高温环境样品总DNA直接和间接提取方法的比较

分别采用两种环境总DNA直接提取法和一种间接提取法从6种温泉菌席样品中提取总DNA,以DNA粗产物的纯度、能否用于后续PCR扩增及PCR-DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳)所反映的微生物多样性为评价指标对两类方法进行比较和评价。研究发现,虽然间接提取法效率低下,但对于高温极端环境中生物量较小的样品,间接法能得到有研究价值的、纯度较高的环境样品总DNA,而直接法得到的DNA量小且不适于PCR扩增操作。在使用这2类方法都能得到可用于研究操作的DNA的情况下,间接提取法能更好的体现环境样品中微生物的多样性。     

PCR-DGGE研究微生物种群中多条带产生原因分析

鸡肠道微生物菌群经PCR-DGGE分析,回收PCR-DGGE分析胶上的一条DNA片段,回收的DNA片段再重复进行2次PCR-DGGE分析,以及分别用PCR反复循环扩增和PCR高保真酶扩增后再进行DGGE分析等方法研究PCR-DGGE分析中多条带产生原因。结果显示PCR-DGGE分析中多条带产生原因可能是作PCR扩增模板的DNA混杂有少量其他DNA片段,多条带现象不易被消除。DGGE分析胶上的DNA片段测序时,将该DNA片段回收、PCR扩增后克隆,提取多个阳性克隆菌的质粒DNA片段,分别与其原目的DNA片段进行DGGE分析,在DGGE分析胶上选取与原目的DNA片段处于同一电泳位置的质粒DNA测序,提高测序的准确性。     

Normalization of soil DNA extraction for accurate quantification of target genes by real-time PCR and DGGE

The analysis of microbial communities in environmental samples requires accurate and reproducible methods for extraction of DNA from sample matrices that have different physical and chemical characteristics. Even with the same sample type, variations in laboratory methods can result in different DNA yields. To circumvent this problem, we have developed an easy and inexpensive way to normalize the quantities of DNA that involves the addition of an internal standard prepared from plasmid DNA. The method was evaluated by comparing DNA yields using different DNA extraction procedures, after which the DNA was used for microbial community analysis by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and for quantification of 16S rRNA gene copy numbers in environmental samples by real-time PCR. Our results show that use of the internal standard allows normalization of the resulting data and more accurate quantification of gene copy numbers in soil samples. These methods should also have broad application for various other types of environmental samples.     

Occurrence and diversity of naphthalene dioxygenase genes in soil microbial communities from the Maritime Antarctic

The diversity of naphthalene dioxygenase genes ( ndo ) in soil environments from the Maritime Antarctic was assessed, dissecting as well the influence of the two vascular plants that grow in the Antarctic : Deschampsia antarctica and Colobanthus quitensis . Total community DNA was extracted from bulk and rhizosphere soil samples from Jubany station and Potter Peninsula, South Shetland Islands. ndo genes were amplified by a nested PCR and analysed by denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis approach (PCR-DGGE) and cloning and sequencing. The ndo- DGGE fingerprints of oil-contaminated soil samples showed even and reproducible patterns, composed of four dominant bands. The presence of vascular plants did not change the relative abundance of ndo genotypes compared with bulk soil. For non-contaminated sites, amplicons were not obtained for all replicates and the variability among the fingerprints was comparatively higher, likely reflecting a lower abundance of ndo genes. The phylogenetic analyses showed that all sequences were affiliated to the nahAc genes closely related to those described for Pseudomonas species and related mobile genetic elements. This study revealed that a microdiversity of nahAc -like genes exists in microbial communities of Antarctic soils and quantitative PCR indicated that their relative abundance was increased in response to anthropogenic sources of pollution.     

PCR-DGGE Comparison of Bacterial Community Structure in Fresh and Archived Soils Sampled along a Chihuahuan Desert Elevational Gradient

The polymerase chain reaction coupled with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) has been used widely to determine species richness and structure of microbial communities in a variety of environments. Researchers commonly archive soil samples after routine chemical or microbial analyses, and applying PCR-DGGE technology to these historical samples offers evaluation of long-term patterns in bacterial species richness and community structure that was not available with previous technology. However, use of PCR-DGGE to analyze microbial communities of archived soils has been largely unexplored. To evaluate the stability of DGGE patterns in archived soils in comparison with fresh soils, fresh and archived soils from five sites along an elevational gradient in the Chihuahuan Desert were compared using PCR-DGGE of 16S rDNA. DNA from all archived samples was extracted reliably, but DNA in archived soils collected from a closed-canopy oak forest site could not be amplified. DNA extraction yields were lower for most archived soils, but minimal changes in bacterial species richness and structure due to archiving were noted in bacterial community profiles from four sites. Use of archived soils to determine long-term changes in bacterial community structure via PCR-DGGE appears to be a viable option for addressing microbial community dynamics for particular ecosystems or landscapes.     

新疆一号冰川土壤细菌多样性的研究

应用变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）技术分离PCR扩增的16SrDNA来研究土壤微生物的多样性。直接从新疆一号冰川不同海拔高度的土壤样品中提取总DNA。用两套细菌通用引物分别扩增16SrDNA的V3和V6／V9高变区的特异性片段,PCR产物进行DGGE分析。PCR—DGGE图谱表明,PCR产物经DGGE检测到的条带清晰且分离效果好。结果表明,PCR—DGGE是一种快速研究微生物群落结构的有效方法。     

Identification, detection, and enumeration of human bifidobacterium species by PCR targeting the transaldolase gene

Methods that enabled the identification, detection, and enumeration of Bifidobacterium species by PCR targeting the transaldolase gene were tested. Bifidobacterial species isolated from the feces of human adults and babies were identified by PCR amplification of a 301-bp transaldolase gene sequence and comparison of the relative migrations of the DNA fragments in denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Two subtypes of Bifidobacterium longum, five subtypes of Bifidobacterium adolescentis, and two subtypes of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum could be differentiated using PCR-DGGE. Bifidobacterium angulatum and B. catenulatum type cultures could not be differentiated from each other. Bifidobacterial species were also detected directly in fecal samples by this combination of PCR and DGGE. The number of species detected was less than that detected by PCR using species-specific primers targeting 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Real-time quantitative PCR targeting a 110-bp transaldolase gene sequence was used to enumerate bifidobacteria in fecal samples. Real-time quantitative PCR measurements of bifidobacteria in fecal samples from adults correlated well with results obtained by culture when either a 16S rDNA sequence or the transaldolase gene sequence was targeted. In the case of samples from infants, 16S rDNA-targeted PCR was superior to PCR targeting the transaldolase gene for the quantification of bifidobacterial populations.     

Detection of Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, and Weissella species in human feces by using group-specific PCR primers and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of DNA fragments generated by PCR with 16S ribosomal DNA-targeted group-specific primers was used to detect lactic acid bacteria (LAB) of the genera Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, and Weissella in human feces. Analysis of fecal samples of four subjects revealed individual profiles of DNA fragments originating not only from species that have been described as intestinal inhabitants but also from characteristically food-associated bacteria such as Lactobacillus sakei, Lactobacillus curvatus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and Pediococcus pentosaceus. Comparison of PCR-DGGE results with those of bacteriological culture showed that the food-associated species could not be cultured from the fecal samples by plating on Rogosa agar. On the other hand, all of the LAB species cultured from feces were detected in the DGGE profile. We also detected changes in the types of LAB present in human feces during consumption of a milk product containing the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus DR20. The analysis of fecal samples from two subjects taken before, during, and after administration of the probiotic revealed that L. rhamnosus was detectable by PCR-DGGE during the test period in the feces of both subjects, whereas it was detectable by culture in only one of the subjects.     

基于PCR DGGE的小鼠肠道菌群基因组提取方法的建立

通过比较4种小鼠粪便细菌总DNA提取方法对基于PCR-DGGE检测的肠道菌群多样性分析的影响,旨在建立适于PCR—DGGE的小鼠肠道微生物宏基因组提取的稳定、经济、快捷的方法。采用SDS裂解法、某国产市售粪便DNA提取试剂盒、改进的化学裂解法、改进的溶菌酶法4种方法提取小鼠粪便细菌总DNA,通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳、紫外分光光度法、细菌16S rRNAV3区PCR扩增结合DGGE对提取结果进行比较分析。SDS裂解法和国产市售试剂盒2种方法提取粪便细菌总DNA均未得到理想结果,另2种方法均能够检测到粪便中20种左右的细菌。改进的化学裂解法和改进的溶菌酶提取法的建立为基于PCR—DGGE进行肠道菌群结构的定量及定性分析提供了可靠的前提基础和实验保障。     

PCR-based quantitation of Cryptosporidium parvum in municipal water samples.

A PCR method for the quantitation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in municipal drinking water samples was investigated. Quantitative PCR uses an internal standard (IS) template with unknown target numbers to compare to standards of known concentrations in a standard curve. The IS template was amplified using the same primers used to amplify a portion of a 358 bp gene fragment that encodes a repetitive oocyst wall protein in C. parvum. Municipal water samples spiked with known numbers of C. parvum oocysts were tested by quantitative PCR using the IS and the Digene SHARP Signal System Assay for PCR product detection. The absorbance readings for target DNA and IS templates versus the number of molecules of the target DNA were plotted to generate standard curves for estimating oocyst numbers. The method allowed the quantitation of oocysts from log 3 to log 5 spiked into municipal water samples.     

An advanced molecular strategy to identify bacterial communities on art objects

The application of culture-independent techniques based on molecular biological methods, especially on the PCR amplification of 16S rRNA genes, attempts to overcome some shortcomings of conventional cultivation methods and reveals far more complex bacterial communities on art objects than can be shown by cultivation methods. One of the major challenges of investigating microbial growth on art objects by molecular means is the extraction of DNA, due to small sample amounts and PCR inhibitors. In the present study, we introduce a DNA extraction protocol, which allowed the extraction of PCR-amplifiable DNA from samples derived from lime wall paintings and loamy soil underground. The DNA extracts were used to amplify 16S ribosomal fragments, which were subsequently analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). In parallel with the DGGE analysis, clone libraries containing PCR fragments of the ribosomal gene were constructed and clones were screened by DGGE. Clone libraries allow the inclusion of the entire 16S rDNA sequence in the phylogenetic analyses of microorganisms, providing a more reliable phylogenetic identification of microorganisms than is obtained from sequence analyses of excised and directly sequenced DGGE bands.     

A PCR-DGGE method for detection and identification of Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Arcobacter and related Epsilobacteria and its application to saliva samples from humans and domestic pets

AIMS: To develop a PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) method for the detection and identification of Campylobacter, Helicobacter and Arcobacter species (Epsilobacteria) in clinical samples and evaluate its efficacy on saliva samples from humans and domestic pets. METHODS AND RESULTS: A semi-nested PCR was developed to allow sensitive detection of all Epsilobacteria, with species separation undertaken by DGGE. A database was constructed in BioNumerics using 145 strains covering 51 Campylobacter, Arcobacter and Helicobacter taxa; Nineteen distinct DGGE profile-groups were distinguished. This approach detected Epsilobacteria in all saliva samples collected from humans, cats and dogs, and identified Campylobacter concisus and/or Campylobacter gracilis in the human samples. The pet animal samples were taken from individuals with oral/dental diseases; PCR-DGGE identified up to four different species in each sample. The most common species detected included Wolinella succinogenes, Arcobacter butzleri and two hitherto uncultured campylobacters. The enteropathogen Campylobacter lari was also found. CONCLUSIONS: PCR combined with DGGE is a useful tool for direct detection and preliminary identification of Epsilobacteria in the oral cavity of humans and small animals. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The PCR-DGGE method should allow determination of the true prevalence and diversity of Epsilobacteria in clinical and other samples. Contact with the oral cavity of domestic pets may represent a route of transmission for epsilobacterial enteric diseases.     

工业化废水处理反应器污泥总DNA提取方法

根据工业化废水处理反应器污泥特性,对常规的溶菌酶-SDS-酚/氯仿环境样品总DNA提取方法进行改进,增强样品预处理,强化细胞裂解,提高杂质去除效率,获得了一种工业化污泥总DNA提取的通用方法,并采用该方法对石家庄若干实际运行的工业化厌氧、好氧反应器的污泥样品进行了总DNA提取研究.结果表明,该方法对所选污泥样品均有效,具有普适性.提取的污泥总DNA杂质含量少,纯度高,A260/A280在1.8左右;提取效率较高.总DNA产率都在0.7 mg/g以上,最大产率可达0.85 mg/g.所提取的污泥总DNA可以直接作为模板进行PCR反应,PCR产物直接进行变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE),能够得到较好的DGGE谱图,表明该方法提取的污泥总DNA样品可满足后续分析研究的要求.     

Dynamics of vaginal bacterial communities in women developing bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, or no infection, analyzed by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and real-time PCR

The microbial flora of the vagina plays a major role in preventing genital infections, including bacterial vaginosis (BV) and candidiasis (CA). An integrated approach based on PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and real-time PCR was used to study the structure and dynamics of bacterial communities in vaginal fluids of healthy women and patients developing BV and CA. Universal eubacterial primers and Lactobacillus genus-specific primers, both targeted at 16S rRNA genes, were used in DGGE and real-time PCR analysis, respectively. The DGGE profiles revealed that the vaginal flora was dominated by Lactobacillus species under healthy conditions, whereas several potentially pathogenic bacteria were present in the flora of women with BV. Lactobacilli were the predominant bacterial population in the vagina for patients affected by CA, but changes in the composition of Lactobacillus species were observed. Real-time PCR analysis allowed the quantitative estimation of variations in lactobacilli associated with BV and CA diseases. A statistically significant decrease in the relative abundance of lactobacilli was found in vaginal fluids of patients with BV compared to the relative abundance of lactobacilli in the vaginal fluids of healthy women and patients with CA.     

Group-Specific PCR Primers to Amplify 24S a-Subunit rRNA Genes from Kinetoplastida (Protozoa) Used in Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis

We developed and tested a set of primers for amplification of a region of the 24S a-subunit rRNA genes (24S rDNA) specific to Kinetoplastida (Protozoa). The reverse primer was supplied with a GC rich region in the 5? end in order to make the PCR product suitable for analysis by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). PCR product was obtained from all the kinetoplastids tested and no PCR product was obtained from any other Eukaryotes or Prokaryotes tested. It was possible to distinguish between all pure cultures of kinetoplastids by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis in gels ranging from 20% to 60% denaturants. PCR-DGGE analysis of DNA purified from lake sediment revealed approximately 20 bands indicating high kinetoplastid diversity. Direct cloning and sequencing of 24S rDNA sequences retrieved from the lake sediment by PCR also showed high kinetoplastid diversity. Of 43 clones, 27 different sequences were found. Alignments and phylogenetic analysis showed that a majority of the sequences were most closely related to the Bodonidae. Four sequences were closer to the Trypanosomatidae, whereas three sequences fell outside both groups. The PCR-DGGE procedure developed in this study has been shown to be useful for distinguishing between different kinetoplastid species. Thus, it may be a useful tool for evaluating the genetic diversity of this group in environmental samples, e.g., as a result of perturbation. Another possible application of this method is in fast and accurate screening for the presence and identification of pathological parasitic Kinetoplastida from environmental samples and for diagnostics of human and animal infections.     

Detection of Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, and Weissella Species in Human Feces by Using Group-Specific PCR Primers and Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of DNA fragments generated by PCR with 16S ribosomal DNA-targeted group-specific primers was used to detect lactic acid bacteria (LAB) of the genera Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, and Weissella in human feces. Analysis of fecal samples of four subjects revealed individual profiles of DNA fragments originating not only from species that have been described as intestinal inhabitants but also from characteristically food-associated bacteria such as Lactobacillus sakei, Lactobacillus curvatus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and Pediococcus pentosaceus. Comparison of PCR-DGGE results with those of bacteriological culture showed that the food-associated species could not be cultured from the fecal samples by plating on Rogosa agar. On the other hand, all of the LAB species cultured from feces were detected in the DGGE profile. We also detected changes in the types of LAB present in human feces during consumption of a milk product containing the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus DR20. The analysis of fecal samples from two subjects taken before, during, and after administration of the probiotic revealed that L. rhamnosus was detectable by PCR-DGGE during the test period in the feces of both subjects, whereas it was detectable by culture in only one of the subjects.     

内参基因加标法定量土壤微生物目标基因绝对拷贝数

【目的】通过荧光定量PCR技术对土壤微生物目标基因进行绝对定量,其定量结果的准确性容易受到DNA提取得率以及腐殖酸抑制性的影响。【方法】采用内参基因加标法,利用构建的突变质粒DNA,对供试水稻土壤样品中的微生物16S r RNA目标基因的绝对拷贝数进行荧光定量PCR检测,用来表征该样品中细菌群落总体丰度。在定量前通过双向引物扩增方法验证突变质粒中的内参基因对供试土壤的特异性。【结果】不同水稻土壤样品的DNA提取量在样品间差异较大。通过内参基因加标法对DNA提取量进行校正,显著提高了16S r RNA基因绝对定量的精确度。不同水稻土壤样品间的变异系数为17.8,与未加标处理相比降低了66.7%。在此基础上,进一步通过内参基因加标法对土壤有机质和含水率均呈现典型空间特征差异的6处亚热带湿地土壤样品中的16S r RNA基因进行绝对定量。16S r RNA基因绝对拷贝数与土壤微生物生物量碳具有显著的线性相关性(R2=0.694,P0.001),表明内参校正后的16S r RNA基因绝对拷贝数可以准确反映单位质量土壤中微生物的丰度。【结论】内参基因加标法可以对DNA提取得率以及腐殖酸对PCR扩增的抑制性进行校正,从而提高绝对定量的准确性。基于内参基因加标法的目标基因绝对定量PCR检测,可作为土壤微生物生物量测量,以及微生物功能基因绝对丰度定量的一种核酸检测方法。     

Dynamics of Vaginal Bacterial Communities in Women Developing Bacterial Vaginosis, Candidiasis, or No Infection, Analyzed by PCR-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis and Real-Time PCR

The microbial flora of the vagina plays a major role in preventing genital infections, including bacterial vaginosis (BV) and candidiasis (CA). An integrated approach based on PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and real-time PCR was used to study the structure and dynamics of bacterial communities in vaginal fluids of healthy women and patients developing BV and CA. Universal eubacterial primers and Lactobacillus genus-specific primers, both targeted at 16S rRNA genes, were used in DGGE and real-time PCR analysis, respectively. The DGGE profiles revealed that the vaginal flora was dominated by Lactobacillus species under healthy conditions, whereas several potentially pathogenic bacteria were present in the flora of women with BV. Lactobacilli were the predominant bacterial population in the vagina for patients affected by CA, but changes in the composition of Lactobacillus species were observed. Real-time PCR analysis allowed the quantitative estimation of variations in lactobacilli associated with BV and CA diseases. A statistically significant decrease in the relative abundance of lactobacilli was found in vaginal fluids of patients with BV compared to the relative abundance of lactobacilli in the vaginal fluids of healthy women and patients with CA.     

Identification, Detection, and Enumeration of Human Bifidobacterium Species by PCR Targeting the Transaldolase Gene

Methods that enabled the identification, detection, and enumeration of Bifidobacterium species by PCR targeting the transaldolase gene were tested. Bifidobacterial species isolated from the feces of human adults and babies were identified by PCR amplification of a 301-bp transaldolase gene sequence and comparison of the relative migrations of the DNA fragments in denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Two subtypes of Bifidobacterium longum, five subtypes of Bifidobacterium adolescentis, and two subtypes of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum could be differentiated using PCR-DGGE. Bifidobacterium angulatum and B. catenulatum type cultures could not be differentiated from each other. Bifidobacterial species were also detected directly in fecal samples by this combination of PCR and DGGE. The number of species detected was less than that detected by PCR using species-specific primers targeting 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Real-time quantitative PCR targeting a 110-bp transaldolase gene sequence was used to enumerate bifidobacteria in fecal samples. Real-time quantitative PCR measurements of bifidobacteria in fecal samples from adults correlated well with results obtained by culture when either a 16S rDNA sequence or the transaldolase gene sequence was targeted. In the case of samples from infants, 16S rDNA-targeted PCR was superior to PCR targeting the transaldolase gene for the quantification of bifidobacterial populations.     

Source tracking of Escherichia coli by 16S-23S intergenic spacer region denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of the rrnB ribosomal operon

This research validates a novel approach for source tracking based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of DNA extracted from Escherichia coli isolates. Escherichia coli from different animal sources and from river samples upstream from, at, and downstream of a combined sewer overflow were subjected to DGGE to determine sequence variations within the 16S-23S intergenic spacer region (ISR) of the rrnB ribosomal operon. The ISR was analyzed to determine if E. coli isolates from various animal sources could be differentiated from each other. DNA isolated from the E. coli animal sources was PCR amplified to isolate the rrnB operon. To prevent amplification of all 7 E. coli ribosomal operons by PCR amplification using universal primers, sequence-specific primers were utilized for the rrnB operon. Another primer set was then used to prepare samples of the 16S-23S ISR for DGGE. Comparison of PCR-DGGE results between human and animal sources revealed differences in the distribution and frequency of the DGGE bands produced. Human and Canada Goose isolates had the most unique distribution patterns and the highest percent of unique isolates and were grouped separately from all other animal sources. Method validation suggests that there are enough host specificity and genetic differences for use in the field. Field results at and around a combined sewer overflow indicate that this method can be used for microbial source tracking.