心肌细胞电压依赖性钾通道的研究进展

心肌细胞电压依赖性钾通道的研究进展周军,周兆年（中国科学院上海生理研究所上海２０００３１）在心肌,分布较多且研究较为深入的电压依赖性钾通道（ＶＤＰＣ）主要是短暂外向钾通道Ｉｔｏ、延迟整流钾通道ＩＫ和内向整流钾通道ＩＫ１,它们共同参与心肌动作电位的复极...     

人外周血淋巴细胞膜电压依赖性钾通道的特性分析

淋巴细胞是直接参与机体免疫的重要效应细胞。淋巴细胞膜上存在多种离子通道 ,其中主要为电压依赖性钾通道。目前 ,对鼠淋巴细胞该通道的研究较深入 ,它可分为ｎ、ｎ’和ｌ型三种亚型 ,但对人外周血淋巴细胞膜上钾通道的研究较少。国内尚未见这方面的报道。本文采用膜片钳技术记录人外周血淋巴细胞电压依赖性钾通道电流 ,并对其进行特性分析 ,为研究其异常变化与某些疾病的关系提供实验依据。1　材料和方法(1)细胞的分离　取正常人外周静脉血 ,用Ｆｉｃｏｌｌ密度梯度离心法分离出单个核细胞 ,将其置于塑料平皿内 ,37℃孵育 2ｈ ,取含淋巴细…     

电压依赖性钙通道

电压依赖性钙通道分为L、N、T三种类型,L型通道是由四个结构相似的亚区组成的跨膜蛋白亲水孔道,每个亚区又由六个α螺旋构成,其中一个为带正电的α螺旋,可能构成电压敏感装置。通道内有两个钙亲和位点,对钙的选择通透由亲和位点和离子间静电作用造成。钙通道的调制表现为对通道单位电流值、通道开放数目、电压依赖性,以及时间依赖性单独或复合的影响,通道蛋白磷酸化介导了许多生物活性物质对通道功能的调制。     

钾通道活化剂对豚鼠气道平滑肌电压依赖性钾通道特性的影响

钾通道活化剂可激活钾离子通道并松驰支气管平滑肌,在急性分离的豚鼠支气管平滑肌细胞上,用膜片钳技术的细胞贴附式和内面向外式研究了其对电压依赖性钾通道的直接作用。结果证实：在全细胞记录条件下,卡吗克林和拉吗克林不影响静息膜电位。但在去极化时可使通道电导从７５．２±５．１ｐＳ分别增大到８５．９±１１．８ｐＳ和８２．１±５．５ｐＳ。通道动力学特性也发生了改变,通道平均开放时间的τｏ２值延长和开放概率显著增加,其中拉吗克林的作用更为强。两者均可诱发通道出现多级开放。表明这两类活化剂可使去极化时钾离子外流增加。     

川芎嗪对大鼠胸主动脉平滑肌电压依赖性Cl-通道的影响

川芎嗪(即四甲基吡嗪tetramethylpyrazine)是从具有活血化淤兼有理气功用中药川芎中分离得到的一种生物碱,现已广泛应用临床,对治疗缺血性脑血管疾病、缺血性肢体血管疾病、部分泌尿系统疾病等有明显的疗效,安全而无明显的毒副作用.有作者报道川芎嗪有明显抑制α1-肾上腺受体激动所引起持续血管收缩,而使血管舒张作用,可能与其有类似的"钙通道阻断剂"作用有关.目前认为血管平滑肌的张力与钙、钾和氯通道有关,川芎嗪与钾和氯通道的关系目前未见报道. 1 材料与方法 (1)药物川芎嗪,无锡市第七制药厂生产;DMEM,DIDS,HEPES,胰蛋白酶,EGTA,硝苯地平(nifedipine),苯肾上腺素(简称PHE)均为 Sigma公司出品,其余试剂均为市场销售的分析纯试剂.均为美国Sigma公司产品;其余的试剂均为国产分析纯.     

C6神经胶质瘤细胞的电压依赖性钾电流

本文全细胞膜片箝方法对大鼠传代培养Ｃ６神经胶质瘤细胞的电压依赖性Ｋ＾＋电流进行了研究。     

电压门控性钾通道的结构和调控机制

电压门控性K 通道是由4个相同亚单位构成的四聚体通道,其中每个亚单位都含有1个电压感受器,并且4个亚单位合起来组成1个中央孔.电压门控性通道蛋白具有3种主要功能,一是离子通透功能,二是门控蛋白构象改变,三是门控与感知机制的偶联.通道具有高通透速率和高选择性,通过构象改变的门控机制有3种,一是S6束交叉门控,二是球链门控,三是选择性滤器的门控.     

钾通道在大鼠支气管平滑肌张力调控中作用的研究

目的：探讨延迟整流钾通道（Kv),高电导钙激活钾通道（BKCa)和ATP敏感钾通道（KATP)在大鼠支气管平滑肌张力调控中的作用。方法：以特异性钾通道阻断剂为工具,采用体外等长张力测定观察钾通道对静息和收缩状态下支气管张力的影响。结果：（1）KV阻断剂4－aminopyridine(4-AP)诱发大鼠支气管平滑肌产生浓度依赖性收缩反应,而BKCa阻断剂tetraethylammonium(TEA)和KATP阻断剂glibenclamide(Glib)对其无影响。（2）去除上皮对4－AP诱发大鼠支气管平滑肌收缩反应无影响,而钙通道阻断剂nifedipine对其有显著抑制效应。（3）在0.1mmol/L组胺或50mmol/L KCl诱发支气管平滑肌收缩之前或之后,加入TEA（1,5mmol/L)或0.1mmol/L 4-AP均显著增强二者诱发的收缩反应;而Glib(10μmol/L）对其无明显影响。结论：Kv参与大鼠支气管平滑肌静息张力的调控,而BKCa和KATP对其无影响。Kv和BKCa的关闭增强组胺及高浓度钾离子诱发大鼠离体支气管产生的收缩张力。     

线粒体电压依赖性阴离子通道及其调控功能

电压依赖性阴离子通道(voltage-dependent anion channel,VDAC)是存在于线粒体外膜上的31kDa膜蛋白,能在膜上形成亲水性通道,调控阴离子、阳离子、ATP以及其他代谢物进出线粒体,在调节细胞代谢、维持胞内钙稳态,调节细胞凋亡和坏死等过程中发挥重要功能。现就VDAC的结构、特性、活性调节及对细胞功能的调控作一综述。     

电压门控钠离子通道疾病的研究进展

细胞膜上的电压门控钠离子通道（Voltage-gated Sodium Channels,VGSCs）是细胞形成动作电位过程中重要的组成构件,由一个大的α亚基和一个或多个不同的β亚基组成,中央是具高度选择性只允许钠离子通过的亲水通道。电压门控钠离子通道在调节细胞膜电位、维持细胞离子稳态、细胞增殖和凋亡等生理过程中发挥着重要作用,因而钠离子通道自身的异变或是相关基因的变异都可能引起一系列身体病变。本文主要介绍了电压门控钠离子通道的结构与功能,阐述了其与癌细胞侵袭转移和神经病理性疼痛的关系,并介绍了几种典型的由钠离子通道基因变异引起的疾病。随着对电压门控钠离子通道及其异常分子机制研究的不断深入,新成果将为生理学、药理学和病理学等领域的研究提供理论基础和新的研究思路,为离子通道疾病的临床预防、诊断与治疗找到新途径。     

电压门控钠通道与背根神经元伤害性传入

背根神经节（ＤＲＧ）神经元伤害性传入涉及到多层面复杂的神经递质与其相关靶受体的分子参与和调控。本文侧重结合ＤＲＧ神经元中钠电流的表达分布规律,简要地论及了电压门控钠通道与ＤＲＧ神经元伤害性性感觉传入及其调制的一些关系。     

新型钾通道开放剂对心血管ATP-敏感性钾通道基因表达的调节作用

目的：研究脂肪胺类的新型钾通道开放剂（KCO）埃他卡林（Ipt）和氰胍类的KCO吡那地尔（Pin）对大鼠心血管ATP-敏感性钾通道（KATP）的亚基SUR1、SUR2、Kir6．1和Kir6．2等在mRNA水平的调节作用。方法：SD大鼠给药1周后处死并取组织,提取总RNA,利用反转录-聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）研究以上基因在mRNA水平的改变。结果：与正常对照相比,心脏组织中,Ipt和Pin对KATP的4个亚基在mRNA水平均无显著影响;主动脉平滑肌上,Ipt对4个亚基的mRNA表达无显著影响,但Pin可显著上调SUR2的mRNA表达;尾动脉平滑肌上,Ipt对Kit6．1／Kit6．2、Pin对SUR2／Kir6．1均有显著下调的作用。结论：心肌、大动脉平滑肌和小动脉平滑肌KATP基因表达的调控不同,Ipt选择性调节小动脉平滑肌Kit6．1／Kit6．2;Ipt对心血管KATP基因表达的调节作用不同于Pin。     

RNA editing in eag potassium channels

RNA editing at four sites in eag, a Drosophila voltage-gated potassium channel, results in the substitution of amino acids into the final protein product that are not encoded by the genome. These sites and the editing alterations introduced are K467R (Site 1, top of the S6 segment), Y548C, N567D and K699R (sites 2–4, within the cytoplasmic C-terminal domain). We mutated these residues individually and expressed the channels in Xenopus oocytes. A fully edited construct (all four sites) has the slowest activation kinetics and a paucity of inactivation, whereas the fully unedited channel exhibits the fastest activation and most dramatic inactivation. Editing Site 1 inhibits steady-state inactivation. Mutating Site 1 to the neutral residues resulted in intermediate inactivation phenotypes and a leftward shift of the peak current-voltage relationship. Activation kinetics display a Cole-Moore shift that is enhanced by RNA editing. Normalized open probability relationships for 467Q, 467R and 467K are superimposable, indicating little effect of the mutations on steady-state activation. 467Q and 467R enhance instantaneous inward rectification, indicating a role of this residue in ion permeation. Intracellular tetrabutylammonium blocks 467K significantly better than 467R. Block by intracellular, but not extracellular, tetraethylammonium interferes with inactivation. The fraction of inactivated current is reduced at higher extracellular Mg⁺² concentrations, and channels edited at Site 1 are more sensitive to changes in extracellular Mg⁺² than unedited channels. These results show that even a minor change in amino acid side-chain chemistry and size can have a dramatic impact on channel biophysics, and that RNA editing is important for fine-tuning the channel’s function.     

Structural insight into the transmembrane segments 3 and 4 of the hERG potassium channel

The hERG (human ether‐a‐go‐go related gene) potassium channel is a voltage‐gated potassium channel containing an N‐terminal domain, a voltage‐sensor domain, a pore domain and a C‐terminal domain. The transmembrane segment 4 (S4) is important for sensing changes of membrane potentials through positively charge residues. A construct containing partial S2–S3 linker, S3, S4 and the S4–S5 linker of the hERG channel was purified into detergent micelles. This construct exhibits good quality NMR spectrum when it was purified in lyso‐myristoyl phosphatidylglycerol (LMPG) micelles. Structural study showed that S3 contains two short helices with a negatively charged surface. The S4 and S4–S5 linker adopt helical structures. The six positively charged residues in S4 localize at different sides, suggesting that they may have different functions in channel gating. Relaxation studies indicated that S3 is more flexible than S4. The boundaries of S3–S4 and S4–S4–S5 linker were identified. Our results provided structural information of the S3 and S4, which will be helpful to understand their roles in channel gating. Copyright © 2014 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mitochondrial potassium channels and reactive oxygen species

Pretreatment of tissues with potassium channel openers (KCO’s) has been observed to be cytoprotective in a broad variety of insults. This phenomenon has been proposed to be intimately linked to activation of mitochondrial potassium channels which apparently modulate the mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This critical review summarizes literature findings about the mitochondrial production of ROS, the action of KCO’s on mitochondrial ROS production and the putative link to the cytoprotective action of these drugs.     

Nav1.7 inhibitors for the treatment of chronic pain

The voltage gated sodium channel Na_v1.7 plays an essential role in the transmission of pain signals. Strong human genetic validation has motivated extensive efforts to discover potent, selective, and efficacious Na_v1.7 inhibitors for the treatment of chronic pain. This digest will introduce the structure and function of Na_v1.7 and highlight the wealth of recent developments on a diverse array of Na_v1.7 inhibitors, including optimization of their potency, selectivity, and PK/PD relationships.     

ATP-sensitive potassium channels and vascular function

Fluorescence-based approaches provide powerful techniques to directly report structural dynamics underlying gating processes in Shaker K_V channels. Here, following on from work carried out in Shaker channels, we have used voltage clamp fluorimetry for the first time to study voltage sensor motions in mammalian K_V1.5 channels, by attaching TMRM fluorescent probes to substituted cysteine residues in the S3-S4 linker of K_V1.5 (A397C). Compared with the Shaker channel, there are significant differences in the fluorescence signals that occur on activation of the channel. In addition to a well-understood fluorescence quenching signal associated with S4 movement, we have recorded a unique partial recovery of fluorescence after the quenching that is attributable to gating events at the outer pore mouth,¹ that is not seen in Shaker despite significant homology between it and Kv1.5 channels in the S5-P loop-S6 region. Extracellular potassium is known to modulate C-type inactivation in Shaker and K_V channels at sites in the outer pore mouth, and so here we have measured the concentration-dependence of potassium effects on the fluorescence recovery signals from A397C. Elevation of extracellular K⁺ inhibits the rapid fluorescence recovery, with complete abolition at 99 mM K⁺, and an IC₅₀ of 29 mM K⁺_o. These experiments suggest that the rapid fluorescence recovery reflects early gating movements associated with inactivation, modulated by extracellular K⁺, and further support the idea that outer pore motions occur rapidly after K_V1.5 channel opening and can be observed by fluorophores attached to the S3-S4 linker.     

Differential blockage of two types of potassium channels in the crab giant axon

Summary Measurements were made of the kinetic and steady-state characteristics of the potassium conductance in the giant axon of the crabsCarcinus maenas andCancer pagirus. The conductance increase during depolarizing voltage-clamp pulses was analyzed assuming that two separate types of potassium channels exist in these axons (M. E. Quinta-Ferreira, E. Rojas and N. Arispe,J. Membrane Biol. 66:171–181, 1982). It is shown here that, with small concentrations of conventional K⁺-channel blockers, it is possible to differentially inhibit these channels. The potassium channels with activation and fast inactivation gating (m³h, Hodgkin-Huxley kinetics) were blocked by external application of 4 amino-pyridine (4-AP). The potassium channels with standard gating (n⁴, Hodgkin-Huxley kinetics) were preferentially inhibited by externally applied tetraethylammonium (TEA). The differential blockage of the two types of potassium conductance changes suggests that they represent two different populations of potassium channels.It is further shown here that blocking the early transient conductance increase leads to the inhibition of the repetitive electrical activity induced by constant depolarizing current injection in fibers fromCardisoma guanhumi.