甜瓜HMGR基因全长cDNA的克隆及序列分析

根据已报道的reticulatus甜瓜的HMGR cDNA序列设计合成引物,应用RT-PCR技术从甜瓜品种河套蜜瓜幼果总RNA中克隆得到HMGR的全长cDNA序列,共1 939 bp,编码588个氨基酸。序列比对及系统发育分析表明,该HMGR cD-NA序列与已报道的reticulatus甜瓜HMGR基因cDNA序列完全一致,和拟南芥HMG1亲缘关系最近。该基因的克隆为研究该基因在甜瓜中的表达特性及其功能奠定基础。     

超级杂交稻乙烯反应元件结合蛋白cDNA的生物信息学分析与克隆

目的：从超级杂交稻中克隆乙烯反应元件结合蛋白（EREBP）的cDNA。方法：利用模式植物拟南芥中编码乙烯反应元件结合蛋白的cDNA,对现有的水稻基因组数据库进行搜索,获得一条高同源的未知序列。对这条未知序列的核酸序列蛋白质序列及其结构、性质、功能等进行生物信息学分析后,以超级杂交稻为材料,用未知序列设计一对简并引物,用RTPCR技术扩增后进行T-A克隆。结果：生物信息学分析结果表明,这个未知序列应为水稻中编码EREBP的cDNA;克隆后经测序获得一条915bp的cDNA,BLAST表明这条cDNA序列与未知序列的部分核酸序列的同源性达到了99％;提NCBI的GenBank后被接受,登录号为EF507537。结论：以生物信息学分析为基础,结合RT-PCR和T-A克隆技术,成功地从超级杂交稻中克隆了EREBP cDNA。     

牦牛hnRNP K基因的克隆及序列分析

为研究hnRNP K基因的生物学功能及其在牦牛中的特异性,利用RT-PCR和粘性末端连接法,分两段克隆了牦牛hnRNP K基因cDNA序列。序列分析结果表明,牦牛hnRNP K基因cDNA序列长11706bp,开放阅读框(ORF)长1389bp,编码463个氨基酸。序列比对结果表明,牦牛与黄牛hnRNP K cDNA序列的同源性达99.1%,编码的氨基酸同源性达到97.0%;在牦牛氨基酸序列中有15个突变。通过同源建模的方法成功构建了牦牛hnRNP K蛋白质三级结构,结果表明牦牛hnRNP K属于A型结构,而黄牛hnRNP K蛋白属于B型结构,其差异是由第459-463位氨基酸序列由"ADVEG"突变为"SGKFF"所致。乙酰化分析结果显示,牦牛hnRNP K对基因转录的影响水平跟黄牛是一致,表明不同物种hnRNP K功能的差异可能跟其氨基酸序列的差异有关。成功克隆的牦牛hnRNP K基因的cDNA序列为进一步分析该基因的功能提供参考。     

人脑红蛋白(NGB)全长cDNA序列的克隆

人脑红蛋白(neuroglobin, NGB)是新发现的神经系统特异的携氧蛋白, 然而其全长cDNA序列一直未见报道. 采用电子序列延伸技术和cDNA序列末端快速扩增技术(rapid amplification of cDNA ends, RACE)研究发现, 人NGB全长cDNA序列为1 909 bp, 5′非编码区为375 bp, 编码区(456 bp)可编码151个氨基酸, 3′非编码区为1 078 bp, 其中含27 bp的poly(A)(GenBank接受号: AF422797). 综合采用电子序列延伸技术与RACE技术是获得全长cDNA序列的有效方法, 为后续的功能研究提供了重要基础.     

粘虫甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶基因cDNA的克隆、序列分析及表达量检测

运用RT-PCR和RACE技术,以粘虫(Mythimna separata(Walker))cDNA为模板,对甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase,GAPDH)基因进行克隆获得全长cDNA序列,并利用生物信息学方法,对GAPDH全长cDNA序列及推测得到的GAPDH蛋白序列进行分析.结果表明,获得的粘虫GAPDH基因cDNA序列长度为1 317 bp,其中包括80 bp的5′非编码区、238 bp的3′非编码区和999 bp的开放阅读框(Open Reading Frame,ORF),编码一个332个氨基酸蛋白,具有GAPDH蛋白家族的两个功能结构域.该GAPDH蛋白理论相对分子质量为35.498 6 kDa,等电点为7.63,富含6种类型的特定功能位点.该蛋白序列与其他动物GAPDH蛋白序列具有77.4%～92.9%高度同源性.GAPDH基因表达量检测结果显示GAPDH在粘虫6种不同组织间表达量无显著差异(P0.05),表明GAPDH可作为研究粘虫功能基因表达量分析的可靠内参基因.该基因的cDNA序列已经递交GenBank并获得登录号为HM055756.     

大乳头水螅RACE cDNA文库的构建

目的:为筛选和克隆大乳头水螅发育调控相关基因的全长cDNA,构建大乳头水螅RACE cDNA文库.方法:提取大乳头水螅总RNA后从其中分离mRNA,运用SMART技术构建RACE cDNA文库.为鉴定所构建文库的质量,根据GenBank中大乳头水螅actin基因cDNA序列设计5'RACE和3'RACE的引物及用于扩增actin基因编码区全长序列的引物.结果:琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果表明,RACE cDNA文库中全长cDNA的长度集中在500-2 000bp之间.5'RACE、3'RACE PCR及扩增actin基因编码区全长序列时均以本文构建的大乳头水螅RACE cDNA文库为模板,这3个PCR反应均能扩增出产物,产物大小与目标片段预计大小相似.PCR产物分别经T/A克隆及测序后证明为大乳头水螅actin基因cDNA的相应序列.结论:RACE cDNA文库的成功构建为通过RACE方法获得大乳头水螅功能基因cDNA全长序列奠定了基础.     

新疆荒漠昆虫光滑鳖甲cDNA文库的构建及功能基因筛选

以过冬后早春的新疆荒漠拟步甲属昆虫光滑鳖甲(Anatolica Polita borealis)成虫为研究材料,应用SMARTTM cDNA Library Construction技术,通过总RNA提取,反转录合成cDNA,定向构建至噬菌体载体λTripEx2,经体外包装构建了光滑鳖甲的cDNA表达文库。测试结果表明库容量为2.2×106,重组率为84.8%。通过对cDNA文库克隆的序列测定和初步生物信息学分析,获得28个光滑鳖甲表达序列标签(ESTs),包括17个EST(60.7%)与NCBI中已注册的已知功能基因相似性较高,另外的11个EST(39.3%)则没有发现与之相似的序列,推测可能是功能未知的新基因。同时,利用PCR扩增文库技术从cDNA文库中克隆获得了光滑鳖甲的抗冻蛋白基因,初步表明光滑鳖甲cDNA表达文库构建的成功,为深入研究新疆荒漠昆虫的抗冻机理及发现新的昆虫功能基因奠定了基础。     

一个糖尿病肾病相关新基因的筛选、克隆和序列分析

利用Affymetrix寡核苷酸基因表达谱芯片对2型糖尿病肾病模型动物——db/db小鼠的肾脏基因表达谱进行了研究.在此基础上,利用末端快速扩增法和RT-PCR方法,对筛选出来的一个糖尿病肾病相关表达序列标签(EST)进行了cDNA克隆和表达分析.得到了一长为1.4 kb的cDNA,并暂时命名为mdnr411(mouse diabetic nephropathy related mRNA No.411).序列分析和网上数据库比对说明,这是一个新的cDNA序列.利用DNA序列分析软件对此cDNA阅读框进行的预测性分析表明,此cDNA包含了一个完整的阅读框序列.其编码的蛋白质由90个氨基酸残基组成.以氨基酸序列进行的同源性搜索表明,此多肽只与Archaeoglobus fulgidus 的Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter (napA-2)具有局部的同源性.以上结果表明,mdnr411是一个功能完全未知的小鼠糖尿病肾病相关新基因.mdnr411 cDNA的成功克隆,为进一步研究其生物学功能及其在糖尿病肾病发生、发展过程中的作用创造了条件.     

以绵羊MHC区段BAC克隆酶切片段为探针杂交筛选绵羊混合组织cDNA文库

在已知中国美利奴羊MHC(Major histocompatibility complex)区段BAC(Bacterial artificial chromosome)克隆序列信息和预测的基因注释前提下,用位于中国美利奴羊基因组BAC文库MHC区段的6个BAC克隆酶切片段为探针,以噬菌斑原位杂交筛选法筛选中国美利奴羊混合组织cDNA文库(库库杂交),对分离到的cDNA阳性克隆进行全序列测定,并与相应的已知序列信息和基因注释的BAC克隆比对以及在NCBI Blastn数据库中序列相似性检索,旨在验证基因注释结果的准确性和对基因(序列)功能的初步分析。实验中,经过两轮杂交共筛选出27个cDNA阳性克隆(序列),并发现这些序列均可定位到相应的BAC克隆上,且25条序列处在注释基因的外显子部分;在NCBI数据库中经Blastn序列相似性检索发现,23条序列与牛基因的序列相似性最高,且与免疫功能密切相关。     

A hybridization and enzyme blocking method to enrich minor cDNA sequences

A method is presented which allows for the enrichment of low frequency cDNA sequences. The crucial step in the procedure is the hybridization of a pool of cDNA to homologous or heterologous RNA to a Rot value which will leave minor sequences in a single strand cDNA form while the major sequences form cDNA:RNA hybrids. This allows subsequent enzymatic differentiation between major and minor sequences resulting ultimately in the degradation of the major sequences. The procedure is general and simple as it requires no column chromatography step. The method is designed to integrate into a widely used cDNA cloning protocol and results either in double-stranded cDNA which can be used for molecular cloning or as a source of probes for hybridization.     

Establishment of a high throughput EST sequencing system using poly(A) tail-removed cDNA libraries and determination of 36 000 bovine ESTs

We determined 36 310 bovine expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences using 10 different cDNA libraries. For massive EST sequencing, we devised a new system with two major features. First, we constructed cDNA libraries in which the poly(A) tails were removed using nested deletion at the 3′-ends. This permitted high quality reading of sequences from the 3′-end of the cDNA, which is otherwise difficult to do. Second, we increased throughput by sequencing directly on templates generated by colony PCR. Using this system, we determined 600 cDNA sequences per day. The read-out length was >450 bases in >90% of the sequences. Furthermore, we established a data management system for analyses, storage and manipulation of the sequence data. Finally, 16 358 non-redundant ESTs were derived from ~6900 independent genes. These data will facilitate construction of a precise comparative map across mammalian species and isolate the functional genes that govern economic traits. This system is applicable to other organisms, including livestock, for which EST data are limited.     

Comprehensive sequence analysis of 24,783 barley full-length cDNAs derived from 12 clone libraries

Full-length cDNA (FLcDNA) libraries consisting of 172,000 clones were constructed from a two-row malting barley cultivar (Hordeum vulgare 'Haruna Nijo') under normal and stressed conditions. After sequencing the clones from both ends and clustering the sequences, a total of 24,783 complete sequences were produced. By removing duplicates between these and publicly available sequences, 22,651 representative sequences were obtained: 17,773 were novel barley FLcDNAs, and 1,699 were barley specific. Highly conserved genes were found in the barley FLcDNA sequences for 721 of 881 rice (Oryza sativa) trait genes with 50% or greater identity. These FLcDNA resources from our Haruna Nijo cDNA libraries and the full-length sequences of representative clones will improve our understanding of the biological functions of genes in barley, which is the cereal crop with the fourth highest production in the world, and will provide a powerful tool for annotating the barley genome sequences that will become available in the near future.     

Cloning of full-length methylmalonyl-CoA mutase from a cDNA library using the polymerase chain reaction

The polymerase chain reaction was used to clone a full-length human methylmalonyl-CoA mutase cDNA from a human liver library by priming with sequences from the 5' end of a partial cDNA and sequences in the phage vector. The amino acid sequence predicted from the cDNA corresponds to the authentic amino acid sequences of peptide fragment from purified methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. The open reading frame of the cDNA encodes 742 amino acids (82,283 Da) comprising a 32 amino acid mitochondrial leader sequence and a mature protein of 710 amino acids (78,489 Da). The use of the polymerase chain reaction to "screen" the cDNA library represents a novel application of this technique. The full length will enable analysis of mutations underlying inherited methylmalonic acidemias caused by deficiency of the methylmalonyl-CoA mutase apoenzyme.     

Ribosomal and chromosomal protein cDNA clones of Xenopus laevis thymus isolated with differential screening

1. Xenopus laevis is an excellent system for the study of the evolution and ontogeny of the immune system. But since only immunoglobulin genes have been isolated from this species, we undertook to isolate other genes expressed in an immunologically important organ, the thymus. 2. We used differential screening of a thymus cDNA library with cDNA probes made from thymus and from erythroblasts. 3. Approximately 50 clones which hybridized to the probe from thymus, but not from erythroblast, were isolated and sequenced from their termini. 4. Several clones were identified in data bank searches by their similarity to previously published sequences, and the partial sequences of these loci are reported here. 5. These include elongation factor 2, ribosomal protein S11, ribosomal protein S13, and the high mobility group protein. 6. Although these genes are not expected to be involved in an immune function, the availability of these sequences will facilitate the study of these loci in this species.     

Cloning of cDNA sequences of hormone-regulated genes from the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line.

cDNA clones corresponding to a mRNA whose level is rapidly increased by addition of oestradiol to the culture medium have been isolated by differential screening of a cDNA library from the breast cancer cell line MCF-7, which contains oestrogen receptors. Such clones will be useful in studies of the DNA sequences required for hormonal induction and to determine whether expression of the corresponding gene is in any way related to the cancerous state. We have also obtained a cDNA clone for a messenger whose level is apparently decreased by steroid hormones.     

Sequencing and Analysis of Approximately 40 000 Soybean cDNA Clones from a Full-Length-Enriched cDNA Library

A large collection of full-length cDNAs is essential for the correct annotation of genomic sequences and for the functional analysis of genes and their products. We obtained a total of 39 936 soybean cDNA clones (GMFL01 and GMFL02 clone sets) in a full-length-enriched cDNA library which was constructed from soybean plants that were grown under various developmental and environmental conditions. Sequencing from 5′ and 3′ ends of the clones generated 68 661 expressed sequence tags (ESTs). The EST sequences were clustered into 22 674 scaffolds involving 2580 full-length sequences. In addition, we sequenced 4712 full-length cDNAs. After removing overlaps, we obtained 6570 new full-length sequences of soybean cDNAs so far. Our data indicated that 87.7% of the soybean cDNA clones contain complete coding sequences in addition to 5′- and 3′-untranslated regions. All of the obtained data confirmed that our collection of soybean full-length cDNAs covers a wide variety of genes. Comparative analysis between the derived sequences from soybean and Arabidopsis, rice or other legumes data revealed that some specific genes were involved in our collection and a large part of them could be annotated to unknown functions. A large set of soybean full-length cDNA clones reported in this study will serve as a useful resource for gene discovery from soybean and will also aid a precise annotation of the soybean genome.Key words: EST, full-length cDNA, functional annotation, legume, soybean     

Partial DNA sequencing of Douglas-fir cDNAs used for RFLP mapping

 DNA sequences from 87 Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) cDNA RFLP probes were determined. Sequences were submitted to the GenBank dbEST database and searched for similarity against nucleotide and protein databases using the BLASTn and BLASTx programs. Twenty-one sequences (24%) were assigned putative functions; 18 of which were from plant species. Six sequences aligned with conifer genes, including genes from Douglas-fir. Similarities among the 87 sequences were revealed by analyses with FASTA, suggesting either redundancy or isoforms of the same gene. Assignment of putative functions to anonymous cDNA mapped markers will increase the understanding of structural gene organization of the Douglas-fir genome. Received: 10 April 1998 / Accepted: 29 April 1998     

Evaluating and improving cDNA sequence quality with cQC

SUMMARY: Errors are prevalent in cDNA sequences but the extent to which sequence collections differ in frequencies and types of errors has not been investigated systematically. cDNA quality control, or cQC, was developed to evaluate the quality of cDNA sequence collections and to revise those sequences that differ from a higher quality genomic sequence. After removing rRNA, vector, bacterial insertion sequence and chimeric cDNA contaminants, small-scale nucleotide discrepancies were found in 51% of cDNA sequences from one Arabidopsis cDNA collection, 89% from a second Arabidopsis collection and 75% from a rice collection. These errors created premature termination codons in 4 and 42% of cDNA sequences in the respective Arabidopsis collections and in 7% of the rice cDNA sequences.