspring diets slightly affected meat colour. While groups of meat fatty acids (FAs) were not affected by diet in both species, maternalP in lambs as well as maternalP and offspringP in goat kids increased the meat n–6 to n–3 FA ratio compared to the respective control groups. In goat kid but not in lamb meat, direct intake of polyphenols affected the proportions of several rumen biohydrogenation intermediates. In conclusion, grape seed extract can be applied in both the maternal and offspring diets in sheep and goats while maintaining or even improving offspring growth performance and carcass quality. Only few species-specific effects of grape seed extract supplementation were observed, and additive effects were scarce. Larger studies are required to confirm the observed species-specific growth response to maternalP during lactation. The underlying reasons for this differential response need to be further evaluated.     

葡萄籽原花青素对大鼠烟雾吸入性肺损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨葡萄籽原花青素(grape seed proanthocyanidin extract,GSPE)对大鼠烟雾吸入性肺损伤的保护作用。方法:将48只大鼠随机分为正常对照组、烟雾吸入性肺损伤模型组、GSPE治疗组(500mg/kg),分别于致伤后2、4、12、24h监测动脉血气分析,分批处死大鼠,分别进行肺组织湿/干重测定,制备组织匀浆测超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性及一氧化氮(NO)、丙二醛(MDA)含量和HE染色。结果:与模型组比较,GSPE治疗组各时间点动脉血氧分压均显著升高(P<0.01),肺组织含水量显著降低(P<0.05),肺组织中SOD活性均明显升高(P<0.01),GSH-Px活性均明显升高(P<0.05),NOS活性及NO、MDA含量均明显降低(P<0.05)。肺组织病理学观察GSPE治疗组较模型组肺间质水肿减轻,炎性细胞浸润减少。结论:GSPE可能通过其显著增加组织的抗氧化能力而对烟雾吸入性肺损伤起到一定保护作用。     

湿度对葡萄,樱桃离体繁殖植株气孔行为和移栽成活率的影响

本文通过葡萄和樱桃不同品种离体植株气孔在繁殖不同时期对多种关闭诱导因素的反应,研究了气孔不能关闭的原因和提高植株移栽成活率的影响因素。材料和方法选用二倍     

Protective effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins against iron overload-induced renal oxidative damage in rats

BackgroundExcessive exposure to iron can cause kidney damage, and chelating drugs such as deferoxamine and deferiprone have limited usefulness in treating iron poisoning. This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPAs) against iron overload induced nephrotoxicity in rats. The roles of GSPAs in chelating iron, antioxidant activity, renal function, pathological section, and apoptosis-related gene expression were assessed.MethodsNewly weaned male Sprague–Dawley rats aged 21 days (weight, 65 ± 5 g) were randomly divided into four groups containing 10 rats each: normal control (negative) group, iron overload (positive) group, GSPAs group, and GSPAs + iron overload (test) group. Iron dextran injections (2.5 mg⋅ kg⁻¹) and GSPAs (25 mg⋅ kg⁻¹) were intraperitoneally and intragastrically administered to rats daily for 7 weeks, respectively. Measurements included red blood cell (RBC) count and hemoglobin (Hb) level, serum total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), renal iron content, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, total antioxidant activity (T-AOC), creatinine (CR) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, pathological changes, and apoptotic Fas, Bax expressions in the kidney tissue. Differences among the dietary groups were determined using one-way analysis of variance with post-hoc Tukey’s test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsRBC count, Hb level, renal iron content, MDA content, CR and BUN levels, and Fas, Bax expressions significantly increased in the positive group than in the negative group; contrarily, TIBC, GSH-Px activity, and T-AOC significantly decreased in the positive group than in the negative group (P < 0.05). Although not statistically significant, SOD activity was slightly reduced in the positive group than in the negative group. Inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrous tissue proliferation were observed in the kidney tissue of the rats in the positive group; in contrast, the rats exhibited better recovery when GSPAs were used instead of iron alone. Compared with the positive group, RBC counts, Hb levels, renal iron contents, the MDA content, CR and BUN levels, and Fas, Bax expressions significantly decreased, whereas the TIBC, the GSH-Px and SOD activities as well as T-AOC significantly increased in the test group rats (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the RBC counts, Hb levels, TIBC, renal iron contents, the SOD activity and MDA content, CR and BUN levels, and Fas expression between the GSPAs and negative groups. The GSH-Px activity and T-AOC were significantly increased whereas Bax expression was significantly decreased in the GSPAs group rats than in the negative group rats (P < 0.05). The rats in the GSPAs, test, and negative groups displayed glomeruli and tubules with a clear structure; further, the epithelial cells in the renal tubules were neatly arranged.ConclusionsGSPAs have protective effects on nephrotoxicity in rats with iron overload. Thus, further investigation of GSPAs as a new and natural phytochemo-preventive agent against iron overload is warranted.     

Protective Effect of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins against Liver Ischemic Reperfusion Injury: Particularly in Diet-Induced Obese Mice

Background: Hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major complication in liver surgery, and hepatic steatosis is a primary factor aggravating cellular injury during IRI. Both pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key mediators of hepatic IRI. Ischemic preconditioning (IpreC), remote ischemia preconditioning (RIPC) and ischemic postconditioning (IpostC) have offered protections on hepatic IRI, but all these methods have their own shortcomings. Grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSP) has a broad spectrum of pharmacological properties against oxidative stress. Thus, GSP has potential protective effects against hepatic IRI.Methods: C57BL/6 mice suffering 30mins hepatic ischemia process were sacrificed after 1h reperfusion to build murine warm hepatic IRI model. The mice were injected GSP intraperitoneally 10, 20, 40mg/kg/day for 3 weeks as pharmacological preconditioning. Obese mice fed with high-fat diet for 24 weeks before used. Three pathways related to IRI, including ROS elimination, pro-inflammatory cytokines release and hypoxia responses were examined.Results: Our data show that GSP could significantly reduce hepatic IRI by protecting hepatocyte function and increasing the activity of ROS scavengers, as well as decreasing cytokines levels. At the same time, GSP also enhance the hypoxia tolerance response. Combined GSP and postconditioning can provided synergistic protection. In the obese mice suffering hepatic IRI group, GSP was more effective than postconditioning on protecting liver against IRI, and the combined strategy was obviously superior to the solo treatment.Conclusion: GSP could protect liver against IRI: particularly in high-fat diet induced obese mice. GSP used as pharmacological preconditioning and combined with other protocols have huge potential to be used in clinical.     

Grape seed proanthocyanidins and metformin act by different mechanisms to promote insulin signaling in rats fed high calorie diet

Key pathways like insulin signaling, AMP activated kinase (AMPK) activation and inflammatory signaling are involved in the complex pathological network of hepatic insulin resistance. Our aim is to investigate whether grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSP) and metformin (MET) target any of these pathways in insulin resistant rat liver. Albino Wistar rats were rendered insulin resistant by feeding a high fat-fructose diet (HFFD). Either GSP (100 mg/kg b.w), MET(50 mg/kg b.w) or both were administered to insulin resistant rats as therapeutic options. HFFD-feeding caused hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, increased gluconeogenesis, decreased tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor-β(IR-β) and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and increased serine phosphorylation of IRS-1. The association of p85α subunit of phosphotidyl inositol 3 kinase(PI3K) with IRS-1 and subsequent Akt phosphorylation were reduced while the expression of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) were increased in HFFD rats. Both MET and GSP reduced hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia and improved glycolysis, tyrosine phosphorylation of IR-β and IRS-1, IRS-1-PI3K association and Akt activation. However, activation of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, leptin and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 and reduction in adiponectin caused by chronic HFFD feeding were reversed by GSP better than by MET. Activation of AMPK by GSP was much less compared to that by MET. These findings suggest that GSP might activate PI3K pathway and promote insulin action by reducing serine kinase activation and cytokine signaling and MET by targeting AMPK. The beneficial effects were enhanced during combination therapy. Thus, combination therapy with MET and GSP may be considered for the management of metabolic syndrome.     

MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry of oligomeric food polyphenols

The structural heterogeneity of polyphenols from cranberries, grape seed extracts, sorghum and pomegranate was characterized by MALDI-TOF MS. Polyphenolics were isolated by liquid chromatography and subjected to MALDI-TOF MS using trans-3-indoleacrylic acid as the matrix. Spectrometric analysis gave information on degree of polymerization, monomeric substitution, and the nature of intermolecular bonds. Cranberry polyflavan-3-ols had variation in interflavan bonds (A- and B-types) and contained polyflavan-3-ols linked to anthocyanins through a CH3-CH bridge. Polygalloyl-polyflavan-3-ols in grape seed extract had large variation in the degree of galloyl substitution. Sorghum polyflavans had structural heterogeneity in glycosylation and hydroxylation. Pomegranate hydrolyzable tannins that correspond to previously described structures were detected, such as punicalagin, but others that correspond to oligomeric ellgitannins in which two to five core glucose units are cross-linked by dehydrodigalloyl and or valoneoyl units were also observed. Results demonstrate that large heterogeneity occurs in degree of polymerization, intermolecular bonds, pattern of hydroxylation, and substitution with monosaccharides and gallic acid.     

Lightening Effect on Ultraviolet‐Induced Pigmentation of Guinea Pig Skin by Oral Administration of a Proanthocyanidin‐Rich Extract from Grape Seeds

Antioxidants such as vitamins C and E have been reported to inhibit the progression of ultraviolet (UV) radiation‐induced pigmentation in the skin of hairless mice. However, little is known of the lightening effect of proanthocyanidin, a powerful polyphenolic antioxidant, on UV‐induced pigmentation of the skin. We investigated the lightening effect of oral administration of a proanthocyanidin‐rich grape seed extract (GSE) using guinea pigs with UV‐induced pigmentation. These pigmented guinea pigs were fed diets containing 1% GSE or 1% vitamin C (w/w) for 8 weeks. GSE‐feeding had an apparent lightening effect on the guinea pigs’ pigmented skin. Histologic evaluation demonstrated a decrease in the number of 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)‐positive melanocytes as well as 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG)‐positive, Ki‐67‐positive, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)‐positive melanin‐containing cells in the basal epidermal layer of the UV‐irradiated skin in GSE‐fed guinea pigs. In contrast, these parameters did not change in the skin of vitamin C‐fed or control guinea pigs. GSE inhibited the activity of mushroom tyrosinase and also inhibited melanogenesis without inhibiting the growth of cultured B16 mouse melanoma cells. In conclusion, we demonstrated that oral administration of GSE is effective in lightening the UV‐induced pigmentation of guinea pig skin. This effect may be related to the inhibition of melanin synthesis by tyrosinase in melanocytes and the reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐related proliferation of melanocytes.     

江淮地区巨峰系葡萄经济性状的Fuzzy综合评判

本文根据Fuzzy集理论,运用多级模型综合评判法,对巨峰系13个品种在江淮地区的经济性状表现作了评价。结果表明,江淮地区发展巨峰系葡萄,应以红伊豆三泽系红伊豆、藤稔三个早熟品种为主,还步缩小巨峰等中晚熟品种的比例。