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1.
通过常规石蜡切片技术对2例猫儿山小鲵(Hynobius maoershanens)肝进行组织学观察。结果显示,猫儿山小鲵肝分为两叶,右叶稍大于左叶。肝组织结构主要由被膜、中央静脉、门管区和肝细胞组成。门管区的小叶间静脉和小叶间胆管清晰可见,但小叶间动脉不易观察。肝内结缔组织少,肝小叶之间界限不清。肝细胞索围绕中央静脉呈放射状排列,但放射状不明显。肝实质中含有大量清晰可见的棕黑色色素团,可能与此物种对低氧环境的适应有关。  相似文献   

2.
为探究有尾两栖类消化道内分泌细胞的特点,以分布于猫儿山保护区的猫儿山小鲵(Hynobius maoershanensis)和瑶山肥螈(Pachytriton inexpectatus)为研究对象,采用Grimelius银染法,对二者消化道嗜银细胞的形态特征、分布区域与分布密度进行了比较研究,为有尾两栖类消化道比较组织学和内分泌学研究积累基础资料,并为两栖类消化生理学研究提供形态学数据基础。结果显示,两种动物从食道至直肠均有嗜银细胞分布,分布型都呈波浪形,均在食道处分布密度(个/视野)最高,猫儿山小鲵为2.00 ± 0.69,瑶山肥螈为3.42 ± 0.31,在猫儿山小鲵回肠(1.45 ± 0.50)和瑶山肥螈在直肠(1.63 ± 0.97)分布密度最低。瑶山肥螈消化道各部位嗜银细胞的分布密度都高于猫儿山小鲵,两种动物嗜银细胞分布密度在食道、贲门、十二指肠和回肠中差异显著,但在胃体、幽门和直肠中差异不显著。对同一物种消化道不同部位嗜银细胞进行比较,猫儿山小鲵及瑶山肥螈的嗜银细胞分布密度高峰均出现在食道,其中,猫儿山小鲵食道与十二指肠、回肠、直肠差异显著(P < 0.05),瑶山肥螈食道与其他各部位差异显著(P < 0.05)。嗜银细胞形状多样,有圆形、椭圆形、锥形和梭形等,可分为闭合型和开放型细胞。猫儿山小鲵生活环境多为沼泽地,富含淤泥、落叶,喜食蛙类蝌蚪、蚯蚓等个体较小且易消化的食物,瑶山肥螈生活环境为石块粗砂较多的山溪,以虾、蟹、螺等为食,这两种动物消化道嗜银细胞的形态特征和分布密度各具自身特点,可能与其生境及食性等因素有关。  相似文献   

3.
为探讨猫儿山小鲵(Hynobius maoershanensis)和瑶山肥螈(Pachytriton intexpectatus)消化道结构的异同及5-羟色胺(5-HT)细胞的分布特征与食性、生活环境之间的关系,运用常规组织染色及免疫组织化学染色法对其消化道进行研究.结果 显示,猫儿山小鲵和瑶山肥螈的消化道均包括食道、...  相似文献   

4.
动物胃肠道栖息着大量的微生物,这些微生物及其代谢产物在营养、免疫等方面对宿主的健康有重要的意义。近年来研究发现肠道微生物与免疫系统间存在密切的交流和互作机制,尽管肠道共生菌具有定植抑制效应,但肠道微生物也可通过其特定组分刺激免疫细胞如Tregs细胞、Th17细胞的分化,肠道菌群的紊乱可能导致细菌移位、肠道屏障功能损伤,影响机体健康。宿主免疫系统可通过分泌多种免疫效应因子如MUC、sIgA、ITF、RegIIIγ、α-防御素等调节肠道微生物的分布和组成,调节肠道菌群的稳态。本文综述了单胃动物肠道微生物菌群的组成,深入探讨了肠道微生物菌群与动物肠道免疫功能之间的相互作用。  相似文献   

5.
中国小鲵(Hynobius chinensis)被描述于116年前,我国学者于2005年在模式产地湖北宜昌再次采到标本,至此该物种的有效性得以确认。以2007年采于模式产地的中国小鲵胚胎为材料,采用Giemsa染色方法,对中国小鲵的核型进行了分析。结果表明,中国小鲵的二倍体染色体数为56,28对染色体按大小和形状可以分为4组:第一组,包括Nos.1~9,由大型m,sm,st染色体组成;第二组为中型双臂染色体组,由Nos.10~13组成,包含m,sm染色体;第三组,包括Nos.14~18,由小型m染色体组成;第四组,包括Nos.19~28,由小型t染色体组成。与小鲵属其他物种相比,中国小鲵核型与具染色体数为2n=56的类群核型大致相同,差异出现在染色体分组和相应染色体着丝点类型上。  相似文献   

6.
    
Over the past 10 years, the “Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire” unit of Professor Philippe Sansonetti has studied the molecular cross talk between the intestinal microbiota and the gut epithelium, aiming to better understand how this mutualistic symbiosis delineates homoeostasis and, when perturbed, prompts pathology. To do so, the unit has manipulated both bacterial and epithelial cells, and used cutting‐edge technology. More recently, the lab has turned its focus also on studying the intestinal crypt and more specifically the intestinal stem cell for their role in epithelial regeneration and long‐term epithelium renewal. Here, we provide a brief review summarising recent results obtained from the lab, with particular focus on the intestinal crypt.  相似文献   

7.
随着肠道微生物对人类健康与疾病的作用日渐受到关注,肠道微生物的代谢作用已成为近年研究的热门领域之一.已有研究表明,将肠道微生物组学与代谢组学应用于宿主生理、疾病病理、药物药理等方面的研究具有重要价值.本文就肠道微生物基因组学和代谢组学分析联合应用的研究进展进行综述.  相似文献   

8.
9.
结直肠癌(colorectal cancer, CRC)是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,严重威胁着人类健康。肠道微生态作为人体内最复杂、最庞大的微生态系统,与CRC密切相关。CRC患者的肠道微生物群落多样性构成能调节CRC疾病的发生与发展。本综述旨在讨论CRC肠道微生物群的构成、微生物群相关致癌机制、微生物群作为CRC生物标志物的潜力,为临床应用肠道菌群治疗CRC提供新策略与新思路。  相似文献   

10.
乳糜泻(Celiac disease,CeD)是基因易感人群摄入麸质后所发生的一种自身免疫性肠道疾病.越来越多证据表明,\"第二人类基因组\"——肠道菌群参与了CeD的发生与发展.相对于健康人群,CeD患者的肠道菌群多样性虽然增高,但有益菌减少,促炎细菌增多,并伴随菌群功能及代谢状态的改变.然而,这种菌群失衡是如何发生的,...  相似文献   

11.
    
In pigs, the microbial ecosystem of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is influenced by various factors; however, variations in diet composition have been identified as one of the most important determinants. Marked changes in fermentation activities and microbial ecology may occur when altering the diet, for example, from milk to solid feed during weaning. In that way, access of pathogens to the disturbed ecosystem is alleviated, leading to infectious diseases and diarrhea. Thus, there is increasing interest in improving intestinal health by use of dietary ingredients suitable to beneficially affect the microbial composition and activity. For example, fermentable carbohydrates have been shown to promote growth of beneficial Lactobacillus species and bifidobacteria, thereby enhancing colonization resistance against potential pathogens or production of short-chain fatty acids, which can be used as energy source for epithelial cells. On the other hand, fermentation of protein results in the production of various potentially toxic products, such as amines and NH3, and is often associated with growth of potential pathogens. In that way, excessive protein intake has been shown to stimulate the growth of potentially pathogenic species such as Clostridium perfringens, and to reduce fecal counts of beneficial bifidobacteria. Therefore, it seems to be a promising approach to support growth and metabolic activity of the beneficial microbiota by developing suitable feeding strategies. For example, a reduction of dietary CP content and, at the same time, dietary supplementation with fermentable carbohydrates have proven to successfully suppress protein fermentation. In addition, the intestinal microbiota seems to be sensible to variations in dietary protein source, such as the use of highly digestible protein sources may reduce growth of protein-fermenting and potentially pathogenic species. The objective of the present review is to assess the impact of dietary protein on microbiota composition and activity in the GIT of piglets. Attention will be given to studies designed to determine the effect of variations in total protein supply, protein source and supplementation of fermentable carbohydrates to the diet on composition and metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiota.  相似文献   

12.
AIM: To develop real-time quantitative PCR methods, based on the use of probes labelled with a stable fluorescent lanthanide chelate, for the quantification of different human faecal bifidobacterial populations. METHODS AND RESULTS: The designed quantitative PCR assays were found to be specific for the corresponding Bifidobacterium species or groups (Bifidobacterium longum group, Bifidobacterium catenulatum group, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium angulatum, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium dentium). The detection limits of the methodologies used ranged between 2 x 10(5) and 9 x 10(3) cells g(-1) of faeces. The applicability of the developed assays was tested by analysing 20 human faecal samples. Bif. longum group was found to be the qualitatively and quantitatively predominant bifidobacterial group. CONCLUSIONS: The real-time PCR procedures developed here are specific, accurate, rapid and easy methods for the quantification of Bifidobacterium groups or species in human faecal samples. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The developed procedures will facilitate rapid and objective counting of large numbers of samples increasing our knowledge on the role of gut bifidobacterial microbiota in health and disease. This will contribute to the efficient use of intestinal bacterial assays in research, food and pharmaceutical development as well as in the assessment of dietary management of diseases.  相似文献   

13.
    
《Current biology : CB》2020,30(23):4799-4807.e4
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14.
肠道黏膜微生物在调控宿主生理功能方面发挥重要作用,其结构组成受到多种因素影响。性别被认为是塑造肠道微生物的因素之一。然而,性别对肠道黏膜菌群的差异影响还不清楚。【目的】以江山乌猪为研究对象,探究性别差异对其肠道黏膜微生物组成及功能的影响。【方法】选取性成熟的雌性和雄性江山乌猪各8头,利用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术分析回肠和结肠黏膜菌群。【结果】在回肠黏膜中,雄性江山乌猪菌群的Chao1指数和Shannon指数显著高于雌性(P<0.05),在结肠黏膜中,不同性别江山乌猪菌群Chao1指数和Shannon指数无显著差异(P>0.05)。菌群差异分析显示,回肠黏膜中,沙雷氏菌属(Serratia)和埃希氏志贺菌属(Escherichia_Shigella)在雌性组中的相对丰度显著高于雄性组(P<0.05),雄性组中Oscillospiraceae UCG-005、拟普雷沃氏菌属(Alloprevotella)、布劳特氏菌属(Blautia)和Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group相对丰度显著高于雌性组(P<0.05);结肠黏膜中,雌性组中unclassified_Muribaculaceae、Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group和Prevotellaceae UCG-003相对丰度显著高于雄性组(P<0.05), OscillospiraceaeUCG-005、 Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group和unclassified_Lachnospiraceae在雄性组中相对丰度更高(P<0.05)。功能预测发现,雄性乌猪回肠黏膜菌群显著富集了氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢和能量代谢等功能途径(P<0.05);结肠黏膜菌群主要富集了膜转运相关的ABC转运蛋白和信号转导相关的双组分系统等功能途径(P<0.05)。【结论】不同性别江山乌猪肠黏膜菌群结构及功能具有明显差异。这些结果揭示了不同性别江山乌猪肠道黏膜菌群的差异特征,为了解和挖掘我国地方畜禽品种肠道微生物资源提供部分参考。  相似文献   

15.
    
Microorganisms that colonize the gastrointestinal tract, collectively known as the gut microbiota, are known to produce small molecules and metabolites that significantly contribute to host intestinal development, functions, and homeostasis. Emerging insights from microbiome research reveal that gut microbiota‐derived signals and molecules influence another key player maintaining intestinal homeostasis—the intestinal stem cell niche, which regulates epithelial self‐renewal. In this review, the literature on gut microbiota‐host crosstalk is surveyed, highlighting the effects of gut microbial metabolites on intestinal stem cells. The production of various classes of metabolites, their actions on intestinal stem cells are discussed and, finally, how the production and function of metabolites are modulated by aging and dietary intake is commented upon.  相似文献   

16.
肠道菌群是由不同种类微生物组成的一个大群体,对宿主的代谢、内分泌系统和免疫系统有着较大的影响。近年来大量的研究发现肠道微生物群落结构变化与消化系统疾病、精神疾病、呼吸系统疾病等多种疾病的发生密切相关,其中关于肠道菌群与肺癌的研究发展迅速。在这篇综述中,我们系统地回顾了肠道常见菌群及肠道菌群与肺癌的关系,并探讨了调节肠道菌群在疾病预防和治疗方面的作用,以期能更加全面地了解肠道菌群在肺癌发生发展中的作用,从而为肺癌的预防、诊断及治疗提供新的方向。  相似文献   

17.
刘伟  皮雄娥  王欣 《微生物学报》2016,56(10):1537-1543
抗菌肽是生物体内诱导产生的一类具有抗菌作用的生物活性肽,在机体抵抗病原入侵方面起着重要作用。近年来,肠道微生态研究炙手可热,抗菌肽与肠道健康的研究正广泛开展。相关研究结果表明,抗菌肽表达水平的高低可以用来评估机体肠道健康状态,从而监测抗菌肽表达水平来建立一种疾病预防和治疗过程中的辅助诊断手段。本文围绕抗菌肽对肠道菌群结构和免疫影响两方面的最新研究进展进行归纳与分析,旨在为临床诊断与治疗提供参考。  相似文献   

18.
Soil invertebrates harbour a complex microbial community in their intestinal system. The total number of microbes in the hindgut of soil invertebrates can reach a titre of 10(11) ml(-1). The gut microbes play an indispensable role in the digestion of food and are of ecological importance in the global carbon cycle. The gut microbiota can include a variety of micro-organisms from the three domains Bacteria, Archaea and Eucarya. The bacterial groups from the intestinal systems are mainly affiliated to the proteobacteria, the gram-positive groups Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, the Bacteroides/Flavobacterium branch and the spirochetes. The Archaea are represented by methanogens. The eukaryotic groups consist of protozoa, yeasts and fungi. Intestinal bacteria are involved in the degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose and aromatic compounds as well as nitrogen fixation. They also contribute to the redox status of the gut. Bacilli form a significant portion of the intestinal microbial community of soil invertebrates, especially among cellulose degraders. The diversity and function of bacilli in soil invertebrates will be discussed in this paper.  相似文献   

19.
【背景】脊髓损伤是一种中枢神经系统的严重创伤,除了导致运动、感觉、自主神经功能障碍外,还会引起胃肠道功能障碍,不利于后续功能恢复。先前的研究表明,姜黄素对脊髓损伤具有一定的治疗作用,但姜黄素对脊髓损伤后肠道菌群是否具有调节作用及治疗相关通路鲜有报道。【目的】观察姜黄素对脊髓损伤大鼠行为学和组织形态学的影响,并利用高通量测序技术探讨姜黄素对盲肠组织微生物及其代谢产物的影响,探究姜黄素对脊髓损伤大鼠微生物多样性及脊髓转录组学的影响。【方法】将50只6−8周、220−240 g左右雌性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、脊髓损伤模型组、脊髓损伤后姜黄素低、中、高剂量给药组。假手术组无脊髓损伤,模型组和姜黄素组建立脊髓损伤模型,在脊髓损伤模型建立30 min后分别腹腔注射姜黄素50、100和200 mg/kg,每天1次,连续治疗1周。术后采用大鼠脊髓损伤评分(basso, beattie & bresnahan locomotor rating scale, BBB scale)量表评定运动功能;苏木精-伊红染色观察大鼠脊髓组织形态学变化;通过对16S rRNA基因的V3+V4可变区进行高通量测序,分析α及β多样性、菌群的相对丰度以及短链脂肪酸含量,评估治疗前后对肠道菌群的影响。【结果】中等剂量姜黄素100 mg/kg可使脊髓损伤后肢体运动功能明显改善,对受损脊髓有一定的保护和修复作用;姜黄素给药可改善脊髓损伤后微生物群多样性,提高短链脂肪酸水平;脊髓损伤后大鼠肠道菌群信号转导通路发生变化,在应用姜黄素后部分信号通路恢复表达。【结论】姜黄素可以影响脊髓损伤大鼠肠道微生物多样性并提高短链脂肪酸水平,对脊髓损伤大鼠具有治疗作用。  相似文献   

20.
The birth canal provides mammals with a primary maternal inoculum, which develops into distinctive body site-specific microbial communities post-natally. We characterized the distal gut microbiota from birth to weaning in mice. One-day-old mice had colonic microbiota that resembled maternal vaginal communities, but at days 3 and 9 of age there was a substantial loss of intestinal bacterial diversity and dominance of Lactobacillus. By weaning (21 days), diverse intestinal bacteria had established, including strict anaerobes. Our results are consistent with vertical transmission of maternal microbiota and demonstrate a nonlinear ecological succession involving an early drop in bacterial diversity and shift in dominance from Streptococcus to Lactobacillus, followed by an increase in diversity of anaerobes, after the introduction of solid food. Mammalian newborns are born highly susceptible to colonization, and lactation may control microbiome assembly during early development.  相似文献   

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